纳米二氧化硅/纳米纤维素复合材料制备及性能分析

使用造纸方法快速成功的制备了纳米纤维素,纳米二氧化硅复合材料,对并材料的力学性能,热性能和吸湿性能进行了分析。研究结果表明:随着纳米二氧化硅的添加量逐步提高,纳米复合材料的理论密度逐渐下降,材料的拉伸性能和模量值都有大幅度的下降。材料热解的初始降解温度和热解活化能随着纳米二氧化硅质量分数的增多提升,当纳米二氧化硅质量分数为20%时,材料初始热解温度为280℃。纳米复合材料的含水率随着吸湿时间的延长而增加,且随着纳米二氧化硅添加量的增多,材料的最终含水率不断提高,当纳米二氧化硅质量分数为20%时,纳米复合材料的最终含水率约26%,纳米复合材料的表面接触角值仅为40.4°。该研究结果可为制备了纳米纤维素/纳米二氧化硅复合材料提供参考。     

尿素氨化预处理改善稻秸干法厌氧发酵特性

为了提高稻秸的可生物降解性,利用尿素氨化预处理方式,研究不同尿素质量分数（2%、4%、6%、8%、10%）和不同预处理温度（25、30、35、40、45、50℃）对稻秸预处理前后木质纤维素含量变化及干发酵产气特性的影响。结果表明：1）不同尿素质量分数对稻秸预处理效果影响显著,尿素预处理能够破坏稻秸木质纤维素的结构,预处理后稻秸的碳氮比降低,预处理后稻秸的累计产气量比未经处理组高20.67%～38.20%（P<0.05）,尿素质量分数为4%时效果较好;2）不同预处理温度对稻秸预处理效果影响不显著,尿素预处理效果主要受尿素质量分数的影响。研究结果为秸秆的预处理工艺提供参考,并为秸秆厌氧干发酵技术提供数据支持。     

适量木炭粉改善环氧树脂复合材料热/力学性能

为了充分利用木材炭化物,扩大其在复合材料等方面的应用范围,该文采用炭化后的木粉(木炭粉)和环氧树脂,通过模压工艺制备了木炭/环氧树脂复合材料。借助扫描电镜、万能材料试验机、动态热机械分析仪和维卡软化点测量仪等研究木炭粉质量分数对木炭/环氧树脂复合材料弯曲性能、冲击强度、动态力学性能以及耐热性的影响。在环氧树脂中,环氧树脂、反应性稀释剂和固化剂质量比为3∶2∶5;在木炭/环氧树脂复合材料中,木炭粉质量分数分别为0,5%,10%,20%,30%和40%。复合材料固化温度和时间分别设定为100℃和3 h。结果表明,添加木炭粉能有效增强环氧树脂力学性能:与纯环氧树脂相比,弯曲强度和冲击强度最高增加了278%和135%。动态力学性能结果证实随着木炭粉质量分数的增加,复合材料的储能模量和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)也逐渐增加。此外当木炭粉质量分数从0增加到40%时,复合材料的耐热性逐渐提高;维卡软化点从81.2℃提高到274℃。研究结果为,当木炭粉质量分数在10%时,环氧树脂/木炭复合材料具有较佳的力学性能和较好的耐热性能,为木炭在复合材料领域中的应用提供有益的借鉴。     

纳米二氧化硅在稻秸上的形态分布及制备工艺

为了实现农作物稻秸的多层分级利用,采用扫描电子显微镜和X-射线能谱分析仪分析硅在稻秸单元表面的存在形式和分布形态,并进一步利用稻秸制备成微纳米二氧化硅,探讨热解温度(575、675、775℃)和热解时间(2、4h)对二氧化硅得率和粒径的影响。研究表明,硅主要以二氧化硅的形式存在于稻秸表面的颗粒物区,质量分数达12.8%。热机械处理可以减小硅的粒径。在相同的热解温度下,热解时间从2h增加到4h,二氧化硅颗粒粒径逐渐增大,并且使纳米二氧化硅得率保持在8%以上。。在相同的热解时间下,热解温度上升使得二氧化硅粒径变大。球磨处理可以改善二氧化硅颗粒的团聚现象,并且使粒径从18.94μm下降到6μm以下,处于小于100nm的比例增多。研究结果为以稻秸为原料制备纳米二氧化硅提供参考。     

混杂功能化多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及性能

对多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）分别进行共价、非共价和混杂功能化改性,然后采用溶液共混法,将三种功能化类型的MWCNTs按不同质量分数分别加入环氧树脂（EP）制备MWCNTs/EP复合材料。通过拉伸试验和热重分析,研究MWCNTs的功能化类型及含量对复合材料力学性能和热学性能的影响,并对复合材料拉伸试件断面进行SEM观察分析。结果表明：与共价功能化复合材料（MWCNTs-Epon828/EP）和非共价功能化复合材料（MWCNTs-PPA/EP）相比,混杂功能化复合材料（MWCNTs-Epon828-PPA/EP）的力学性能和热学性能最佳。当MWCNTs质量分数为0.3%时,其拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂伸长率较纯EP分别提高30%,62%和26%。     

