飞播马尾松林林分的生长及其抚育间伐技术的研究

自1964年广东省飞播马尾松造林获得成功以来,马尾松飞播造林,成林面积不断扩大,取得了可喜的成绩。但随之而来的是大面积的飞播马尾松林,因得不到及时的合理抚育间伐,林木分化严重,生长衰退。从生产需要出发,我们在1978～1984年开展了飞播马尾松林林分的生长调查及抚育间伐技术的研究,现将结果整理分析如下。一、研究方法为了掌握林分的特点,从1978年开始,先后到惠东、博罗、紫金等县,在现有飞播马尾松林中选取不同地点、不同密度类型、不同年龄、不同生长状况的林分,设置了29个临时标准地进行调查,并于1980年,在博罗县龙华林场进行了飞播马尾松林不同间伐强度的试验。该试验设在阿公岭山腰的同一坡面上(南坡),海拔240～320米,林分未受人     

飞播马尾松林的生长特点和间伐

<正> 马尾松是贵州省飞播造林的主要树种。由于飞播造林具有绿化速度快,成本低,集中成片的特点,目前仍不失为迅速绿化荒山,建立森林后备资源的有力措施之一。飞播马尾松林的林分特点,生长过程有别于天然更新和人工造林形成的林分。为了使大面积的飞播马尾松林正常生长,保证成材,提高生产率,研究其生长特点,制定相应的经营措施是非常必要的。调查研究是在贵州省独山县城关区、惠水县三都区等播区进行的,立地条件分别为下等和中等。     

将乐国有林场森林多功能经营状况评价

以福建将乐国有林场为例,采用主成分分析法建立森林结构与功能的耦合关系模型,对将乐国有林场森林多功能经营状况进行评价。结果表明:多功能等级为优、良、中、差和极差的小班所占比例分别为4.32%、20.02%、60.73%、8.79%和6.14%。将乐国有林场急需制定森林多功能经营方案,通过合理的经营措施提高森林质量,更好地发挥森林的多种功能,以满足当地经济社会对森林多功能需求。研究结果旨在为南方集体林区森林多功能经营提供理论和技术支撑。     

河北省小五台山森林生态系统健康评价研究

采用复合功能结构指标法从森林生产力、森林结构、森林服务功能以及受干扰程度4个方面建立小五台山森林健康评价体系共21个指标,结合当地森林生态系统状况,实地调查河北省小五台山森林小班状况,获取各项指标数据,并在林分尺度上进行健康评价并分为4个等级。评价结果显示小五台山自然保护区森林整体呈健康状态,健康和较健康的林地占整个林地面积的80%,亚健康和不健康的林地占20%;其健康状况与其生产力指标和结构指标密切相关。     

北京市门头沟区侧柏人工林多功能评价研究

以北京市门头沟区侧柏人工林为研究对象,采用定性与定量相结合的方式建立林分指标因子与林分功能的耦合关系模型,评价侧柏人工林各小班的森林多功能等级。结果表明:该区域侧柏森林多功能等级为优、良、中、差、极差的小班数量分别为9、11、23、5、7,占侧柏小班总数的16.36%、20.00%、41.82%、9.09%、12.73%,面积分别为91.3、66.3、145.6、34.1、80.1 hm2,分别占侧柏林总面积的21.87%、15.88%、34.88%、8.17%和19.19%,研究区侧柏人工林多功能水平较好,评价结果符合研究区实际情况。     

肇庆市鼎湖山周边马尾松纯林生态改造探讨

肇庆市鼎湖山周边连片的马尾松林大部分是上世纪飞播的,长势差,已明显衰退,林下有大量可燃、易燃凋落物,森林火险等级高,防火压力大,对鼎湖山国家级自然保护区构成极大的火灾威胁,而且生态功能低、景观效果差;采取带状和块状改造,引入生态功能稳定、具有较高观赏价值、长寿的地带性阔叶树种,形成景观林带和景观斑块,营造群落结构优化、防火功能较强、生态功能稳定、景观特色明显、生物多样性较高、生态服务持续的森林,达到绿化、美化、生态化。     

