Spawning of the Temperate Sea Cucumber,Australostichopus mollis (Levin)

The spawning of sea cucumbers is related to the interaction of environmental cues and reproductive maturity. Groups of Australostichopus mollis were collected every 2 wk during the summer reproductive season from mid‐October to early February. They were observed for spawning in the hatchery during heat‐shock trials conducted 3–5 C above ambient seawater temperature. Lunar periodicity existed with spawning being most prominent in the week following a full moon. In the week prior to a spawning event, there was also a decrease in ambient incoming seawater temperature. More than 75% individuals spawned during most trials in which spawning occurred. In total, 40% of the 270 individuals spawned during the reproductive season. Reliable spawners were females with a yellow gonad color and large numbers of vitellogenic oocytes, and males with large numbers of spermatocytes and an absence of motile spermatozoa. Furthermore, the percentage germinal vesicle breakdown of oocytes exposed to starfish radial nerve extract compared to seawater was greater for the more orange‐colored gonad of nonspawners. Gonad color is useful in determining the likelihood of spawning over a 2‐wk period in the presence of a cue. Sea cucumbers held for short periods in the hatchery during the reproductive season maintain a natural rhythm of spawning that can be monitored using visual indices and augmented using heat shock.     

Assessment of Egg and Larval Quality during Hatchery Production of the Temperate Sea Cucumber,Australostichopus mollis (Levin)

A greater understanding of the causes of variation in egg and larval quality during larval rearing of sea cucumbers will assist in the development of methods to further improve production in hatcheries. For Australostichopus mollis the techniques and methods used in other hatcheries during fertilization resulted in polyspermy occurring in 10–60% of spawned eggs. Despite this, hatch rates were usually greater than 90%. By Day 18 when fed the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri at 2000 cells/mL/day, survival in cultures varied between 35 ± 26% and 57 ± 25%. Of remaining larvae, 10–12% remained in the water column for long periods and did not complete metamorphosis. Furthermore, observation of development in relation to growth and feeding rather than gut content was a better indicator of larval competence. Larvae that were between 700 and 1000 ± 50 μm in length had between four and eight hyaline spheres in the folds of the ciliated band and were in various stages of metamorphosis and settlement. Assessment and comparison of current and previous methods enabled a greater understanding of sources of variation in egg and larval quality, impacts on the production cycle, and suggested improvements.     

投喂频率对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、体成分组成和能量收支的影响

在实验室条件下,对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)在不同投喂频率条件下的生长、体成分组成和能量收支进行研究。实验设置4个投喂频率处理,分别每天投喂1(F1组)、2(F2组)、3(F3组)、4(F4组)次,共进行40 d。结果表明,F3组和F4组的刺参生长最快,其末体重均显著大于F1组和F2组(P0.05)。投喂频率越高,刺参的摄食量越大,F4组摄食量越高,为3.67 g/(d·ind),F3组和F4组刺参的摄食量均显著高于F1组和F2组(P0.05),但F3组和F4组没有显著差异(P0.05)。饵料转化率随投喂频率的增加而增加。其中,F4组的饵料转化率最高,为9.70%,而消化率却随投喂频率的增加而降低。投喂频率对刺参主要体成分组成影响不大。从各处理的能量收支方程来看,F1组和F2组的粪能占摄食能的比例显著低于F3组和F4组(P0.05),但占摄食能的比例均超过了50%,其呼吸能占摄食能的比例显著高于F3组和F4组。本研究表明,室内养殖刺参每天投喂3次最佳,排泄能和呼吸能较高可能是导致F1组生长不佳的主要原因。     

Kinetics of Antioxidant-Producing Maillard Reaction in the Mixture of Ribose and Sea Cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) Gut Hydrolysates

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were produced in sea cucumber gut hydrolysates (SCGHs)-ribose system at 75°C, 85°C, and 95°C with a pH value of 7.0 or 8.0 for 12 hour. The parameters of amount of intermediate products, fluorescence intensity, browning development, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability showed a positive correlation with each other in SCGHs-ribose system. The amount of intermediate products, fluorescence intensity, and browning development followed the zero-order kinetic with activation energy from 62 to 91 kJ/mol in the Maillard reaction of SCGHs-ribose system. Moreover, 2-methyl-butanal has positive and significant correlation with DPPH radical scavenging ability of SCGHs-ribose MRPs. These results suggest that Maillard reaction improves the antioxidant activity of SCGHs, which contributes to the generation of intermediate, fluorescent, browning, and volatile products of SCGHs-ribose system.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effect of Bacteriophages on Vibrio alginolyticus Infection in the Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

