箍筋增强型胶合竹柱抗压试验

竹片经过胶合形成的竹柱构件,克服了竹材形状各异的缺点,使之能够运用到各种建筑和桥梁结构之中,但由于竹片之间黏合的原因,竹柱构件受压破坏时常出现竹片层间劈裂.为改善胶合竹柱的受力性能,笔者提出箍筋增强型胶合竹柱设想,并对其进行了静力试验;结果证明箍筋改善了竹柱的工作性能,提高了竹柱的极限承载能力.     

新型嵌入式钢筋增强竹梁力学性能试验研究

为了提高竹结构在建筑结构领域的使用性能,提出一种新型嵌入式钢筋增强竹梁,利用嵌入式技术将钢筋嵌入竹梁的受拉区进行竹梁增强,通过4根钢筋增强竹梁及4根对比竹梁的试验研究发现,竹梁增强后其刚度得以改善,但设计荷载仍然是由其截面刚度控制,钢筋的配置分担了受拉区竹材的拉应力,嵌入式钢筋增强竹梁其最大优势在于绿色、低碳、节能、减排,为其大规模推广应用成为可能。     

竹筋-土坯组合结构的抗压性能试验研究

提出一种新型竹筋-土坯组合结构,由竹材制成筋条与混合土组合而成,进行了3组竹筋-土坯组合结构及一组无竹筋土坯结构的试验,研究竹筋-土坯组合结构承载力的变化规律,竹筋按照构造分为无竹节、单竹节及双竹节,土坯以粘土及砂土为原料,同时控制其含水量及掺加一定比例固化剂。试验结论表明:含水量为15%、水泥掺量为8%且混合土比例控制在1∶2的砂粘土与无竹节、单竹节及双竹节组成的竹筋-土坯结构的承载力较无竹筋土坯结构有显著的提升,提升幅度分别为1. 579、1. 789 3及1. 881 5倍。     

碳纤维增强聚合物 重组竹复合材的弯曲力学性能

重组竹已广泛应用于室内高档装饰、园林景观、室外防腐地板等领域,但重组竹的弹性模量比较小,为钢材的1/7~1/5,应用于建筑领域时难以充分发挥其自身高强度的特性。针对重组竹刚度较小的问题,提出一种重组竹板和碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)厚板嵌合粘接的新型重组竹复合材料,采用三点弯曲试验和有限元仿真方法,对CFRP 重组竹复合试件的失效模式、荷载 位移关系、应变曲线、胶层界面剥离影响等进行了研究。结果表明:重组竹试件失效模式是跨中位置处拉伸区域竹纤维断裂,且出现若干水平分层破坏,CFRP 重组竹复合试件的失效模式是CFRP与重组竹层间胶层出现大面积剥离;CFRP 重组竹复合试件的变形过程分为线弹性阶段和界面破坏阶段;CFRP可以明显提高重组竹梁的弹性模量和静曲强度,复合试件弹性模量是重组竹试件的2.33~2.94倍,静曲强度是重组竹试件的1.49~1.58倍;胶层界面剥离是CFRP 重组竹复合试件失效的重要因素,胶层界面剥离对复合试件的应变分布和挠度都有较大影响,完全剥离后试件的挠度是未剥离时的3.09倍。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌和母竹年龄对4种竹类埋节生根的影响

以勃氏甜龙竹、缅甸龙竹、龙竹、油筋竹4种丛生竹的2、3年生茎秆作为试验材料,分别采用不同竹种、年龄、解淀粉芽孢杆菌的浓度为因素和水平,采用L8(4×24)混合水平正交试验设计进行埋节试验.结果表明竹种和解淀粉芽孢杆菌是影响生根的主要因素;试验最佳处理组合为A3B2C2,即用3.2×106CFU/mL的解淀粉芽孢杆菌处理3a生油筋竹,其生根率、生根数量、平均一级侧根长度、一级侧根径粗度分别为85.6％、38.89根·丛-1、19.82cm、1.08mm.方差分析结果表明竹种对生根率、生根量、一级侧根长度和径粗度的影响达极显著水平,同时解淀粉芽孢杆菌对一级侧根长及其径粗具有极显著的影响.     

热压工艺对竹重组板材性能的影响

探讨了以竹材为主要原料的竹重组板材热压工艺的优化,研究了热压工艺对竹重组板材力学性能的影响,讨论分析了热压压力、热压时间、热压温度对竹重组板材吸水厚度膨胀率、耐沸水性、静曲强度、弹性模量、耐磨性、耐化学腐蚀性、浸渍剥离率和甲醛释放量等性能的影响。通过正交试验,得出的优化热压工艺为:①热压压力2.0MPa、热压温度145℃、热压时间1.7min/mm,热压压力对竹重组板材耐酸性、静曲强度和弹性模量等影响显著,对耐沸水性、耐碱性、耐盐性、耐磨性和浸渍剥离率等影响不显著。②热压时间对竹重组板材静曲强度有显著影响,对其他试验指标影响不显著。③热压温度对竹重组板材各试验检测指标均有一定的影响,但不显著。     

原梁参数对体外预应力钢丝绳加固RC梁抗剪性能的影响

对2片钢筋混凝土基准梁和9片不同混凝土强度等级、纵筋配筋率和箍筋配筋率的钢丝绳体外预应力抗剪钢筋混凝土简支梁的抗剪能力进行试验,在试验的基础上采用非线性有限元对加固梁进行理论分析,系统的研究待加固梁的混凝土强度等级、体内配箍率和纵向配筋率等参数对钢丝绳体外预应力抗剪加固效果的影响。研究结果表明：体外预应力钢丝绳抗剪加固有效地提高梁体抗剪承载能力;加固梁的抗剪能力随着混凝土强度等级的增加而提高,且呈线性规律变;加固梁的抗剪能力随着体内配箍率、纵向配筋率的增加而逐步提高,呈非线性规律变化;通过对三种原梁参数对加固效果影响规律的分析,总结实现体外预应力钢丝绳加固RC梁最佳加固效果的参数范围,为实际加固工程中获得最好加固效果提供理论参考。     

高强度竹质人造板

高强度竹质人造板高强度竹质人造板，是由至少一层竹质中间筋以及对称分布于中间筋两边依次由粗到细的三层竹碎料粘合而成整体人造板。中间筋可用竹丝筋或竹席筋，可采用一层或多层中间筋。该人造板由于采用了中间筋结构，既使其强度提高，又使其厚度减薄，以弥补竹比木重...     

浅谈钢筋混凝土结构含钢量的控制措施

根据实际工程经验,简单阐述了控制钢筋混凝土结构含钢量的一些措施,重点强调了设计中应注意：地下室底板的最小配筋率;剪力墙的配筋率应根据结构高度和规则性合理调整;框架柱外围箍筋和内部箍筋可采用不同级别钢筋及楼板厚度和钢筋等级的合理选择等问题。     

生物技术在簕竹属植物中的应用及研究进展

综述了现代生物技术手段在筋竹属植物的组织培养,遗传多样性分析、指纹图谱构建,以及在基因工程如核酸提取、cDNA文库构建和目的基因的分离及鉴定研究等方面的应用,探讨了目前生物技术应用于筋竹属育种研究中取得的成绩和存在的问题,并提出了今后发展的重点和方向.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.