土施L-色氨酸对甘蓝产量和养分吸收的影响

本文就土施Ｌ－色氨酸即Ｌ－ＴＲＰ对盆栽甘蓝产量和养分吸收的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在移植前一周土施Ｌ－ＴＲＰ，能明显提高甘蓝产量和干物质积累，并明显促进了甘蓝植株对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收，提高了Ｎ、Ｐ在球叶中的分配，降低了Ｋ在球叶中的积累。     

氮磷钾配比对甘蓝产量及养分吸收利用的影响

[目的]对兰州市甘蓝生产中的氮磷钾三要素与产量、养分吸收的关系进行研究,为该地区甘蓝科学栽培提供科学依据。[方法]以该区域主栽春茬品种"中甘21"为供试材料,设CK,NP,NK,PK,NPK 5个施肥处理。在甘蓝各生育阶段测量其生物量、养分含量,分析不同肥料配比对甘蓝各时期养分吸收速率、养分累积量以及最终产量的影响。[结果]"中甘21"的生物累积动态呈现S形曲线,生物量在苗期增加较小,结球后生长加快,至成熟期后生长速度减缓。氮肥对生物量的形成影响最大,其对甘蓝生物量的限制在整个生育期都存在,其次是钾肥和磷肥。不同肥料配比显著影响了甘蓝植株养分吸收速率和累积量。甘蓝对养分的吸收速率变化趋势一致,均表现为:结球—成熟莲座—结球苗期—莲座移栽—苗期。同时氮、磷、钾的吸收累积量随着甘蓝生长不断提高,其中氮、磷素的累积在结球期后提高明显,钾素的累积在莲座期后开始提高。甘蓝氮、磷、钾含量随着植株的生长逐渐增加,同时累积量不断提高。[结论]不同氮磷钾肥料配比显著影响甘蓝的生物质量和产量以及养分利用率,其中氮肥的影响最大,其次是磷肥和钾肥。     

缓释、控释肥料对大豆植株养分吸收及产量的影响

利用缓释或控释肥料进行盆栽试验，研究大豆生育期间干物质积累、分配、养分吸收和产量的变化结果表明，生育期间总干物质的积累，结英期以前所有缓释肥料的处理均高于对照，尤以LP-40（缓释肥料40d释放型）和LP-70（缓释肥料70d释放型）的处理作用明显，而结英后仅LP-40、LP-70和LP-SS100A（缓释控释肥料100d，相当正常施肥量的1/2）3处理的干物质量高于对照；缓释时间短的肥料对N素吸收影响不大，而时间长的则减少前期的吸收，缓释或控释肥料均能增加K^ 的含量，但对PO4^3-影响不大，控释肥料LP-SS100A可增产21.9％，而缓释肥料LP-70和LP-180A（缓释肥料180d，相当正常施肥量的1/2）分别增产13.1％和12.2％。     

土壤有效水与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究——Ⅲ.不同土壤水势对甘蓝吸收水分和养分的影响

在4级水势下盆栽甘蓝159天,获得以下结果:甘蓝植株含水量与水势呈线性负相关;甘蓝日耗水量及干物质积累量分别与水势呈幂函数和指数负相关;甘蓝植株含N量与水势呈正相关而PK含量与水势呈负相关,因而其N/P和N/K随水势增高而升高,呈线性正相关。甘蓝对NPK养分的吸收量因水势增高而减少,呈幂函数负相关。     

不同培肥方式对复垦土壤玉米养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同培肥处理对平朔露天煤矿复垦土壤作物养分含量及肥料利用率的影响,进行了玉米盆栽试验,结果表明:不同培肥处理对玉米植株的N,P,K含量均有提高作用,玉米N,P,K在根、茎、叶器官分配顺序为叶 > 茎 > 根;有机肥、菌肥和配施低浓度化肥处理对玉米N素含量增加最明显,有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施各处理对玉米P和K含量增加最明显,其次对玉米N,P,K含量增加较明显的为有机肥配施菌肥处理,而单施有机肥处理对玉米N,P,K含量增加效果最差;有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施处理对玉米N,P,K肥利用率高于有机肥配施菌肥处理更高于单施有机肥处理,此研究为恢复矿区复垦土壤肥力水平提供理论依据。     