Vibrio alginolyticus is an important pathogen that causes a variety of diseases in marine animals including the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Herein, we describe a two‐phage mixture which may have potential for use as an antibacterial agent to prevent V. alginolyticus infection in the sea cucumber. A Z1210 bacterial isolate was cultured from diseased sea cucumber suffering from skin ulcerations and viscera ejection. The isolate was identified as V. alginolyticus by morphology and sequence similarity analysis. Subsequently, two bacteriophages infecting isolate Z1210 were isolated from the drainpipe of an aquatic market. Morphologically, these two phages were classified as members of Podoviridae (PVA1) and Myoviridae (PVA2) and each phage showed high virulence in an in vitro experiment. Additionally, an experiment conducted in a marine environment showed that a mixture of the two phages increased the survival of sea cucumbers (10 ± 2 g) to 73, 50, and 47% when it was used with a multiplicity of infection of 10, 1, or 0.1, respectively. This result differed markedly from the control without phage (3% survival) while there was no significant difference between the 80 and 47% survival observed for two antibiotic treatments (5 mg/L doxycycline and 10 mg/L kanamycin, respectively).     

Growth of Hatchery‐reared Juveniles of the Australasian Sea Cucumber,Australostichopus mollis,Fed with Artificial and Natural Diets

Australostichopus mollis is the most common and valuable sea cucumber species on the coasts of New Zealand and southern Australia. However, information supporting the development of artificial diets to advance the aquaculture of this species is scarce. In this study, the nutrient absorption, growth, pigmentation, and survival of small (111 mg) and large (434 mg) early juveniles were measured. The juveniles were fed with mussel biodeposits (MB); a commercial hatchery diet‐powdered macroalgae (HD); and artificial diets with different protein levels, 5% (5P) and 10% (10P), respectively. During the experiment, survival was greater than 66% in all diet treatments, with the juveniles feeding actively and absorbing all major macronutrients. The small juveniles, which were starting pigmentation, had higher growth rates (0.8–2.5%/d) than the large juveniles (0.2–1.2%/d), which were completing pigmentation. Growth was higher with the MB and HD diets than with the 5P and 10P diets, which could be explained by differences in the food consumption and nutrient absorption among the diet treatments. This study shows the feasibility of developing artificial diets without depending on naturally available ingredients; however, palatability and consumption need to be improved in order to make artificial diets for this species more effective and commercially available.     

几种物质使刺参脱离附着基效果的比较

水温4～10℃时于1L塑料瓶(容水800mL)中放入5头体质量0.5～7.4g的刺参,适应24h后加入不同体积(质量)分数的酒精(99.7%分析纯)(0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、5.0%、10.0%)、氯化钾(99.7%分析纯)(0.00%、0.40%、0.60%、0.80%、0.10%、1.20%)、氯化钠(99.7%分析纯)(盐度45.0、50.0、55.0、60.0、65.0、80.0、100)和复方中草药(分苗灵)(1∶100、1∶200、1∶300、1∶400、1∶500、1∶600)溶液,观察刺参附着力的变化及化皮率。试验结果表明,酒精体积分数在2.0%以下时,刺参的自动脱落率达90%以上,高于2.0%时,化皮率明显增加。在盐度55.0以下浸泡20min后,刺参的自动脱落率随盐度的升高而上升,12℃时比8℃时增加了近30%。当分苗灵与海水的质量之比为1∶300以下时,刺参在其中浸泡30min后,脱落率最高,浸泡60min 90%以上的刺参脱落,未出现化皮、吐肠等异常现象,分苗后不用再进行消毒处理。     

涅斯捷连科氏菌对仿刺参的致病性初步研究

2005-2007年在大连、营口地区室内养殖仿刺参幼参阶段发生附着基和池壁变红现象,同时伴随池内幼参体壁溃疡、死亡.对变红的附片和患病幼参进行病原菌分离,结果均分离出一株在TCBS和2216E培养基上显示绝对优势的桔红色菌株.人工回接感染试验表明,该菌株对仿刺参具有一定致病性.通过菌株培养特征观察、生理生化特性试验和16S rRNA分析,鉴定该优势菌为耐盐捏斯连科菌.该菌最适生长温度25～37℃、最适合生长pH 7.6～8.0、食盐质量分数超过6％生长最旺盛.药敏试验结果表明,对先锋V、先锋必、先锋Ⅵ、先锋孟多、头胞氯氨苄、新霉素、万古霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、强力霉素、二甲胺四环索、呋南妥因、萘啶酸、氟嚷酸、氟罗沙星显示高度敏感,对头胞噻肟和复方新诺明不敏感.     

Method for Determining Apparent Digestibility of Carbohydrate and Protein Sources for Artificial Diets for Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Australostichopus mollis

Effective nursery diets can greatly reduce the cost of producing juvenile sea cucumbers for release to aquaculture or restocking programs. However, methods for systematically testing the bioavailability of artificial diet ingredients for sea cucumbers are poorly developed, and consequently, there has been little research in this field. The current study presents methods developed to test the suitability of common carbohydrate and protein sources for inclusion in artificial diets for juvenile Australostichopus mollis. Apparent digestibility of carbohydrates was moderate and did not exceed 50% for any carbohydrates assayed. Wheat starch and carrageenans showed the highest digestibility amongst carbohydrates. Differences in apparent digestibility were not reflected in growth performance of juvenile A. mollis fed carbohydrate diets; overall growth performance was poor for all diets. Artificial protein sources consistently exhibited higher apparent digestibility, ranging from 75.1% for fish meal to 98.1% for casein. Low‐cost protein sources, like meat meal, show promise for future use in artificial diet formulation. However, delivering high protein content may reduce ingestion rates and thereby lower overall digestive efficiency in juveniles. Results show that artificial carbohydrate sources have some potential as diet constituents for juvenile sea cucumbers but are unsuitable as primary energy sources. Future testing of artificial carbohydrate sources for A. mollis may require predigestion to improve digestibility.     

养殖仿刺参溃烂病病因初探

从患病仿刺参分离获得的两株优势菌2004—A1和2004—A2,经人工感染回接健康参试验,均获得与原发病相同症状,证实此两株菌是病原菌。另通过人工创伤感染试验确认海参受外伤后,容易感染发生溃烂病。     

仿刺参对盐度的耐受能力研究

设置不同的盐度梯度(10～45),根据仿刺参的存活、溃烂、着壁状态、活力、排便和疣刺伸展情况,进行仿刺参的耐盐范围和耐盐能力分析.结果表明,仿刺参适宜生长的盐度为20～35,最适生长盐度为25～30.研究发现,仿刺参在盐度为15和40下生长一段时间后,就会逐步适应其所生长的环境.     

配合饲料中添加玉米DDGS对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、体组成及免疫指标的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、10％、20％、30％、40％的玉米干酒精糟及其可溶物(Dried distiller's grains with solubles,DDGS),配制成5种等氮等能的实验饲料(DDGS0、DDGS10、DDGS20、DDGS30 和DDGS40),饲喂初始体重为(9.69±0.28)g的刺参56 d,研究玉米DDGS作为替代蛋白源对其生长、体成分及免疫指标的影响.结果显示,随着玉米DDGS添加水平的升高,刺参增重率和特定生长率略有下降,但各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).各实验组刺参体壁指数、肠道指数、肠长比以及体壁水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均不受玉米DDGS添加的影响(P＞0.05).体腔液中溶菌酶的活性呈先上升后稳定的趋势,其中,DDGS20和DDGS40组显著高于DDGS0和DDGS 10组(P＜0.05),DDGS30组与其他各组无显著差异(P＞0.05).酸性磷酸酶的活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,在DDGS20组达到最大值,其中,DDGS20组显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05),DDGS40组显著高于DDGS0组(P＜0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).酚氧化酶的活性随着DDGS添加量的增加呈上升趋势,各添加组均显著高于DDGS0组(P＜0.05),DDGS40组显著高于DDGS 10组(P＜0.05),其他各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).饲料中添加玉米DDGS对体腔液中碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性无显著影响(P＞0.05).本研究表明,饲料中添加0-40％的玉米DDGS均不影响刺参的生长和体壁成分,且添加20％-40％的玉米DDGS能提高刺参体腔液中免疫酶的活性.     

刺参虾池养殖技术

刺参隶属于棘皮动物门,海参纲,楯手目,刺参科,具有很高的经济价值,国内市场需求量日渐增大。随着其工厂化育苗技术的完善,每年可提供大量人工苗种,因此刺参养殖已成为继海湾扇贝、中国对虾之后又一大规模人工养殖的品种。现将其主要习性及虾池养殖管理技术介绍如下:     

发病仿刺参细菌的分离鉴定和生长特性的研究

从发病仿刺参中分离到5株菌,分别为痢疾志贺氏菌、有毒威克斯菌、奥斯陆莫拉氏菌、缺陷短波单胞菌和动物溃疡伯杰氏菌.经革兰氏染色和胞外酶活性剂生理生化特性的研究,确定了痢疾志贺氏菌、有毒威克斯菌、奥斯陆莫拉氏菌、缺陷短波单胞菌和动物溃疡伯杰氏菌的最佳生长条件分别是:35 ℃,pH 9,盐质量分数5%;25 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数5%;25 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数1%;25 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数3%;35 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数3%.能分解淀粉和蛋白,不能分解酯类.     

栉孔扇贝与海胆和海参混养的净化水质作用

在容水40 L、放养5个海参、混养10、20或30个海胆的水槽中分别加入0、1、2、4或6个壳长(6.65±0.30)cm的栉孔扇贝,研究了扇贝密度对净化海胆和海参混养池水质的作用。结果表明:扇贝密度极显著影响水体的叶绿素、氨氮、颗粒有机物(POM)和悬浮颗粒含量(P<0.01);显著影响水体的总颗粒物(TPM)含量(P<0.05)。每升水放养0.05个扇贝的水槽(即2个/水槽)中叶绿素的含量[(0.282±0.060)μg.L-1]显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),POM[(3.68±0.61)mg.L-1]和TPM[(13.47±0.92)mg.L-1]含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。扇贝放养后第2-3 d氨氮、POM、TPM和悬浮颗粒的含量显著增加,第3 d后保持相对平稳。     

Preliminary Study of the Optimum Dietary Riboflavin Level in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

A 14‐wk feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the optimum dietary riboflavin (vitamin B₂) level in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. A total of 360 sea cucumbers averaging 1.49 ± 0.07 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 18 rectangular plastic tanks, and each tank was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of six diets containing 0.29 (B₂0), 4.22 (B₂4), 8.93 (B₂9), 17.9 (B₂18), 56.7 (B₂57), and 577 (B₂577) mg riboflavin/kg diet. At the end of 14 wk of feeding trial, average weight gain (WG) of sea cucumbers fed B₂9, B₂18, B₂57, and B₂577 diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of animals fed B₂0 diet. WG of sea cucumbers fed B₂18, B₂57, and B₂577 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed B₂0 and B₂4 diets. Specific growth rate of sea cucumbers fed B₂9, B₂18, B₂57, and B₂577 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed B₂0 and B₂4 diets. Feed efficiency of sea cucumbers fed B₂9, B₂57, and B₂577 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed B₂0 and B₂4 diets. Although significant differences were recorded in proximate composition of sea cucumbers fed the experimental diets, no clear trends were observed. The ANOVA test suggested that the optimum dietary riboflavin level in sea cucumber could be 17.9 mg/kg diet but broken‐line analysis of WG indicated a level of 9.73 mg riboflavin/kg diet. Therefore, these results may indicate that the optimum dietary riboflavin level in sea cucumber could be higher than 9.73 mg/kg diet but lower than 17.9 mg/kg diet.     

Evaluation of Processing Methods on the Nutritional Quality of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)

The close relationship between the consumption of sea cucumber and health status stems from the nutritional and functional substances found in sea cucumber that play a key role in the prevention of different diseases. The processing methods have a great effect upon the nutritional and functional substances in sea cucumber. A superior product should not only be abundant in nutritional substances, but also require an easy and cost effective processing method. This study compared the influence of processing methods on the stability of macronutrients and micronutrients present in sea cucumber in order to recommend products that could provide high nutritional quality. The five processes investigated were hot air drying (60°C), vacuum freeze-drying (0.5 cm thickness material, 5–10 Pa vacuum degree, ?85 to ?90°C cold trap temperature, ?25°C material temperature), sun drying, double-distilled water cooking followed by sun drying, and 3.5% sodium chloride solution cooking followed by sun drying. A significant decrease of all the chemical compositions determined was shown in all the sea cucumber products treated by the five processing methods (p < 0.05). Among all the processing methods, hot air drying resulted in the highest nutritional quality of the product. Moreover, hot air drying can be operated easily with low cost.     

刺参苗种池塘小网箱培育试验

近年来,随着刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）虾池养殖和浅海围堰养殖规模的不断扩大,其人工育苗技术也得到迅速发展,刺参苗种的培育就显得尤为重要。室内培育幼参费用既高,又易出现病害,直接投放小个体成活率极低。采用池塘小网箱培育幼参费用既低,效益又高,是一种值得推广的好方法。     

Effect of Enzyme Type on the Antioxidant Activities and Functional Properties of Enzymatic Hydrolysates from Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) Viscera

ABSTRACT

Effects of various proteases were obvious on the amino acid composition, antioxidant activities, and functional properties of enzymatic hydrolysates prepared from sea cucumber viscera (SCV). Alcalase, trypsin, and flavourzyme conferred better antioxidant activities on hydrolysates and endowed them with a higher degree of hydrolysis, coming to 19.08, 32.38, and 15.94%, respectively. For functional properties, neutrase- and flavourzyme-derived hydrolysates showed better foaming properties. Amino acid composition suggested that papain, neutrase, alcalase, and bromelain granted the hydrolysate’s high nutritional quality. The results indicated that SCV hydrolysates could be used in food systems to impart desirable characteristics to products.