Observed ozone response to variations in solar ultraviolet radiation

During the winter of 1979, the solar ultraviolet irradiance varied with a period of 13.5 days and an amplitude of 1 percent. The zonal mean ozone values in the tropics varied with the solar irradiance, with an amplitude of 0.25 to 0.60 percent. This observation agrees with earlier calculations, although the response may be overestimated. These results imply changes in ozone at an altitude of 48 kilometers of up to 12 percent over an 11-year solar cycle. Interpretation of ozone changes in the upper stratosphere will require measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths near 200 nanometers.     

Cyclic variation and solar forcing of Holocene climate in the Alaskan subarctic

High-resolution analyses of lake sediment from southwestern Alaska reveal cyclic variations in climate and ecosystems during the Holocene. These variations occurred with periodicities similar to those of solar activity and appear to be coherent with time series of the cosmogenic nuclides 14C and 10Be as well as North Atlantic drift ice. Our results imply that small variations in solar irradiance induced pronounced cyclic changes in northern high-latitude environments. They also provide evidence that centennial-scale shifts in the Holocene climate were similar between the subpolar regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, possibly because of Sun-ocean-climate linkages.     

Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics

Many studies suggest that global warming is driving species ranges poleward and toward higher elevations at temperate latitudes, but evidence for range shifts is scarce for the tropics, where the shallow latitudinal temperature gradient makes upslope shifts more likely than poleward shifts. Based on new data for plants and insects on an elevational transect in Costa Rica, we assess the potential for lowland biotic attrition, range-shift gaps, and mountaintop extinctions under projected warming. We conclude that tropical lowland biotas may face a level of net lowland biotic attrition without parallel at higher latitudes (where range shifts may be compensated for by species from lower latitudes) and that a high proportion of tropical species soon faces gaps between current and projected elevational ranges.     

Astronomy and solar physics: solar irradiance observations

The absolute radiometer on Spacelab 1 was used to obtain solar irradiance observations from space. A number of effects must be taken into account in the data reduction. A provisional value was obtained for the mean solar constant during the observation period (6 to 8 December 1983).     

Length of the solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate

It has recently been suggested that the solar irradiance has varied in phase with the 80- to 90-year period represented by the envelope of the 11-year sunspot cycle and that this variation is causing a significant part of the changes in the global temperature. This interpretation has been criticized for statistical reasons and because there are no observations that indicate significant changes in the solar irradiance. A set of data that supports the suggestion of a direct influence of solar activity on global climate is the variation of the solar cycle length. This record closely matches the long-term variations of the Northern Hemisphere land air temperature during the past 130 years.     

A model of solar luminosity modulation by magnetic activity between 1954 and 1984

A simple model based on the changes in excess radiation from bright magnetic faculae and on changes in reduced radiation from dark spots is remarkably successful in matching the slow variations of total solar irradiance measured simultaneously by the ERB and ACRIM satellite radiometers between 1981 and 1984. This model was extended back to 1954 to reconstruct the modulation of irradiance by magnetic activity during the past three 11-year solar cycles. The model predicts that the sun is consistently brighter at activity maximum than at minimum. The 0.07 percent brightening at the peak of the last cycle in 1980 was more pronounced than the brightenings found for either of the two previous cycles, even though cycle 19, which peaked around 1957, had the largest sunspot number amplitude in the history of reliable sunspot records.     

An empirical model of total solar irradiance variation between 1874 and 1988

An empirical model of variations in the total solar irradiance caused by observed changes in photospheric magnetic activity between 1874 and 1988 is presented. The model provides a remarkably good representation of the irradiance variations observed by satellite-borne radiometers between 1980 and 1988. It suggests that the mean total irradiance has been rising steadily since about 1945, with the largest peak so far at about 1980 and another large peak expected during the current solar cycle 22. But it is doubtful whether even this rise can contribute significantly to global warming, unless the temperature increase of about 0.02 degrees C that it produces in current energy balance models seriously underestimates the sensitivity of climate to solar irradiance changes.     

Contribution of Ultraviolet Irradiance Variations to Changes in the Sun's Total Irradiance

The sun's total irradiance decreased from 1980 to mid-1985, remained approximately constant until mid-1987, and has recently begun to increase. This time interval covered the decrease in solar activity from the maximum of solar cycle 21 to solar minimum and the onset of cycle 22. The sun's ultraviolet irradiance also decreased during the descending phase of cycle 21 and, like the total irradiance, is now increasing concurrently with the increase in cycle 22 activity. Although only 1 percent of the sun's energy is emitted at ultraviolet wavelengths between 200 and 300 nanometers, the decrease in this radiation from 1 July 1981 to 30 June 1985 accounted for 19 percent of the decrease in the total irradiance over the same period.     

