黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼生长性能和血浆生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼生长性能和血浆生化指标的影响。选取体重约为5.8 g的鲈鱼270尾,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。对照组（CON）组为基础饵料,G10组、G20组分别使用黑水虻幼虫粉等蛋白质替代基础饵料中10%、20%的鱼粉。试验期7 w。结果显示：黑水虻幼虫粉替代不同比例鱼粉对鲈鱼终末体重、增重率、特定生长速率和饵料系数均无显著影响（P>0.05）。G20组鲈鱼血浆球蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究表明,黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼生长性能无不利影响,其中20%替代比例对鲈鱼血浆生化指标和抗氧化指标具有改善作用。     

黑水虻对乌鳢（Channa argus）生长性能、饲料利用及营养组成的影响

试验旨在研究黑水虻幼虫干虫、虫粉替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长性能、饲料利用及肌肉营养组成的影响。选取初体重为（6.87±0.62）g的乌鳢幼鱼135尾,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼。分别用黑水虻幼虫干虫（BSF,粗蛋白33.30%、粗脂肪39.20%）、黑水虻幼虫虫粉（DBSF,粗蛋白53.00%、粗脂肪11.80%）替代基础饲料（鱼粉含量40%）50%的鱼粉。试验包括鱼粉组（D0组）、干虫组（D1组）和虫粉组（D2组）三种硬颗粒缓沉性饲料,开展为期60 d的养殖试验。结果表明：黑水虻干虫和虫粉替代50%鱼粉对乌鳢生长性能、饵料系数和成活率等无显著性影响（P>0.05）。与鱼粉组（D0组）相比,黑水虻干虫对乌鳢的摄食率有显著的负面影响（P<0.05）,脏体比显著提高（P<0.05）。黑水虻干虫和虫粉替代试验饲料50%鱼粉对鱼体和肌肉的粗蛋白含量无显著性影响（P>0.05）,干虫组（D1组）鱼体粗脂肪含量显著高于其他组（P<0.05）,肌肉粗脂肪显著高于鱼粉组（P<0.05）。替代50%鱼粉后干虫组（D1组）和虫粉组（D2组）肌肉部分必需氨基酸含...     

鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉饲料中补充晶体氨基酸对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、体成分、血浆及肌肉游离氨基酸含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉时饲料氨基酸的平衡性与对虾生长性能、体成分、血浆及肌肉游离氨基酸含量的关系。试验设2个饲料蛋白质水平,分别为40%和31%,在每个蛋白质水平下分设鱼粉组(基础饲料)、鸡肉粉组(鸡肉粉完全替代基础饲料中鱼粉)、鸡肉粉+必需氨基酸(EAA)组(鸡肉粉完全替代基础饲料中鱼粉并补充晶体EAA)、鸡肉粉+EAA+非必需氨基酸(NEAA)(鸡肉粉完全替代基础饲料中鱼粉并补充晶体EAA+NEAA)。将平均体重为(0.37±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分配到32个圆桶(150 L)中,每桶30尾,每4个桶为1组,饲喂1种饲料,每天饱食投喂3次,进行为期56 d的饲养试验。结果表明:在每一饲料蛋白质水平下,鸡肉粉+EAA组、鸡肉粉+EAA+NEAA组对虾的增重率、特定生长率均比鸡肉粉组有显著提高(P0.05),但仍显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05),饲料系数的变化正好与之相反;鸡肉粉+EAA+NEAA组对虾的增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数与鸡肉粉+EAA组无显著差异(P0.05)。饲喂40%蛋白质水平饲料较饲喂31%蛋白质饲料显著提高对虾的增重率和虾体粗蛋白质含量(P0.05),但显著降低虾体粗脂肪含量(P0.05)。凡纳滨对虾血浆游离EAA/NEAA与饲料EAA/NEAA呈正线性关系,且血浆游离赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量均与特定生长率呈正相关。鸡肉粉组血浆游离蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸含量显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05),各组对虾肌肉游离氨基酸含量无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,在鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉的饲料中补充晶体EAA可促进凡纳滨对虾的生长,但进一步补充晶体NEAA并没有进一步改善其生长性能。     

