无芒仲彬草与鹅观草杂种的细胞学和形态学研究

无芒仲彬草分布于我国西部,属多年生六倍体植物,将其与鹅观草(2n=42,SSH－HYY)进行杂交,对亲本及杂种F₁代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为及形态学进行研究。结果表明,杂种F₁减数分裂染色体配对平均构型为:无芒仲彬草×鹅观草21.65Ⅰ+10.13Ⅱ+0.06Ⅲ(C-值=0.34),双亲有两个染色体组,其中-组具有较高的同源性,另-组亲缘关系较远,杂种穗部特征-般介于双亲之间。     

三种鹅观草的生物系统学研究

通过对鹅观草属犬草组长芒鹅观草、缘毛鹅观草和鹅观草3个种及其种间杂种的形态变异、染色体配对行为和繁育特性进行研究,探讨这3个种的亲缘关系.F1植株的外形趋于两亲本之间.在减数分裂过程中,亲本种染色体配对正常.杂种F1的染色体配对数较高,平均构型:R.pendulina × R. dolichathera为0.56 Ⅰ+13.72 Ⅱ;R.dolichathera × R. kamoji为7.58 Ⅰ+13.58 Ⅱ+0.04Ⅲ+0.04Ⅳ,杂种高度不育.结果表明:1)这3个种是独立的生物学种,拥有两组相似的基本染色体组StY.2)R.dolichathera与R.pendulina的亲缘关系较它们分别与R.kamoji的亲缘关系更近.     

三种鹅鸡草的生物系统学研究

通过对鹅观草属犬草组长芒鹅观草、缘毛鹅观和鹅观草３个种及春种间杂种的形态变异、染色体配对行为和繁育特性进行研究,探讨这３个种的亲缘关系。Ｆ１植株的外形趋于两亲本之间。在减数分裂过程中,亲本种染色体配对正常。杂种Ｆ１的染色体配对数较高,平均构型：Ｒ．ｐｅｎｄｕｌｉｎａ＊Ｒ．ｄｏｌｉｃｈａｔｈｅｒａ为０．５６１Ⅰ＋１３．７２Ⅱ;Ｒ．ｄｏｌｉｃｈａｔｈｅｒａ＊Ｒ．ｋａｍｏｊｉ为７．５８Ⅰ＋１３．５８Ⅱ＋     

阿拉善鹅观草,大鹅观草及大丛鹅观草杂种的细胞学研究

阿拉善鹅观草、大耸鹅观草及大鹅观草是分布于我困中的多年生四倍体植物,将其与纤毛鹅观草等三个种进行了种、属间杂交。幼胚离体培养,合成远缘杂种,对各杂种Ｆ１及亲本花粉母细胞减数分裂中期１染色体配对行为进行了分析。结果表明,大鹅观草与Ｅ．ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔｕｓ、鹅观草所含的Ｓｔ染色体组间存在较大的同源性分化;阿拉善鹅观草、大丛鹅观草与纤毛鹅观草间至少有一个染色体组具有较高的同源性,其很可能即为Ｓｔ染色体     

光穗鹅观草的染色体组组成

为了研究小麦族鹅观草属光穗鹅观草 (2n=4x=28)的染色体组组成,本研究成功地获得了它与斯皮卡他草 (2n=2x=14, St)、长芒鹅观草(2n=4x=28, StY)和鹅观草(2n=6x=42, StYH)的属、种间杂种,对亲本和杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对行为进行了分析.结果表明:光穗鹅观草是严格的异源四倍体,拥有St和Y两组完全不同的染色体组;与长芒鹅观草的染色体组同源,有较近的亲缘关系;是鹅观草属有效的物种.     

基于叶绿体atpB-rbcL序列探讨猬草属和赖草属植物的系统发育和母系起源

对小麦族猬草属、赖草属(NsXm)、披碱草属(StH)及含不同染色体组(St、H、Ns、E^b、E^e、P、F 、V、W)的近缘二倍体属共46个类群的叶绿体基因间隔区atpB-rbcL序列进行系统发育分析,探讨猬草属和赖草属植物系统发育关系及母系起源。结果显示,1)猬草属模式种H. patula与拟鹅观草属和披碱草属物种聚为一支,表明H. patula与披碱草属植物亲缘关系近,其母本来源为含St染色体组的拟鹅观草属物种;2)猬草、长芒猬草、4个新麦草属物种及滨麦和所有欧亚分布的赖草属物种聚在一支,说明猬草、长芒猬草与欧亚赖草亲缘关系较近,其母本供体来自含Ns染色体组的新麦草属物种;3)高丽猬草和东北猬草与北美赖草及冰草属、旱麦草属、大麦属物种处于同一分支,表明高丽猬草和东北猬草与北美赖草具有较近亲缘关系,其母本供体为未知来源的Xm染色体组。研究结果支持将H. patula组合到披碱草属中,猬草、长芒猬草、高丽猬草和东北猬草应组合到赖草属中。     