不同肥力条件下添加黄腐酸对土壤细菌多样性、甘蓝养分吸收及产量的影响

为探究不同肥力条件下添加黄腐酸对土壤细菌多样性、甘蓝养分吸收和产量的影响,试验以甘蓝‘优贝特’品种为研究材料,共设置4个处理:施底肥+黄腐酸(H-FA)、施底肥(H-CK)、不施底肥+黄腐酸(L-FA)、不施底肥(L-CK),1株甘蓝总计施入黄腐酸30 mg。结果表明,黄腐酸的施用和肥力对土壤细菌的物种丰富度和群落多样性无显著影响,但添加黄腐酸提高了解磷细菌和促生细菌的相对丰度。施底肥条件下,添加黄腐酸能显著提高氮和磷的生理利用效率,H-FA处理氮和磷生理利用效率分别为(341.00 ± 8.34)和(2296.98±47.49)kg·kg-1,分别为H-CK处理的1.11和1.07倍。未施底肥条件下,添加黄腐酸后植株地上部氮、磷、钾积累量均高于对照。添加黄腐酸显著提高了甘蓝地上部和地下部鲜重,施底肥条件下,与对照相比分别增加了15.8% 和20.7%,未施底肥条件下,与对照相比分别增加了16.2% 和7.7%。因此,黄腐酸通过促进甘蓝根系生长,从而促进甘蓝产量的增加,添加黄腐酸是实现减肥不减产的有效措施。     

不同肥料结构对水稻群体干物质生产及养分吸收分配的影响

大田试验研究结果表明:单施化肥的水稻植株干物质积累和养分吸收主要集中于生长中前期。而有机无机肥配施,特别是化肥与厩肥配合施用有利于水稻植株在中后期,尤其是灌浆期对养分吸收和干物质的积累,其中以植株对磷的吸收比例在各肥料结构间差异最大(p<0.01)。有机无机肥配施还可促进水稻植株养分向籽粒中转移和分配。从而明显增加了水稻结实率和千粒重,进而大大提高了水稻籽粒产量(p<0.05或p<0.01)。     

不同肥料/改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响

【目的】西南地区冷泥田的水稻生长不良可归因于多种障碍因子,包括土壤物理、化学和生物因子。本文针对冷泥田影响水稻生长的土壤化学障碍因子,研究了不同肥料或改良剂对冷泥田水稻生长、养分吸收和土壤性质的影响,旨在为这类土壤的培肥、改良利用和水稻高产提供科学依据和实用技术。【方法】试验地点选在四川省东南地区冷泥田集中的泸县,试验历时2年。试验设无肥对照(CK)、全量化肥(NPK)、NPK+泥炭(NPK+Pe)、NPK+商品有机肥(NPK+COF)、NPK+鸡粪(NPK+CM)、NPK+硅肥(NPK+Si)、NPK+石灰(NPK+L)、NPK+硅钙肥(NPK+Si Ca),NPK+锌肥(NPK+Zn)9个处理。在水稻收获前采集代表性植株样,调查水稻农艺性状,分析水稻对氮、磷和钾的吸收量;水稻收获后采集土壤样品,测定不同处理的土壤p H、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、还原性物质总量、活性还原物质以及亚铁和亚锰含量。【结果】结果表明,在所有处理中,NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可改善水稻的产量构成因子,稻谷产量比NPK处理显著提高15.40%和10.64%;而其他处理的增产效果则均不显著。NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理的土壤p H明显高于其他处理,土壤还原性物质总量和活性还原物质(含Fe2+和Mn2+)含量显著降低;NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理可增加土壤养分的有效性,促进水稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,改善土壤的化学性质。同时,土壤分析结果表明,该试验土壤的有效钙和有效硅均缺乏,而NPK+L和NPK+Si Ca处理增加了土壤的有效钙和有效硅,对提高水稻产量有重要贡献。有机肥对土壤相关性质的影响与石灰和硅钙肥相反,特别是鸡粪。施用锌肥对水稻有一定的增产效果,但差异不显著。水稻收获后土壤中氮、磷、钾养分残留量与施肥量和水稻吸收携出量密切相关。【结论】对长期淹水地势低洼的酸性冷泥田来说,石灰和硅钙肥是比较理想的土壤改良剂,能同时起到改善土壤性质和提高作物产量的效果;而有机肥,特别是未腐熟的有机肥或有机物料,则不宜在冷泥田中施用或大量施用。     

盆栽条件下不同氮磷钾养分配比的水溶性肥料对油菜产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

水溶性肥料的氮磷钾养分比例是影响作物产量与品质的关键因素。采用盆栽方法,研究了不同氮磷钾养分配比的水溶性肥料配方对油菜产量、品质、养分吸收及肥料回收率的影响。试验结果表明,与不施肥对照(清水)相比,水溶性肥料能将油菜的产量提高3.55~4.56倍。在不同养分配比中,配比T3(1∶0.4∶0.8)油菜产量最高,比传统配比T2(1∶0.5∶1)提高4.24%,硝酸盐含量比传统配比降低27.38%,肥料养分的回收率最高,为本次盆栽试验条件下的最佳水溶性肥料配比。     

