岷江上游某建设场地山洪泥石流灾害危险性分析

某建设场地位于岷江上游大沟流域,为山洪泥石流多发区。从主、支沟山洪泥石流特征、泥石流暴发规模及支沟泥石流对主沟山洪特征的影响等方面分析了场地可能遭受山洪泥石流灾害的危险性,并以此为基础对场地按危险程度进行了分区。结果表明,该场地主体位于基本无危险区,其建设计划是可行的。     

生态环境变化对舟曲“8·8”特大山洪泥石流发生的影响分析

舟曲县"8.8"特大山洪泥石流发生的众多因素中,生态环境变化对泥石流发生的影响引起了各方面的特别关注,为此以Landsat系列数据为信息源,监测了自1975年以来泥石流发生的小流域内不同生态系统用地现状、动态变化及其对泥石流发生的影响。监测结果表明舟曲县城泥石流的发生有其必然性,与小流域生态环境近期变化的关系不太显著。但是坡耕地的增加、林地的减少增加了泥石流物质累积的速度,增大了泥石流发生的可能性和危害性。居民地建设布局中未能充分考虑到为泥石流预留排泄通道是造成重大灾害的主要原因。     

东川生态环境建设与泥石流综合治理

长期的铜矿开采和冶炼使东川生态环境遭到严重破坏,生态功能极度退化甚至丧失,造成泥石流灾害频繁暴发、水土流失异常强烈、土地荒漠化极其严重,同时大量泥沙被输送至金沙江,直接危害金沙江干流水电梯级开发工程的建设和运行安全。为了恢复生态环境,减轻泥石流灾害,遏制土地荒漠化,控制水土流失和泥沙输移,经过长期努力,东川探索出生物工程与土木工程相结合与稳定、拦挡和排导相结合的生态环境建设与泥石流综合治理模式,在生态环境建设与泥石流综合治理基础上,开发土地资源,建设生态农业,促进生态环境建设与区域经济的协调发展。     

陕南山地泥石流的时空演变规律和进一步发展趋势

泥石流是陕南山地主要灾害之一。本文根据野外调查资料,从地质地貌、水文气象、人为因素等诸方面,简要地分析了陕南山地泥石流的时空演变规律和进一步发展趋势,并将区内泥石流分为典型沟谷泥石流、山沟型泥石流、山坡型泥石流和坡面泥石流等四大类型。文中还对陕南山地泥石流发展趋势作了预测,同时提出了预防治理的设想。     

西藏林芝地区泥石流类型及形成条件分析

西藏林芝地区是我国泥石流灾害最为严重的地区之一,特别是近年来受全球气候变化的影响,冰川融化速度加快,冰川融水型泥石流灾害频频发生,危害极其严重。自2009年7月中旬开始,对该地区林芝、米林、波密、察隅4县30条泥石流沟做了系统调查。在研究该区域20条较具代表性泥石流沟的基础上,结合该区域已有研究资料,按泥石流形成的激发条件将其分为降雨型泥石流,冰川降雨型泥石流,冰崩、雪崩型泥石流,冰湖、堰塞湖溃决型泥石流共4类。进而从地形地貌、物源、水源及气温等方面分析了其形成条件。并在此基础上提出了针对性防灾建议。     

长江上游及西南诸河泥石流滑坡及其减灾对策

长江上游及西南诸河区地形高差悬殊,地质构造复杂,降雨丰沛且多暴雨,是我国泥石流、滑坡最为发育的地区。区内发育降雨型泥石流、溃决型泥石流和冰雪消融型泥石流,以及地震滑坡、工程滑坡和降雨滑坡。泥石流和滑坡主要沿断裂带、河流和交通线成线状密集分布,在地震区成群分布,其活动具有突发性、准周期性、群发性、季节性和夜发性、灾害链生效应等特征,对城镇、道路、矿山、农田、水利水电工程、景观资源和风景名胜、生态环境等造成危害。考虑到灾害活动特点和现有的减灾基础,提出如下减灾对策:开展全区灾害普查,建立灾害信息共享平台;全面考虑减灾需求,合理部署减灾工作;重视基础研究,研发减灾技术,规范减灾行为;健全灾害监测体系,提高灾害监测预警精度;加大重点灾害的治理力度,建立不同类型灾害治理模式;进行灾害风险分析,加强灾害风险管理;探索新时期减灾规律,建立灾害持续治理和减灾长效运行机制;加强能力建设,进行减灾教育和科普宣传。     