马尾松飞播林生物量与生产力的变化规律与结构特征

以湖南省马尾松飞播林176块样地资料为基础,通过立地条件、林分年龄、林分密度的分级组合,对马尾松飞播林单株和林分生物量、生物量结构特征与林分生产力进行了研究.结果表明:马尾松单株生物量最大为181.12 kg,最小为15.73 kg;马尾松林分生物量最大为84.49 t·hm-2,最小为8.85 t·hm-2;单株和林分生物量最大者分别是最小者的11.5倍和9.5倍,单株生物量的变化幅度较林分大;单株和林分各组合的生物量排序为树干＞树根＞树枝＞树皮＞树叶;不同年龄、不同立地、不同林分密度马尾松飞播林净生产力差异显著,最大者比最小者高出5.52 t·hm-2·a-1,是它的19.4倍;研究结果可为马尾松飞播林的综合经营与管理提供科学依据.     

林分尺度上的森林火险动态评估

以林分为空间单元,动态评估小班尺度潜在森林火灾风险对于火灾预防管理实践具有重要作用。研究以云南临沧市临翔区多年采脂思茅松林分为对象,采集多年未采脂、采脂条件下的林分因子样本,以火源可及性、死可燃物载量、林分易燃性,以及坡度、坡向、地表湿润度为评估变量,构建小班尺度上的森林火险评估模型,分别评估林分在全国火险等级模型下的基础火险值(BHX)、未采脂条件下的静态火险值(SHX)及采脂条件下动态火险值(DHX)。在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,利用地图模拟表达采脂活动引起林分可燃物载量和易燃性、火源密度等增加下的火险动态变化格局,并分析林分森林火险等级大幅变化原因。研究结果表明:研究区所有林分具有一致的基础森林火险值(BHX),危险性大;林分可燃物条件差异造成的未采脂林分静态火险值差异较大,大部分小班处于高火险等级;林分因采脂经营活动使各小班火险值呈现不同程度的增加,林分火险等级主要集中在极高火险,火险上升比率大于25%的林分面积超过60%;过度、非规范的采脂经营活动是林分火险等级增加的主要原因。林分是森林经营活动的基本单位,火险评估精细化至不同经营水平下的林分小班尺度,研究对基层林火管理及其它经营措施下火险动态评估具有一定的参考及借鉴价值。     

马尾松飞播林综合经营专家模拟系统的研制

在有效集成专家系统、模拟技术以及现代森林经营管理方法的基础上,以湖南省马尾松飞播林为对象,以Windows 为操作平台,以Visual Foxpro为主要开发工具,研制开发出了湖南省马尾松飞播林综合经营专家模拟系统,该系统由主控模块、知识库管理模块、林分经营专家系统模块、系统模拟模块、输出输入模块组成,可为湖南省马尾松飞播林的综合经营服务.     

茂兰保护区森林生态功能评价

森林生态功能是森林生态系统及其生态过程所形成的有利于人类生存与发展的生态环境条件与效用,森林生态功能指数能够综合反映森林的结构和生态综合效益。依据茂兰保护区森林资源规划设计调查成果数据,借鉴国家森林资源连续清查中的指标体系,以乔木林林分(小班)为研究对象,提取8个相关指标,采用权重赋值法,评价了茂兰保护区森林生态功能。结果表明:①茂兰保护区森林生态功能综合评价指数为0.73,森林生态功能等级评价为“好”。②茂兰保护区以森林生态功能等级为“好”的乔木林林分为主,面积为14 041.94 hm2,占总评价面积73.38%;等级为“中”的面积5 080.9 hm2,占26.55%;等级为“差”的面积13.87hm2,占0.07%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.