人工饲料养殖石斑鱼成为可能

中国海洋大学麦康森院士指出，目前石斑鱼饲料中鱼粉的比例大约为60％，使用饲料养1千克鱼消耗的鲜鱼量为1．85千克，比使用鲜杂鱼节约49％～63％的野生鱼类资源。但从可持续性发展的角度考虑，其配合饲料取代鱼粉是持续发展的必由之路。对比实验反映，用鸡肉粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉、血粉（比例为5：2：1：2）可替代饲料中50％的鱼粉蛋白而不影响石斑鱼的摄食、生长与饲料系数和氮保留率；发酵豆粕可替代10％～15％鱼粉蛋白等。     

蛆粪便替代酒糟粉对鲫鱼生长性能的影响

选用初始体重(13.31±0.10)g的鲫鱼为研究对象,以菜籽粕、豆粕和面粉等为主要原料。配制3种等氮等能的实验饲料,其中一种饲料中添加3%的酒糟粉,另一种饲料中以3%的蛆粪替代3%的酒糟粉,第3种饲料为在鲫鱼基础饲料中补充2.1%的油糠作为对照组,研究蛆粪便替代酒糟粉对鲫鱼生长性能的影响。实验在室内养殖系统中进行,每水族缸饲喂30尾,每处理组3个重复,以鱼体重3%～5%投喂量,日投喂3次,试验持续8周。实验结果表明:当蛆粪便替代酒糟粉后,鲫鱼增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率呈下降的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中蛆粪便替代酒糟粉对鲫鱼各形体指标也没有产生显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可见,鲫鱼日粮中蛆粪便等量替代酒糟粉后,不会对鲫鱼生长产生太大的影响。     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用、消化酶活性及抗氧化能力的影响。配制6种等氮等脂的试验饲料(粗蛋白质含量为45%、粗脂肪含量为10%),6种试验饲料中鸡肉粉的添加量分别为0(对照组)、5.25%、10.51%、15.77%、21.03%和31.54%,替代鱼粉的比例分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和60%。选用初始体质量为(2.17±0.02)g的黄颡鱼幼鱼540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,进行为期8周的养殖试验。结果显示:饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼成活率的影响不显著(P0.05)。当鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例由0增加到20%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质效率均显著升高(P0.05);而当鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例由30%增加到60%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率及蛋白质效率则显著降低(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例对黄颡鱼幼鱼的肥满度、脏体比和肠脂比无显著影响(P0.05)。黄颡鱼幼鱼全鱼和肌肉干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量在各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。对照组黄颡鱼幼鱼的胃蛋白酶活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉比例大于10%时,黄颡鱼幼鱼的胃淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);10%鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼的前肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);30%鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼的肝脏淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各鱼粉替代组黄颡鱼幼鱼血清谷草转氨酶活性与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),而血清谷丙转氨酶活性及甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量在鸡肉粉替代30%鱼粉组达到最高值,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。黄颡鱼幼鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性在20%鱼粉替代组达到最高值,并显著高于对照组(P0.05);40%和60%鱼粉替代组肝脏丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏过氧化氢酶活性没有显著影响(P0.05)。以增重率为评价指标,经折线模型分析得出,黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的最适比例为20.84%。     

鸡肉粉和肉骨粉替代鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能影响研究

近年来,我国水产养殖以每年近1 0 %的速度递增,进口鱼粉的供应量和价格对水产饲料及水产养殖具有极大的影响。从营养组成和消化率来看,鱼粉属优质动物蛋白质,但世界鱼粉的供应量将日益紧缺,寻求鱼粉替代动物蛋白质是我国水产业未来发展的一个重要研究方向。鸡肉粉和肉骨粉作为动物蛋白质原料,若能在水产饲料中替代鱼粉,将有重大的经济意义。我们通过饲养试验比较进口肉骨粉与鸡肉粉替代不同比例鱼粉对鲤鱼生产性能的影响,同时研究合成AA的添加效果,从而探讨肉骨粉与鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的适宜水平,为生产和科研积累应用资料。1　材料与方法1 1…     

琼胶多糖对异育银鲫生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

为评估琼胶粉替代异育银鲫饲料中淀粉对异育银鲫生长和抗氧化性能的影响,试验以不含琼胶粉的基础饲料为对照组饲料,以1％(D1组)、3％(D2组)、5％(D3组)琼胶粉替代淀粉配制成的饲料为试验组饲料(所有饲料均等氮等脂),饲喂规格一致的异育银鲫幼鱼[初始重(10.32±0.16)g],每组3个重复,每个重复25尾试验鱼,饲...     

