内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态及其对小麦纹枯病的防治作用

以抗药性突变菌株为筛选标记,采用稀释倒平板法,研究了内生细菌EBS05在小麦体内的定殖动态,并通过盆栽和大田试验研究了EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,EBS05在小麦根内具有较强的定殖能力,且能从根部向茎、叶部转移,其定殖量与菌株的接种浓度呈正相关,当接种浓度为108 CFU/mL时,EBS05能在根、茎内有效定殖,并持续向叶内转移。以菌体浓度为108CFU/mL的发酵液进行浸种或灌根处理后,EBS05在根内定殖量始终大于同时期茎、叶内的定殖量;菌株在小麦根、茎和叶内的定殖数量均表现为接种初期逐渐增加,至接种后第10～12天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。内生细菌EBS05对小麦纹枯病的防治效果优于对照药剂25 g/L咯菌腈（flu-dioxonil）悬浮种衣剂,带菌发酵液和除菌发酵液的盆栽防治效果分别达91.2%和88.2%,大田防治效果分别为66.3%和56.2%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B_3菌株对小麦根系和茎基部的定殖作用研究

本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌Ｂ＿３菌株经种子处理后在小麦根系及茎基部的定殖能力和影响其定殖的可能因子。结果表明，Ｂ＿３在田间自然土壤中定殖小麦根系及茎基部的时间分别为６０天和４２天以上。培养不同时间的Ｂ＿３菌悬液处理种子表明，播后２２天内，培养２４小时的菌在小麦上的定殖量高于培养４８和７２小时。用ＮＢ培养的Ｂ＿３菌悬液经离心弃上清，并用新鲜ＮＢ液悬浮菌体后处理种子，在播后１９天，Ｂ＿３定殖量比不处理菌悬液的定殖量增加。Ｂ＿３与化学杀菌剂混合处理种子，以及土壤经灭菌处理均可增加Ｂ＿３在小麦上的定殖量。     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09菌株在小麦叶部的定殖能力及其防治白粉病效果研究

利用抗利福平标记及平板菌落计数法,研究了内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CC09在小麦叶内和叶际的定殖能力,证明菌株CC09能够在小麦叶内和叶际以较高数量稳定定殖,叶际定殖量在喷雾后1 d达到最大(3.98×107 cfu/g),之后稳定维持在1.58×104~3.16×105 cfu/g;而叶内的定殖量7 d时达到最大(1.58×106 cfu/g)并维持稳定。另外,菌株CC09在小麦叶际和叶内的定殖受温度及其代谢产物的影响,温度越高,其叶际和叶内定殖量越高;菌体重悬液中添加相当于原发酵液中代谢产物含量1倍和4倍的浸膏能显著提高菌株CC09在小麦叶际和叶内的定殖;而接种量对菌株CC09的定殖无显著影响。琼脂培养法测定表明,菌株CC09发酵液及其无菌滤液对小麦白粉菌分生孢子萌发均有显著的抑制作用,导致孢子透明、变形甚至细胞破裂。室内盆栽试验表明,菌株CC09发酵液对小麦白粉病有很高的预防和治疗效果,15 d时防效为95%,是三唑酮的2.3倍,而其20倍稀释液的防效与化学农药三唑酮效果相当。以上研究结果表明菌株CC09是防治小麦白粉病的潜在生防菌株,具有良好的开发和应用价值。     

内生枯草芽孢杆菌B47菌株入侵番茄的途径及其定殖部位

番茄内生枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）B47菌株对番茄青枯病有较好防治作用。本研究对该菌株入侵番茄的途径及其定殖部位进行检测。用浸种、浸根、淋根、注射、喷雾、针刺伤茎和针刺伤叶等方法将B47菌的抗链霉素突变菌株从不同部位接种到番茄植株上,一个月后进行接种菌回收,结果发现除喷雾接种法外,用其他方法接种B47菌的番茄植株体内都有B47菌株存在。说明该菌能通过番茄根、茎、叶的伤口入侵番茄植株。将B47菌株接种到番茄苗上,20d后切取茎段,经固定、脱水、渗透、包埋、聚合等处理后,进行半薄切片,光学显微镜检测,结果表明：B47菌株入侵番茄植株后主要定殖在维管束的导管中。     

多功能菌B1514在小麦根际的定殖及对纹枯病的防治作用

为明确多功能菌B1514对小麦纹枯病的防治效果,采用紫外诱变和逐步提高诱导浓度法筛选获得抗性菌株,分析其在小麦根际和根内的定殖动态,通过盆栽和微区试验测定其对纹枯病的防治作用。结果表明,用发酵液浸种后B1514在小麦根际和根内定殖时间分别达49 d和28 d以上;添加玉米秸秆可延长其在根际和根内的定殖时间。B1514发酵液浸种对小麦纹枯病的盆栽防效低于对照药剂60 g/L戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;土壤中添加秸秆能提高发酵液浸种处理的防效,可达85.3%,且与戊唑醇无显著差异。田间试验结果显示B1514浸种同时添加发酵物处理的持效期较长,在小麦成熟期防效优于戊唑醇,为55.2%;秸秆降解率也高于对照,为45.5%。表明B1514有加速玉米秸秆降解和防治小麦纹枯病的作用。     