土壤有效水与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究——Ⅲ.不同土壤水势对甘蓝吸收水分和养分的影响

在4级水势下盆栽甘蓝159天,获得以下结果:甘蓝植株含水量与水势呈线性负相关;甘蓝日耗水量及干物质积累量分别与水势呈幂函数和指数负相关;甘蓝植株含N量与水势呈正相关而PK含量与水势呈负相关,因而其N/P和N/K随水势增高而升高,呈线性正相关。甘蓝对NPK养分的吸收量因水势增高而减少,呈幂函数负相关。     

The Roles of Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetate (DTPA) and Ethylenediamine Disuccinate (EDDS) in Remediation of Selenium from Contaminated Soil by Brussels Sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different rates of diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 5 mmol kg⁻¹) and ethylenediamine disuccinate (EDDS) at 0, 5, 7.5, and 10 mmol kg⁻¹ on the capacity of Brussels sprouts plants to take up Se from soils contaminated with 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg⁻¹ NaSeO₄, under a greenhouse conditions. Results indicated that the application of DTPA and EDDS to Se-contaminated soils significantly affect plant Se concentration, Se uptake, and dry matter yield of plants. Se concentration in the plant leaves, stems, and roots increased with increase in DTPA and EDDS application doses, but total Se uptake increased from 0 to 1.0 and 7.5 mmol kg⁻¹ DTPA and EDDS application doses, respectively, and decreased after those levels due to toxic Se concentration for plant. Most plant available fractions and the carbonate, metal oxide, and organic matter-bound fractions increased linearly with Se application. At all DTPA and EDDS application rates, the Se concentrations in the leaves were about two to three times higher than those in the roots and about three to four times higher than those in the stems. This study suggests that the above-ground organs like leaf and shoots of Brussels sprouts can effectively be used in the removal of Se from soils contaminated with Se. Under the conditions in this experiment, Brussels sprouts were capable of removing 0.9–1.8 mg Se pot⁻¹ when harvested at maturity without any chelating agent take into consideration one growing season per year. Based on the data of present experiment, it would be necessary to approximately 57–67 growing seasons without EDDS and EDTA to remove all total Se from polluted soil. Selenium removal can be further increased 12- to 20-fold with 7.5 mmol kg⁻¹ EDDS and 1.0 mmol kg⁻¹ DTPA application, respectively.     

The Effect of Humic Substances and Phosphate Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of the Potato

ABSTRACT

The use of applied phosphorus (P) and the uptake of nutrients from the soil by plants can be improved when the fertilizer is combined with the application of humic substances (HS). However, these beneficial effects are inconsistent and can depend on the type of soil. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the application of HS (0, 1.25, and 7.50 mL pot^–1), as Humic HF®, and fertilizer-P (10, 50, 100, and 200 mg P dm^–3), as triple superphosphate, on root morphological characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nutrient uptake, and tuber yield of potatoes grown in sandy and clayey soils. Only under low P supply in the sandy soil did the supply of HS, at the rate of 1.25 mL pot^–1, increase the plant growth, yield of tubers, and uptake of macronutrients by the plants, without affecting the efficiency of the P fertilization. In the clayey soil, which had a higher organic matter content, the application of HS did not affect plant growth, tuber yield or nutrient uptake. In both soils, P fertilization increased plant growth, tuber yield, and nutrient uptake. The combined application of HS and P increased the root length of potatoes in sandy soil.     

糖醇螯合钙肥对马铃薯产量、品质及养分吸收的影响

采用恒温水浴加热的方法合成糖醇螯合钙(自制钙肥),与美国布兰特公司生产的糖醇螯合钙(市售钙肥)同时进行马铃薯大田喷施试验,研究糖醇钙对马铃薯产量、品质和钙素吸收、迁移转化的影响。研究结果表明:①与不施钙肥(喷施等量清水)相比,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理分别增产10.9%和12.1%,大薯率分别提高5.4%和3.7%,两种钙肥处理均降低了中、小薯率;自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理块茎硝态氮含量分别下降28.8%和31.6%,自制钙肥处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白的含量和氮素积累量分别增加7.2%和20.9%,市售糖醇钙处理马铃薯的可溶性蛋白含量和氮素积累量均降低3.2%。②钙肥处理均提高了马铃薯各器官的钙素含量,在出苗后80 d,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙含量分别增加8.0%和9.0%,茎中钙含量分别增加10.1%和6.8%,叶片中钙含量分别增加1.8%和6.8%,块茎中钙含量分别增加26.7%和20.0%。③施用钙肥均提高了马铃薯各器官与全株的钙素累积量,自制钙肥与市售钙肥处理的马铃薯根中钙素累积量均提高20.0%,茎中钙素积累量分别提升97.1%和55.7%,叶片中钙素积累量分别提升56.5%...     

