红富士苹果套袋后果皮中花青苷积累与酚类物质代谢的关系

以红富士苹果为试材,分别在山东栖霞和泰安研究了套袋后果皮中酚类物质代谢与花青苷积累的关系。结果表明,套袋后果皮花青苷积累与酚类物质代谢密切相关。果皮中多酚氧化酶（PPO）含量较对照（不套袋果）降低,过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）较对照升高,类黄酮、水溶性酚和花青苷含量较对照增加,果实着色迅速而良好。但在摘袋后气候不利和果袋为劣质单层纸袋条件下,果皮中酚类物质和花青苷含量均低于对照。     

套袋对红富士苹果色素及糖、酸含量的影响

 以苹果(Malus pumila) ‘长富2’品种为试材, 研究了套袋对果皮色素及果肉糖、酸含量的影响。结果表明, 套袋果果皮色素、可溶性糖、可滴定酸具有同对照果基本相同的消长规律, 但含量均始终低于对照; 摘袋后果实可溶性糖含量迅速升高, 且花青苷积累速度明显快于对照; 套袋主要降低了果实中山梨醇和蔗糖的含量, 果糖和葡萄糖降低幅度相对较小。     

不同颜色果袋对红富士苹果果实品质的影响

以红富士苹果为试材,研究了不同颜色果袋对果实着色及相关品质的影响。结果表明,不同颜色果袋套袋处理均促进了果皮着色,红色袋和黑色袋a*较大,果皮颜色较红,白色袋、黄色袋与对照果实外观无明显差异;红色袋处理的果实着色最好,白色袋、黄色袋、绿色袋与对照果实差异不明显,黑色袋叶绿素含量最低。果实成熟时果皮中花青苷含量与纸袋颜色密切相关,红色袋花青苷含量较高,为0.176△A/g,蓝色袋次之,黑色袋花青苷含量较低,为0.102△A/g。不同颜色果袋处理成熟时果实的可溶性糖和可滴定酸含量差异显著。     

‘国光’苹果及其红色芽变花青苷合成与相关酶活性的研究

 以‘国光’苹果及其红色芽变为试材, 测定了果实发育期间的花青苷含量及其相关酶活性,并研究了套袋对芽变花青苷合成的影响。结果显示: ①在果实发育期间, 芽变果皮的花青苷含量明显高于‘国光’, 尤其是成熟期芽变果皮花青苷含量为132170 U·g^-1FW, 而‘国光’仅为49140 U·g^-1FW; ②在果实发育期间, 两个品种间PAL 和UFGT的酶活性无明显差异, 但芽变的CHI和DFR酶活性明显高于‘国光’, 表明芽变花青苷合成能力的提高与CHI和DFR酶活性高有关; ③套袋抑制芽变果皮花青苷的合成, 但解袋后花青苷的含量极显著升高, 解袋后4种酶的变化趋势差异较大, CHI和UFGT活性均迅速升高, 明显高于对照, 这与解袋后花青苷迅速合成相吻合。综上结果, 芽变与原有品种在着色机理上的关键指标是果皮花青苷含量和CHI酶活性。     

套袋对苹果果皮花青苷合成及着色的影响

套袋是提高苹果果实着色的主要技术措施之一,也是研究苹果果皮花青苷合成和基因表达的重要手段。苹果果皮花青苷的合成经由苯丙烷类代谢途径,编码苹果花青苷合成酶类的基因已得到克隆。套袋后果皮花青苷合成酶类的基因表达受到抑制,因而抑制了花青苷合成;摘袋后果皮花青苷迅速合成,与套袋后果皮光受体浓度增加和叶绿素含量降低从而提高对光的敏感度、迅速启动花青苷合成酶类的基因协同表达有关。果皮色素特别是花青苷和叶绿素的含量、比例和分布决定果实的着色状况,套袋促进果皮花青苷合成的同时大大降低了叶绿素含量,从而使果实着色鲜艳。     

红富士苹果摘袋后着色进程与抗氧化能力的关系

为指导套袋红富士苹果根据天气适时摘袋,避免日烧,对套袋红富士苹果摘袋后着色进程与抗氧化能力的关系进行研究。结果表明,套袋红富士苹果在十月初摘袋后2d即开始有明显的花青苷积累和红色表现,清除自由基的能力也明显增强,但只有到摘袋后第3d花青苷含量大幅增加后,果实遇低温强光时才可能避免日烧。建议红富士苹果摘袋时要注意天气预报,避开3d内的霜冻。     