凹凸棒石-稻秸复合材料的制备及其对污染土壤中镉钝化效果的研究

为提高凹凸棒石(ATP)在土壤重金属修复中的性能，以ATP和水稻秸秆(稻秸)为原料，通过厌氧发酵法制备了ATP占稻秸质量分别为25%(F-25)、50%(F-50)、75%(F-75)、100%(F-100)和125%(F-125)的ATP-稻秸复合材料，研究了复合材料对污染土壤镉(Cd)的钝化效果。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对复合材料进行了表征，探讨了复合材料对土壤Cd的钝化机制。结果表明，复合材料减少了土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态Cd的含量，而增加了残渣态Cd的含量，其中，F-25分别使土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及铁锰氧化物结合态的Cd含量减少了14.11%、5.95% 和10.66%，而残渣态增加了29.15%。3% 添加量的复合材料F-25或5% 添加量的复合材料F-50对土壤Cd的钝化效果较好，钝化率分别为59.88% 和62.50%。复合材料对土壤Cd的钝化率随着钝化时间的延长急剧增加，但15 d后，钝化率增加缓慢。综合考虑复合材料配比、修复材料添加量及钝化时间对土壤Cd钝化效果的影响并兼顾成本，在污染土壤Cd修复时，应优先考虑复合材料F-25并推荐3% 的添加量。     

堆肥预处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产气量的影响

堆腐作为秸秆厌氧发酵的预处理技术已广泛使用,但堆腐也会使秸秆中部分有机物损失,了解堆腐损失有机物对秸秆总产气量的影响,可以更客观地评价堆腐预处理技术的可行性。该试验在室内中温（35℃）、总固体（TS）质量20%条件下,研究了稻秸堆肥预处理、添加猪粪对稻秸产沼气的影响,分析了堆肥预处理以及厌氧发酵前后稻秸组分的变化,估算了堆肥预处理对稻秸总固体质量产气量的损失。结果表明：稻秸堆肥预处理并不能增加稻秸产气量与甲烷含量,堆肥预处理使稻秸的半纤维素量损失了12%以上,从而降低了稻秸总固体质量产气量。厌氧发酵中稻秸半纤维素降解率最高,对稻秸产气贡献率最大。由此可见,堆肥预处理方式并不能提高稻秸厌氧发酵的产气量。     

木塑层合板的制备工艺及抗弯性能

为了弥补常规木塑复合材料的力学性能较低的不足,满足木塑复合材料在结构领域中的应用要求,试验以国产速生杨木为研究对象,以聚乙烯和聚丙烯塑料合金为粘结剂,采用平压法制备了结构用木塑层合板。通过研究热压温度、木材塑料质量比和马来酸酐添加量等3个因素对木塑层合板胶合性能的影响,以优化其制备工艺;在此基础上,进一步研究和分析了木塑层合板抗弯性能的影响因素及其作用机理。结果表明,拉伸剪切荷载作用下,偶联剂的介入,木塑层合板的破坏模式由空白试件的界面分层剥离转变为木材拉伸断裂;试验范围内,温度为180℃、木材塑料质量比为3/2、马来酸酐添加量为4%时木塑层合板的胶合性能较优,胶合强度达到0.98MPa,与未添加偶联剂的空白试件相比,胶合强度提高16.7%;采用层积法制备工艺,木塑层合板的抗弯性能能够达到结构用材的要求;密度0.6和0.8 g/cm3时,木塑层合板随着板材密度和木材塑料质量比的提高,静曲强度增大、抗弯弹性模量降低,木材单层板形态完整;密度为1.0 g/cm3时,随着木材塑料质量比的提高,木塑层合板静曲强度降低、抗弯弹性模量提高,当木材塑料质量比为3∶3时,木塑层合板中木材横纹出现大量不连续裂纹,木材的形态完整性下降;热压温度190℃、木材塑料质量比3/2和3/3、马来酸酐添加量为4%、板材密度为0.8 g/cm3时,制备的木塑层合板抗弯性能较优,能够达到100E等级的要求;结果可为木塑层合板在结构领域中的应用提供参考。     

稻秸秆粉/聚丙烯复合材料力学性能

采用模压成型工艺制备稻秸秆粉/聚丙烯木塑复合材料,利用万能电子试验机测试了复合材料的拉伸及弯曲性能,用冲击试验机测试了复合材料的冲击性能,用体视显微镜对复合材料的微观结构断面进行了观察。结果表明,硅烷偶联剂KH570处理稻秸秆粉是较好的处理方法,稻秸秆粉质量分数为50%,粒度为60目时,稻秸秆粉/PP复合材料综合力学性能较好。其复合材料表面微观结构光滑。     

NaOH碱处理浓度对毛竹篾及其环氧树脂复合材料性能影响

为研究NaOH碱处理浓度对毛竹竹篾及其环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响,该研究采用热压成型制备竹篾平均质量分数为75%的复合材料,通过设置4种NaOH溶液浓度梯度,利用微观形貌观察（Scanning Electron Microscope）、热重分析（Thermogravimetric Analysis）、动态热机械分析（Dynamic Mechanical Analysis）等手段表征材料性能变化。结果表明NaOH碱处理去除了竹篾表面部分木质素、半纤维素及蜡质等杂质,使其极性发生变化,结晶度从60.0%提高至63.6%,拉伸强度和热稳定性增强;当NaOH溶液浓度为2%时,竹篾的拉伸强度提高了52.11%,其复合材料剪切强度提升了55.24%;同时,在30～90℃,NaOH碱处理的竹篾/环氧树脂复合材料（NaOH-BS/EP）在动态载荷作用下有更好的结构稳定性,2%NaOH溶液处理的复合材料储能模量最大值是未处理的1.3倍。NaOH碱处理可以增强竹篾的热稳定性、拉伸强度,改善与环氧树脂的界面强度,提高复合材料的静态及动态力学,可用于户外农业工程材料、建筑、户外园林等,既降低生产成本,同时提高...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.