蔬菜大棚内辐照度时空变化研究

[目的]为蔬菜大棚的高产栽培提供理论指导。[方法]利用TBQ—DL太阳辐射电流表对蔬菜大棚的辐照度时间和空间变化进行测定和研究。[结果]蔬菜大棚内阴天和晴天辐熙度均呈单峰型曲线,阴天辐照度比晴天弱,阴天辐照度在14：00达到最大值,晴天在12：00达到最大值。阴天和晴天辐照度均随高度的升高呈递增趋势。阴天和晴天大棚不同部位辐照度规律均是：上午东侧〉中侧〉西侧,下午西侧〉中侧〉东侧。[结论]在生产中,尤其是阴天较多的地区,应该更充分利用蔬菜大棚高层的光照资源。     

太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦灌浆期叶绿素荧光及气体交换的影响

以冬小麦为供试材料,在大用试验条件下研究了模拟太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦旗叶光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数及气体交换的影响.试验中设计了15％、20％ 、40％ 、60％和100％(CK)自然太阳总辐射5种太阳总辐射处理,同时采用Diving-PAM叶绿素荧光仪和LCpro+光合仪测定了不同灌浆阶段作物叶绿素荧光及气体交换参数的动...     

Observations of solar irradiance variability

High-precision measurements of total solar irradiance, made by the active cavity radiometer irradiance monitor on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite, show the irradiance to have been variable throughout the first 153 days of observations. The corrected data resolve orbit-to-orbit variations with uncertainties as small as 0.001 percent. Irradiance fluctuations are typical of a band-limited noise spectrum with high-frequency cutoff near 0.15 day(-1) their amplitudes about the mean value of 1368.31 watts per square meter approach +/- 0.05 percent. Two large decreases in irrradiance of up to 0.2 percent lasting about 1 week are highly correlated with the development of sunspot groups. The magnitude and time scale of the irradiance variability suggest that considerable energy storage occurs within the convection zone in solar active regions.     

Determination and Analysis on Heat of Trapezoidal Soil Wall in Solar Greenhouse

Solar greenhouse with trapezoidal soil wall is widely used due to its good heat retaining property and cost efficiency.In this study, solar irradiance, heat flux and the temperature 0.05 and 0.3 m from the inner surface of the wall at the upper,middle and lower measured positions were determined to study the thermal condition of the trapezoidal soil wall in solar greenhouse. The results showed: first, both the solar irradiance and the temperature increased from the upper to the lower measured position. Second, the heat absorption also increased from the upper to the lower measured position. In clear day, the heat absorption at the three measured positions accounted for 31.4%, 32.6% and 36.0% of the total amount of heat absorption of the whole wall. In cloudy day, the heat absorption at the three measured positions were 0.249, 0.370 and 0.440 MJ/m~2, which accounted for 23.5%, 35.0% and 41.4% of the total amount of heat absorption of the whole wall. When P0.05, the heat fluxes were strikingly different between the upper and lower measured positions. But when P0.01, the heat flux had no big difference among the three measured positions. Third, in clear day, the heat emission was the biggest at the middle measured position and smallest at the upper measured position. The heat emission at the three measured positions accounted for 27.5%, 36.7%and 35.8% of the total amount of heat emission of the whole wall. And the heat emission between the middle and lower measured position was not strikingly different. In cloudy day, the heat emission was the biggest at the lower measured position and smallest at the upper measured position. The average heat emission at the three measured positions accounted for 26.1%,36.4% and 37.4% of the total amount of heat emission of the whole wall. Fourthly, correlativity, the solar irradiance directly influenced the heat absorption and had close relation with heat emission. And heat emission again had close relation with the temperature in the greenhouse. Solar irradiance directly influences the thermal condition of a solar green house. It is hoped that this study can be referred to optimize trapezoidal structure and to improve the thermal conditions of the solar greenhouse.     

Helioseismic measurement of solar torsional oscillations

Bands of slower and faster rotation, the so-called torsional oscillations, are observed at the Sun's surface to migrate in latitude over the 11-year solar cycle. Here, we report on the temporal variations of the Sun's internal rotation from solar p-mode frequencies obtained over nearly 6 years by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite. The entire solar convective envelope appears to be involved in the torsional oscillations, with phase propagating poleward and equatorward from midlatitudes at all depths throughout the convective envelope.     