鸡肉粉或猪肉粉部分替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清生化指标的影响

为探讨鸡肉粉或猪肉粉部分替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清生化指标的影响,进行了为期8周的生长试验。试验设计了7种等氮等脂的饲料(粗蛋白质含量40.0%、粗脂肪含量8.0%),其中以含30%红鱼粉的饲料为对照,鸡肉粉或猪肉粉替代鱼粉的比例分别为25%(分别标记为P25和M25)、50%(分别标记为P50和M50)、75%(分别标记为P75和M75)。以初始体重为3.40g左右的凡纳滨对虾840尾,随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾。结果表明:与对照组相比,P25组和P50组的增重率和特定生长率无显著差异(P0.05),P75组的增重率和特定生长率则显著降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,M25组的增重率和特定生长率无显著差异(P0.05),M50组和M75组的增重率和特定生长率则显著降低(P0.05)。鸡肉粉或猪肉粉替代不同比例的鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的成活率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和肝体比均无显著影响(P0.05)。凡纳滨对虾全虾水分、粗灰分和粗蛋白质含量各组间无显著差异(P0.05);对照组全虾粗脂肪含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。鸡肉粉或猪肉粉替代不同比例的鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾血清高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇、总蛋白、葡萄糖、甘油三酯和白蛋白含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。由此得出,以增重率为指标,凡纳滨对虾饲料中鸡肉粉和猪肉粉对鱼粉的替代比例分别以不超过50%和25%(即饲料中鸡肉粉和猪肉粉的添加量分别不超过16.12%和8.09%)为宜,且凡纳滨对虾对鸡肉粉的利用率高于猪肉粉。     

黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血浆生化指标和组织结构的影响

本试验旨在研究黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血浆生化指标和组织结构的影响。选用初始均重为5.2 g的鲈鱼幼鱼540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。6组试验鱼分别投喂以黑水虻幼虫粉替代基础饲料(含28.00%的鱼粉,鱼粉中粗蛋白质含量为67.50%)中0(G0,作为对照)、10%(G10)、20%(G20)、30%(G30)、40%(G40)、50%(G50)鱼粉的6种等氮(粗蛋白质含量为39.9%)等能(总能为17.9 MJ/kg)的试验饲料,试验期为56 d。结果表明:黑水虻幼虫粉替代不同比例的鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、摄食量、蛋白质效率、饲料系数以及存活率均未产生显著影响(P0.05)。各组鲈鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著差异(P0.05),但G50组的脏体比和肝体比显著高于G0组(P0.05)。全鱼粗蛋白质、粗灰分、水分、钙、总磷以及必需氨基酸含量无显著差异(P0.05),但G20~G50组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于G0组(P0.05)。除G20组鲈鱼幼鱼血浆球蛋白含量显著高于G0组(P0.05)外,其他血浆生化指标各替代组(G10~G50组)与G0组相比无显著差异(P0.05)。随着替代比例的增加,肝脏组织出现胞浆疏松、溶解或空泡状,部分或较多胞核消失;各替代组的肠道绒毛长度均低于G0组,且G0组与G10和G40组的差异达到显著水平(P0.05);除G20组外,其他替代组的肌层厚度与G0组相比均出现显著降低(P0.05)。综上所述,黑水虻幼虫粉替代基础饲料中50%的鱼粉(黑水虻幼虫粉在基础饲料中的添加量为27.8%,占饲料蛋白质的23.7%)对鲈鱼幼鱼的生长性能无显著影响,但高替代比例会使鱼体脂肪沉积增加,肝脏组织出现病变,肠道结构发育受损。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.