哈茨木霉在水稻体内的定殖及其对水稻纹枯病抗性的影响

以具有抗腈菌唑标记哈茨木霉TUV-13菌株的分生孢子悬浮液对水稻种子分别进行浸种、蘸根、叶面接种,栽培至2叶1芯期,从秧苗各组织分离回收菌株TUV-13。对经菌液处理的秧苗进行显微及超微观察结果表明,浸种处理能使TUV-13菌株在水稻秧苗的根、茎、叶中稳定定殖;而蘸根处理、叶面接种,TUV-13菌株只能在处理的局部区域定殖。TUV-13菌株定殖后,水稻秧苗与抗病相关的酶活性显著提高,对水稻纹枯病防效达82.9%。     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09在小麦根部定殖的电镜观察及防病效果

采用抗利福平标记菌株的平板菌落计数法,检测了内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CC09在小麦根部的定殖能力及消长动态,发现菌株CC09在小麦根内、根表和根际均能定殖,接种后5 d定殖量分别稳定维持在2.7×105、2.0×105和5.5×105 cfu/g。透射电镜观察发现,菌株CC09能够在小麦根组织的皮层细胞、细胞间隙、中柱鞘及髓腔中定殖,且不影响根组织细胞结构。室内盆栽试验表明,用菌株CC09发酵液灌根处理小麦,对由禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum侵染引起的麦苗赤霉病的防效高达90.7%,表明菌株CC09是潜在的防治小麦赤霉病的生防菌,具有良好的开发和应用价值。     

抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法筛选青枯病生防细菌

本研究首先用平皿抑菌圈法筛选出５５个拮抗青枯菌的细菌菌株，将番茄幼苗在各菌菌悬液中浸根１２ｈ后栽种于温室未灭菌的土壤中，结果发现，有２２个菌株在幼苗根部的定殖能力较强（终定殖密度大于１０４ｃｆｕ／ｇ根），其中革兰氏阴性土壤细菌占同类菌的８６．３％，革兰氏阳性土壤细菌占同类菌的１３．０％，１０个无致病力产细菌素的青枯菌菌株在根部的终定殖密度均低于１０４ｃｆｕ／ｇ根，其定殖能力弱于致病青枯菌。有１７个拮抗菌菌株在番茄幼苗根部的定殖密度超过所有致病菌。温室生防结果证明，抑菌圈－定殖力双重测定法对于筛选生防菌株是一种行之有效的方法     

内生细菌B3-7 的运动性参与其在小麦根系的内生定殖和对小麦全蚀病的生物防治

 蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)B3-7 是一株对于小麦全蚀病具有有效生防作用的小麦内生细菌。为了研究B3-7 在小麦根内的定殖机制,本研究将含有转座子TnYLB-1 和温度敏感型复制子的质粒pMarB 转化B3-7 菌株,高温处理后TnYLB-1 插入细菌基因组中,构建转座子插入突变体库。通过筛选,获得1 株在小麦根内定殖能力显著降低的突变体B3-7-458。利用反向PCR 方法分离转座子插入位点的侧翼序列并分析其特征,发现转座子插入导致细菌鞭毛运动性相关基因mota 失活,同时发现mota 失活菌株对于小麦全蚀病的生防能力降低。通过构建互补载体对突变基因mota 进行互补分析,发现互补菌株的运动性、在小麦根系内部的定殖能力以及对于小麦全蚀病的生防能力得以恢复。本研究证明了生防菌蜡样芽孢杆菌B3-7 的mota 基因参与该菌株在小麦根系的内生定殖,也参与了该菌株对于小麦全蚀病的生物防治。     

植物内生细菌在辣椒体内的定殖动态及对辣椒疫病的防治效果

为了探讨具生防作用的植物内生细菌在辣椒体内的定殖动态与其防治辣椒疫病的关系,采用对峙培养法和盆栽苗防效法筛选生防菌株,依据菌体形态、生理生化性质和16SrDNA序列鉴定菌种,用抗利福平标记研究菌株在辣椒苗中的定殖动态,在同时接入植物内生细菌和灌根接种辣椒疫霉菌的条件下分析生防菌株的定殖数量与防效的关系。结果表明,菌株G9、R15和J13对辣椒疫病防效最好,经鉴定均为荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonasfluorescens。菌株G9和R15在辣椒根部定殖量高于菌株J13;定殖周期均在30-40d,呈“先增后减”的变化趋势;菌株G9和R15在接种第15d时定殖量最高,菌株J13在根、茎和叶中定殖量达到最高的天数分别为第9、15和15-20d,定殖数量的变化为根〉茎〉叶。菌株G9定殖量达到9．73×10^5cfu·g-1时辣椒疫病的防效达到100％,保持该数量的时间约6d;菌株R15定殖量达到6．30×10^5cfu·g-1以上时对辣椒疫病的防效达到100％,保持该数量的时间约14d。研究结果展现了植物内生细菌在辣椒疫病生物防治上的应用潜力,为制定植物内生细菌防治辣椒疫病的施用技术提供了科学依据。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.