太阳辐射减弱和臭氧浓度增加对大豆荧光特性与产量的影响

【目的】研究太阳辐射减弱和臭氧（O3）浓度增加单因子及复合作用条件下对大豆荧光特性与产量的影响,为应对两因素对我国农作物的不利影响提供基础理论依据。【方法】以八月黄大豆品种为试材,采用大田开顶式气室（OTC）进行太阳辐射减弱和O3浓度增加单因子及其复合条件下对大豆荧光特性与产量的影响试验。试验设4个处理,分别为：CK（不通O3、不作辐射减弱处理）、T1（不通O3,辐射减弱20％）、T2（100nL／LO3处理）、T3（100nL／LO3和辐射减弱20％复合处理）。【结果】相对于CK,T1、T2、T3处理条件下大豆的Pm、Ik、Yield、qP显著下降;L（PFD）、NPQ、Y（NPQ）、（1-qP）／NPQ显著增大;T1、T2、T3处理对快速光响应曲线的初始斜率（α）没有明显影响;T1处理对Fv/Fm值无明显影响,T2、T3处理的Fv/Fm。值显著下降;T1处理的Y（NO）值显著增大,T2处理的Y（NO）值显著减小,而T3处理没有显著改变Y（NO）值。相对于CK,T1、T2、T3处理条件下大豆的固氮能力、生物量和产量均显著降低,且呈T1〈T2〈T3的趋势。【结论】太阳辐射减弱和O3浓度增加复合条件下相对于单因子胁迫具有更明显的胁迫效应,但复合效应小于单因子胁迫效应的简单累加。太阳辐射减弱和O3浓度增加在很大程度上影响了大豆的光合作用,造成大豆减产。     

The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems

Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.     

Spectrum line intensity as a surrogate for solar irradiance variations

Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) solar constant measurements from 1980 to 1986 are compared with ground-based, irradiance spectrophotometry of selected Fraunhofer lines. Both data sets were identically sampled and smoothed with an 85-day running mean, and the ACRIM total solar irradiance (S) values were corrected for sunspot blocking (S(c)). The strength of the mid-photospheric manganese 539.4-nanometer line tracks almost perfectly with ACRIM S(e), Other spectral features formed high in the photosphere and chromosphere also track well. These comparisons independently confirm the variability in the ACRIM S(e), signal, indicate that the source of irradiance is faculae, and indicate that ACRIM S(e), follows the 11-year activity cycle.     

基于Elman网络的地面太阳总辐射估算方法

通过建立地面太阳总辐射的Elman网络估算模型,利用北京市1971～1995年的气象数据训练网络,并对1996～2000年的数据进行估算。对比分析结果表明,基于Elman网络的地面太阳总辐射估算方法具有较高的精度。     

太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦叶片光合作用膜脂过氧化及同化物累积的影响

为了探究气溶胶的太阳辐射减弱效应对农作物叶片生理特性及同化物累积的影响,以扬麦13为供试材料,在大田试验条件下系统研究了不同辐射减弱处理(100%、60%、40%、20%、15%)对冬小麦叶片光合作用、膜脂过氧化水平和同化物积累的影响。结果表明:太阳辐射减弱至自然光的60%~15%时,冬小麦叶片净光合速率减少15.8%~70.1%,光合色素的含量(叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素)显著提高,其中叶绿素b含量的增加最明显。太阳辐射减弱会抑制冬小麦叶片膜脂过氧化程度,减少细胞膜透性,且辐射减弱的程度越高,影响越大。当太阳辐射为自然光的60%~15%时,冬小麦叶片的可溶性糖含量比对照降低了32.22%~76.45%,可溶性蛋白含量降低了19.02%~48.12%,但总游离氨基酸含量比对照增加了47.46%~177.87%。上述结果表明,太阳辐射减弱后会减弱冬小麦光合作用,增加光合色素含量,抑制膜脂过氧化程度,从而导致作物体内同化物的累积受阻,糖类及蛋白质的含量显著降低,必然会影响作物的产量及品质形成。     

Ulysses solar wind plasma observations at high southerly latitudes

Solar wind plasma observations made by the Ulysses spacecraft through -80.2 degrees solar latitude and continuing equatorward to -40.1 degrees are summarized. Recurrent high-speed streams and corotating interaction regions dominated at middle latitudes. The speed of the solar wind was typically 700 to 800 kilometers per second poleward of -35 degrees . Corotating reverse shocks persisted farther south than did forward shocks because of the tilt of the heliomagnetic streamer belt. Sporadic coronal mass ejections were seen as far south as -60.5 degrees . Proton temperature was higher and the electron strahl was broader at higher latitudes. The high-latitude wind contained compressional, pressure-balanced, and Alfvénic structures.     

GONG Observations of Solar Surface Flows

Doppler velocity observations obtained by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) instruments directly measure the nearly steady flows in the solar photosphere. The sun's differential rotation is accurately determined from single observations. The rotation profile with respect to latitude agrees well with previous measures, but it also shows a slight north-south asymmetry. Rotation profiles averaged over 27-day rotations of the sun reveal the torsional oscillation signal-weak, jetlike features, with amplitudes of 5 meters per second, that are associated with the sunspot latitude activity belts. A meridional circulation with a poleward flow of about 20 meters per second is also evident. Several characteristics of the surface flows suggest the presence of large convection cells.