华山新麦草同高加索鹅观草和糙毛仲彬草间物种生物学研究

进行了华山新麦草和高加索鹅观草、糙毛仲彬草属间杂交，通过组织培养，成功地获得了它们间的杂种。杂种生长旺盛，形态上偏向母本。高加索鹅观草×华山新麦草及糙毛仲彬草×华山新麦草杂种Ｆ＿１染色体配对构型分别为：１７．０９Ｉ＋１．９４ＩＩ＋０．０１４ＩＩＩ，２３．５８９Ｉ＋２．１７０ＩＩ＋０．０２４ＩＩＩ。后期Ｉ均出现多极分裂。两个组合染色体配对结果表明，华山新麦草的Ｎ￣ｈ染色体组，同高加索鹅观草的Ｓ和Ｙ及糙毛仲彬草的Ｓ、Ｙ和Ｐ染色体组间存在很小的部分同源性，它们间的亲缘关系甚远。     

拟鹅观草属与鹅观草属和披碱草属属间及种间杂种的细胞学研究

为探讨在二倍体拟鹅观草属物种中St基因组的分化及其系统关系,本试验通过对3个二倍体拟鹅观草的种间杂种及黎巴嫩拟鹅观草和托瑞拟鹅观草与4个四倍体鹅观草属物种(StY)和3个披碱草属(StH,StYW)物种的属间杂种F₁花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对行为及繁育特性进行分析。结果表明,1)中东的拟鹅观草二倍体物种(黎巴嫩拟鹅观草和托瑞拟鹅观草)中St染色体组与来自北美的物种(穗状拟鹅观草)可能存在差异;2)St染色体组在鹅观草属物种中(StY)和在披碱草属物种中(StH,StYW)均存在一定程度的变异,具有一定程度的分化;3)St染色体组与Y染色体组具有一定程度的同源性,亲缘关系较近,而与H染色体组的关系较远。     

属间及种间杂种的细胞学研究

为探讨在二倍体拟鹅观草属物种中Ｓｔ基因组的分化及其系统关系，本试验通过对３个二倍体拟鹅观草的种间杂种及黎巴嫩拟鹅观草和托瑞拟鹅观草与４个四倍体鹅观草属物种（ＳｔＹ）和３个披碱草属（ＳｔＨ，ＳｔＹＷ）物种的属间杂种Ｆ１ 花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ染色体配对行为及繁育特性进行分析。结果表明，１）中东的拟鹅观草二倍体物种（黎巴嫩拟鹅观草和托瑞拟鹅观草）中Ｓｔ染色体组与来自北美的物种（穗状拟鹅观草）可能存在差异；２）Ｓｔ染色体组在鹅观草属物种中（ＳｔＹ）和在披碱草属物种中（ＳｔＨ，ＳｔＹＷ）均存在一定程度的变异，具有一定程度的分化；３）Ｓｔ染色体组与Ｙ 染色体组具有一定程度的同源性，亲缘关系较近，而与Ｈ染色体组的关系较远。     

基于叶绿体trnL-F序列对广义披碱草属物种的系统进化研究

广义披碱草属包括了披碱草属、鹅观草属、猬草属、裂颖草属和仲彬草属。为深入研究这5个小麦族多年生属的系统地位、母本来源及St染色体组的来源和分化等问题,本研究根据叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列构建了系统树和网状结构图。结果表明,1)广义披碱草属物种的母本不完全来源于拟鹅观草属的St染色体组,其中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草的母本染色体组为P染色体组,Hystrix duthiei及长芒猬草的母本染色体组为Ns染色体组;2)系统树中反映了P、W和St染色体组之间具有较近的亲缘关系,它们与H和Ns染色体组的关系较远;3)仲彬草属中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的二倍体物种聚类在一起,表明黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的关系较近;猬草属中猬草聚在St支中,而H. duthiei和长芒猬草包括在Ns支中,表明它们具有不同的染色体组组成;4)5个不同地理分布的具有St染色体组的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种没有形成一个单系组,表明St染色体组在二倍体物种中存在一定程度的分化;在异源多倍体物种中,其St染色体组的质体序列构成了不同的分支,表明St染色体组在多倍体物种中也具有分化;5)亚洲分布的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种可能参与了大部分欧亚物种的起源,北美分布物种的St染色体组可能来源于北美的拟鹅观草属物种;有些物种在多倍化起源过程中可能发生了重复杂交过程。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -