森林经营方案编制方法研究——以临武县东山国有林场为例

根据临武县东山国有林场开展森林经营的需要,依据国家林业相关政策、森林经营方案编制技术规程,结合现有的森林资源现状及发展方向,分析了临武县东山国有林场森林经营环境,提出了林场森林经营方针、原则与经营目标,设计了林场森林发展阶段的主要经营措施,规划了林场森林多资源利用方案,以供在经理期内规划参考落实.     

Farm and Village Forest Use Practice in Ekiti State: Analysis of Government Policy and Tenure Issues

This study analyzed the influence of government policy and tenure issues on farm and village forest use practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Three rural communities that were still far from urban influence were selected from each of the 16 local government areas of the state. In each community, 20 household heads were selected and interviewed with the aid of a semi-structured matrix. The interviews aimed at the determination of respondents' socioeconomic status, awareness and belief in the effectiveness or otherwise of the forest laws and regulations, land use, tenure and property rights. Results obtained revealed that the awareness of forest laws and regulations cut across the socio-economic categories. Most of these laws and regulations that were considered to be necessary could also constitute disincentives to sustainable forest development. Three types of land tenure niches—private holdings, commons, and government reserves—exist in the state. These led to land fragmentations in which individuals are now left with small holdings. Individuals with small and medium landholdings found it difficult to invest in tree planting; hence, they meet their subsistence use of wood and non-wood forest products from diverse sources. Individuals with large landholdings were found cultivating cash tree crops; timber species were not cultivated though their wildlings were preserved. Also, when land is let or leased out, tenants were not allowed to invest in tree planting on such land.     

基于VAR模型的森林生态系统适应性管理与经济发展动态关联分析———以黑龙江省大小兴安岭森林生态功能区为例

将衡量森林生态功能区森林生态系统适应性管理效果的指标分解为气候调节、生态保持、产品供给、休闲服务4项,通过主成分分析计算得到各个指标的重要性; 利用VAR模型分析黑龙江省大小兴安岭森林生态系统适应性管理与经济发展的相互影响; 根据脉冲响应函数分析得到森林生态系统适应性管理与经济发展之间的动态关联关系,据此给出若干提高森林生态系统服务水平和促进经济发展的对策和建议。     

中东欧前社会主义国家森林私有化概况与发展趋势

概括介绍了中东欧前社会主义国家林权私有化的现状、面临的种种挑战和发展趋势。     

Transfer of Scientific Expertise into Successful Forest Policy： Assessment for Monitoring and Evaluating Sustainable Forest Management in China

INTRODUCTION Forest monitoring and forestry policy monitoring and evaluation systems play an important role in forestry policy making and improvement. Transfer scientific expertise into forest policy making is one of the most important factors to improve Chinese forestry development. CERN (Chinese Ecosystem Research Network) and CFERN (Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network) are two main forest scientific monitoring systems in China. CERN is managed by CAS (Chinese Academy o…     

依靠科技进步增资减危理论体系研究*

根据我国森林资源危机的严峻现实，提出如何依靠科技进步缓解森林资源危机。研究提出了“组织促需”的理论体系，强调林业“科技－资源”系统结构效益和要素的协调，合理和有效的配置。并进行“组织促需”的林业科技实力，能力和潜力的分析评价。从森林资源总量和质量两个方面对森林资源基础进行了分析。针对森林生长长期性的特点，提出了用材林“资源度”的概念，并对森林资源增长中技术进步的作用进行了定量测算。最后提出十条对策     

森林生态效益补助项目实施中的社会经济问题研究——湖南省试点情况个案调查

该调查主要通过半结构访谈,系统了解了湖南省森林生态效益补助试点项目实施情况;总结了试点主要经验;深入剖析了当前及潜在的矛盾与主要问题。调查结果表明:试点工作进展顺利,生态效益补助政策深受基层林业部门和广大群众欢迎。但是存在着森林生态效益补助的政策目标不甚明确、项目实施过程主要沿用传统工作方法、对农民的利益关心不足等问题。     

Equity Mechanisms in Traditional Forest Management Systems: A Case Study of Loita Forest in Kenya

Equity in forest resources access remains a key challenge. In Kenya this was exacerbated by the application of command and control management approaches. The introduction of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in 1997 has started changing this scenario. The main objective of this study was to determine the equity mechanisms practiced under Traditional Community Based Forest Management (TCBFM), a traditional form of participatory forest management in Loita forest. An assessment of the impact of this management approach showed that equity and pro poor practices were inherent in Loita forest, where TCBFM was being implemented. The approach facilitated the poor to build up assets through relatives contributing to their livelihood assets. This was sustained through traditional support systems that are interwoven with forestry management. A majority of the community members interviewed perceived that the importance of the forest to household livelihood had been increasing since 1995. An increase in household assets since 1995 was associated with household participation in Traditional Community Based Natural Resources Management (TCBNRM). A majority (93%) of the households who were members of TCBNRM indicated grazing as the benefit. There was a general perception that participation in this form of PFM contributed to improvement of economic, physical, natural, human, social, and political capitals at the household and community levels.     

基于模糊综合评判的森林群落稳定性评价体系模型构建——以黄龙山主要森林群落为例

基于模糊综合评判理论,以黄龙山分布的油松林、油松+辽东栎林、辽东栎林和白桦林4种森林群落类型为例,选择反映森林群落基本特征的种群更新潜力、林地土壤肥力、林地生产力、物种多样性和人为干扰这5项指标(共15个因子),构建森林群落稳定性评价模型,通过计算该评价模型的隶属函数值来评判森林群落稳定性.结果表明:黄龙山4种主要森林群落稳定性表现为辽东栎林>油松+辽东栎林>油松林>白桦林,评判结果符合当地森林群落发育状况;评价模型中评价因子的选择反映了森林群落稳定性的基本特征,突出了常用方法对群落调查获取的林业数据的应用;评价过程避免了繁琐的数学计算,可操作性强,具有较好的推广应用价值.基于5项指标的模糊综合评判的森林群落稳定性评价模型可以应用于森林群落稳定性评价.     

我国木材及林产品供需平衡研究

在分析我国森林资源与木材供求状况,以及木材需求趋势与供需缺口的基础上,就如何实现我国木材与林产品自给,达到供需平衡进行了研究。研究表明,大力发展工业人工林,定向培育、提供适用木材,高效利用木材、节约林木资源、增加林产品供给,扩大原料来源、开发利用生物质资源生产林产品,是实现我国木材与林产品供需平衡的行之有效的途径。     

The relationship between length of fallow and crop yields in shifting cultivation: a rethinking

Rethinking the relationship between length of fallow and crop yields inshifting cultivation?The theory that a correlation between shortened fallow periods and yielddecline in shifting cultivation exists is questioned in this paper. Thisrelationship has been taken for granted, and because it shows that shiftingcultivation will break down under pressure, it has partly been responsible fornegative government views on shifting cultivation. Yield levels in shiftingcultivation are influenced by a wide range of biophysical, socioeconomic, andcultural factors and it is difficult to isolate fallow length as a singledetermining factor. A total of 330 studies were reviewed and fifteen withempirical data were chosen for in-depth analysis. Although most of the empiricalstudies support the theory, the data sets are often ambiguous and importantparameters are insufficiently taken into account. Several studies found norelationship between fallow length and yield, but these also lack information toverify the validity of the data. It is concluded that empirical studiesfocussing on this problem are needed to fully understand this relationship anddevelop feasible scenarios for the numerous attempts at modelling shiftingcultivation development. Moreover, the use of gloomy `breakdown' scenarios asjustification for improving shifting cultivation should be avoided.     

德国北部挪威云杉林可持续经营中期计划的实例分析

可持续森林经营理论为中期林业计划和收获调整提供了丰富的模型选择,其不同的方法可应用于各种特定的场合和不同经营类型.本文简要回顾了传统的森林计划方法,一种称为"多林分发展"的概念可以用于任意的经营系统,这个概念把森林看作由一系列林分组成,在每一个林分中可以预先制定多种经营措施的选项,每种选项都可以通过木材或其它产品以及消耗的资源计算出一个目标值.这种简单的概念可以应用到大量的不同森林经营场合,它为森林经营者制定切实可行的森林措施和评价森林经营计划提供方法.在本研究中,以德国北部一片包括21个小班的挪威云杉林班的一个中期计划为例,说明"多林分发展"这一经营系统在实际生产中的应用.每个小班具有不同的初始状态,每个小班预设了若干经营选项,根据小班的初始状态、生长模型为各种选项计算各时期的木材产出.在林班的水平上,经营目标方程包括两个组成部分:净现值和均衡木材收获值.用模拟退火的方法来优化总体目标方程值.优化的总体解决方案在为每个小班选定合适的经营选项的同时,在全林的水平上获得最优的经济和均衡产出组合.     

退耕还林区森林景观优化策略研究——以云南盐津县为例

文章立足于新一轮退耕还林的重点实施区域云南省盐津县,分析了其在实施层面的现状与问题,研究了县域范围内立地条件、生态敏感性、植被资源及景观斑块等要素,提出了景观优化对策,力求在退耕还林区营建具有复合功能的森林景观以发挥多重效益,以期为同类研究与实践提供有益参考。     

国有林区林地资源重新配置与使用的对策研究

分析了现行林地资源配置的弊端,提出了首先进行商品林林地资源重新配置,然后进行公益林地资源重新配置的思路和对策;论述了与新的配置格局对应的两类林地的规划与使用制度。     

我国南方集体林区林权民事纠纷司法现状考察——以浙江省为例

随着林权纠纷在我国南方集体林区多发,林权民事纠纷进入司法审判程序的现象日趋明显,司法裁判在解决南方集体林区林权民事纠纷中发挥着越来越重要的作用。文中通过对516份浙江省各人民法院林权民事裁判文书的收集统计与分析发现,林权民事案件不仅具有普通民事案件的共性,还因其生态与社会属性而有其自身的特点;在此基础上剖析了林权纠纷在司法审判实践中存在的瓶颈难题,以期推动南方集体林区林权民事司法水平的提升。     

林业政策事件的金融市场影响分析——以我国国有林场改革为例

林业政策事件对林业行业发展改革具有直接推动作用。我国国有林场改革作为林业发展中的典型政策事件,兼具了林业发展的公益性和经济性,在林业政策中具有较好的代表性,而金融市场的变化情况能够很好地反映林业行业的发展前景。文中选取我国国有林场改革这一典型的林业政策事件,通过事件研究法,采用市场模型测算国有林场改革对相关林业股的市场影响。结果显示,国有林场改革政策的颁布显著提高了相关林业股的股价,表明国有林场改革对林业行业是利好信号,得到了投资者的积极回应。不同时期国有林场改革对金融市场的影响均十分显著,但是效果不同。鉴于政策发布的时间和内容的差异对资本市场的不同影响,建议注重政策颁布的时点并加强对政策的解读,使更多投资者关注林业资本市场,促进林业行业发展。     

我国退耕还林政策存在的问题及其建议

我国退耕还林政策是为了保护生态环境而提出的,但该政策本身以及在实施过程中存在着一些问题。文章主要针对退耕还林政策存在的问题,提出一些可行性的建议和对策。     

基于连清体系的森林生物多样性监测网络构建研究——以湖南省为例

以南方重点林区湖南省为例,在明确影响森林生物多样性主要环境因素的基础上,通过空间平衡抽样、改进的Whittaker样地设计,构建省级尺度上森林生物多样性监测网络。研究表明:1)与简单随机抽样、系统抽样相比,空间平衡抽样在降低样本点空间关联性、提高抽样效率和抽样精度方面具有明显的优势;2)改进的Whittaker样方设计可以帮助人们更好地分析物种丰富度、平均覆盖度、物种多样性空间分布规律;3)依托于现有的连清体系,采用空间平衡抽样方法进行森林生物多样监测样本构建,采用改进的Whittaker样方设计进行生物多样性调查,可以为省级尺度上的森林生物多样性监测网络的构建探索出一条具有统计学基础且经济适用的途径。     

信贷约束与农户收入关系文献综述——以林权抵押贷款为例

既有研究详尽探讨了林权抵押贷款信贷约束对农户收入的影响。多数研究者发现,信贷约束导致农户生产要素配置不当,降低生产效率和配置效率,阻碍收入增加;但也有研究表明,信贷约束会促进土地流转和劳动力转移从而增加非农收入。现有文献为进一步研究林权抵押贷款信贷约束与农户收入的关系提供了有意义的线索,但是仍存在忽略农户收入的不同构成、信贷约束测度存在缺陷和忽略内生性等问题。因此,未来研究应该主要从以下2个方面入手:第一,分别探讨信贷约束对农户收入各组成部分的影响机制;第二,改进信贷约束测度方法,并关注由于互为因果以及遗漏变量而产生的内生性问题。