不同纸质果袋对湖景蜜露桃果实品质的影响

为探索提高桃果实品质的适宜果袋,以6年生湖景蜜露桃为试材,选用橘红色袋、黄色袋、白色袋和报纸袋等4种不同纸质的果袋对果实进行套袋处理,以不套袋作对照,研究了不同纸质果袋对成熟果实外观和内在品质特性的影响。测定了果重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量、果实色差等物理性状和果实糖、有机酸、花青苷、香气物质的含量。结果表明,白色袋能提高糖和香气物质含量的积累,增加果实风味,但果实外观暗红并涉及果肉;报纸袋果实外观粗糙,不清洁,且香气和酸含量低;黄色袋果实综合品质性状优于报纸袋和白色袋;橘红色袋能改变果实果皮底色,加快花青苷降解,使果实外观光亮(L值大),高雅美观,糖、酸及香气物质等品质指标也相对较高。     

烟富8号苹果带袋采收和不套袋果实品质的比较

比较了烟富8号苹果带袋采收和不套袋的果实品质和货架期品质变化。结果表明：烟富8号苹果带袋采收果实单果重和果形指数均高于不套袋果实，但差异均不显著；烟富8号带袋采收果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量和还原糖含量、果皮a*值、类胡萝卜素含量和花青苷含量、果皮果肉总黄酮含量等均显著低于不套袋果实；烟富8号带袋采收果实果皮L*、b*值和果实可滴定酸含量均显著高于不套袋果实；烟富8号带袋采收果实维生素C含量和类胡萝卜素含量与不套袋果实无显著差异。在货架期，烟富8号带袋采收果实硬度和还原糖含量、果皮类胡萝卜素含量和花青苷含量、果皮果肉总黄酮含量显著低于不套袋果实，烟富8号带袋采收果肉类胡萝卜素含量显著高于不套袋果实。     

“泽西”越桔花青苷积累与相关基因表达研究

以越桔品种"泽西"果皮为试材,通过对花后7个时期花青苷含量的测定和花青苷合成途径中部分关键基因的克隆和表达,研究果实发育过程中果实着色及花青苷含量与这些基因的关系。果实发育不同时期果皮中花青苷含量的测定结果显示,套袋与对照果实在果实发育前期(花后20~40d),果皮中没有检测到花青苷含量;对照果实进入转色期(花后50d)到果实成熟期(花后80d),花青苷相对含量从10.87U·g-1增加到389.11U·g-1,呈持续升高的趋势,在花后80d达到最大值。套袋果实在花后50d,果皮中花青苷含量为4.06U·g-1,随着果实成熟,在花后80d花青苷相对含量增加到374.21U·g-1。套袋试验结果显示,套袋与对照的日均光照强度和果实表面温度均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,套袋内的日均光照强度和果实表面温度均较对照显著降低。花青苷合成关键基因的表达分析结果显示,套袋与对照果实在整个果实发育期,VcCHS和VcF3H的相对表达量呈先下降后升高的趋势;VcDFR、VcANS和VcMYB呈先下降后升高,之后又下降的趋势;VcANR和VcLAR的表达量在果实发育初期均表现为下降趋势,果实进入转色期后,未能检测到其表达;UFGT的表达量在果实发育初期未能检测到,随着果实进入转色期,其表达量迅速升高。套袋果实果皮中,在果实不同发育阶段,VcF3H、VcDFR和VcUFGT等5个基因的表达受套袋影响呈上调或下调表达。     

不同套袋处理对‘岳冠’苹果果实品质的影响

该试验以辽宁省果树科学研究所自育晚熟苹果品种‘岳冠’为试材，研究不套袋、套袋摘袋和套袋不摘对果实单果重、硬度、干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可滴定总酸、维生素C和果皮色差指标的影响。结果表明，3种处理的果实单果重和硬度无显著差异；不套袋果实的干物质、可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖含量均显著高于套袋不摘袋和套袋摘袋果实；可滴定酸含量显著低于套袋摘袋和套袋不摘袋果实，固酸比显著高于套袋摘袋和套袋不摘袋果实；不套袋能显著提高果实维生素C含量至2倍以上。外观品质方面，果实成熟期内不套袋果实和套袋摘袋果实L*值下降，采收期不套袋果面光洁度最低；套袋果实和不套袋果实红色值a*值上升，b*值下降；套袋摘袋果实果皮色彩饱和度c*显著高于另外两个处理，果皮红色更鲜艳；不套袋果皮红色更暗；套袋不摘袋果实呈现底色绿色。总之，不套袋果实能显著提高果实内在品质，但外观品质有所降低。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.