1998年大邑山区山地灾害及其成因

１９９８年９月是名,四川省大邑县部分山区了特大暴雨袭击,引发了严重的泥石流、滑坡等山地灾害,导致２人死亡,１人失踪,直接经济损失达５×１０＾７多元。从地形、地质、暴雨及人类活动等方面分析了山地灾害的成晨和发展趋势,提出了灾害防治建议。     

小秦岭地区泥石流发生趋势研究

泥石流灾害受地质、地貌、水文、气象、土壤、植被等自然因素和人为因素综合作用的控制,是山区地质环境和生态环境恶化的产物。介绍了小秦岭地区的地形地貌、气象与水文、岩土体性质以及人类活动情况,按耗散结构熵变的观点,建立了小秦岭地区泥石流灾害趋势系统熵模型,并进行了评价与验证,指出了该模型存在的不足之处;归纳出9个主要泥石流发生的环境条件因子,对其量化权重标准进行了说明与评价;对以后小秦岭地区泥石流趋势分析方向进行了展望。     

文县滑坡、泥石流预警网络建设经验

文县被列为"长治"工程重点县后,针对全县频发的滑坡、泥石流等山地灾害,在泥石流监测预警点和滑坡、泥石流群测群防点的建立和运行过程中,对滑坡和泥石流的监测机制、预警网络建设、科学监测等方面进行了探索,以准确预警预报为出发点,以"防大汛、避大灾、减少灾害损失,服务于发展山区经济"为目的,成功地预报了多处滑坡、泥石流灾害,并进行了险情处理,极大地增强了人民群众在生产生活中的安全保障,取得了明显的防灾减灾效益。     

北京泥石流灾害及其降水触发条件

介绍了北京山区的泥石流灾害易发区的地质地貌特征、降水气候、泥石流类型及其空间分布特点。重点分析1950年以来,北京山区发生的11次严重泥石流灾害的降水特征,包括灾害发生前10d的降水过程、日降水量达200mm的地区与泥石流发生区、降水强度及泥石流爆发时间的关系等。并指出迎风坡或喇叭口地形,常是降水明显增幅、泥石流最易突发的区域。     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

Inferences from fluctuations in the local variogram about the assumption of stationarity in the variance

Geostatistics is commonly used to describe and predict the variation of soil properties over the landscape. However, many geostatistical methods require the assumption that our observed data are a realization of a random function which is intrinsically stationarity. Under stationarity, observations of a single realization of the random function at different positions can be treated as a form of replication. There are various ways in which a random function may breach the assumption of intrinsic stationarity and numerous geostatistical techniques have been developed that are able to cope with some forms of non-stationarity. What is currently needed is a set of diagnostic tools capable of detecting and identifying when data cannot plausibly be treated as a realization of a process which is stationary in the variance.In this paper, we propose an inferential method that can identify when stationarity in the variance cannot plausibly be assumed. The basis of our approach is to obtain a model for the random function under the assumption of intrinsic stationarity. If the global dataset can be regarded as a realization of a Gaussian process (perhaps after transformation), then the global variogram is sufficient for this purpose. By using a window-based method to locally estimate variograms, we can define some statistic of homogeneity of the sample variation of the data. This allows us to obtain a sample distribution for this statistic, under the null hypothesis of intrinsic stationarity, by generating multiple realizations of the postulation random function at the original sample points using Monte Carlo methods and recomputing the statistic for each realization. We selected as statistics the interquartile ranges of: i) the spatial dependence ratio (s), the proportion c₁ / (c₀ + c₁), ii) a distance parameter (a), which is the maximum lag over which the random function is autocorrelated for variograms like the spherical, and iii) the local variances (v; c₀ + c₁), where (c₀) is the nugget component and (c₁) the spatially structured component. We demonstrated this method using data from the large scale sampling (n = 1341 over 8248 km²) of the Florida Everglades, United States.     

库区周边湿地开发利用途径探讨

对三峡库区的湿地生增进行了分析研究,由水库的调度方式形成的库区周边湿地,可分为四个区域段,不同的区域段可采用相适宜的开发利用方式,这种因地制宜的湿地生境开发利用途径对缓解库区人地矛盾,改善库区生态环境和景观将发挥积极作用 。