镁肥对小白菜产量、矿质元素吸收及土壤肥力的影响

中国南方红壤区菜地普遍存在缺镁现象,蔬菜生产上适量添施镁肥具有重要的现实意义。目前有关蔬菜施用镁肥的效应研究报道尚不多,尤其是我国南方红壤区菜地的相关研究则更少。采用田间小区试验方法,在农户常规施用化肥的基础上,对红壤菜地添施不同剂量的镁肥,研究施镁对蔬菜产量、营养元素吸收及菜地土壤基本肥力状况的影响规律。结果表明:在常规化肥施用的基础上,适量地添施镁肥(施硫酸镁112.5~450.0 kg hm~(-2)),小白菜增产幅度为12.4%~20.4%,氮、磷、钾及镁等营养元素的吸收量分别提高27.7%~42.5%、30.1%~84.9%、38.0%~80.3%和53.2%~131.9%,蔬菜收获后土壤全镁和交换性镁含量分别提高15.8%~68.4%和29.0%~119.0%。小白菜产量与施镁肥量可用一元二次方程y=-0.53x2+60.61x+9093(R2=0.961**)较好地线性拟合,由该方程可以得出,当施硫酸镁量为381.2 kg hm~(-2)时,小白菜可获得最高产量,即10825.8 kg hm~(-2)。     

Contribution of Biofertilizers and Fertilizer Nitrogen to Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Egyptian Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT

Nutrient uptake and grain and straw yield of Egyptian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Merr.) were evaluated for two site-years after the seed inoculation with two biofertilizer products, Phosphorien, containing the phosphorus (P)-solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megatherium, and Nitrobien, containing a combination of nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum liposerum. Ammonium nitrate and polymer-coated urea fertilizers were applied to plots alone and together with the biofertilizers at rates of either 83 kg N ha^?1 or 186 kg N ha^?1 for comparison. The highest grain yield (5.76–6.74 Mg ha^?1) and straw yield (11.49–13.32 Mg ha^?1) occurred at the highest fertilizer rates with N fertilizer. There was a slight additional increase in grain and straw yields when a biofertilizer was applied along with N fertilizer. A slightly higher grain and straw yield was measured with the polymer-coated urea treatment than with the ammonium nitrate treatment. The biofertilizer materials were not as effective as N fertilizers in producing grain (4.02–4.09 Mg ha^?1) or straw (7.71–8.11 Mg ha^?1) for either year, although the Nitrobien + Phosphorien combination increased these parameters over the N-fertilizer control. The effect of the Nitrobien biofertilizer in increasing grain yields was equivalent to a urea application rate of about 13 kg N ha^?1. Biofertilizer inoculations increased iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations in wheat tissue (at boot stage), but these higher levels did not influence grain or straw yield.     

配施鸡粪有机肥对杨树苗光合特性和养分吸收的影响

为了探讨鸡粪有机肥(M)与化肥(N)配施对杨树苗光合性能和养分吸收特性的作用效果,通过盆栽试验,研究了N100(尿素提供100%的氮)、M10N90(鸡粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、M30N70(鸡粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等处理对一年生杨树苗光合作用、叶绿素含量、根系活力和构造以及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,同N100处理相比,M30N70处理明显提高了杨树苗叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度;叶片的叶绿素含量和根系活力分别提高了45.80%和36.39%。配施鸡粪有机肥有利于杨树苗根系的生长,尤其是增加了毛细根的重量和其在根系体系中的比例。此外,M30N70处理还明显提高了杨树苗根、茎和叶干物质的积累量,并显著增加了氮、磷和钾的养分吸收量,相比N100处理分别增加了44.99%,65.11%和65.04%。与M30N70处理相比,M10N90和M50N50处理对杨树苗光合作用和养分吸收特性的影响较小。综合分析认为,鸡粪有机肥与化肥以3:7比例配施对杨树苗光合性能和养分吸收的作用效果最佳。     

Interaction of Ph and Mn on Physiological Parameters of Brassica Oleracea L.

In the present study, interaction of 4 levels of manganese (Mn²⁺) (0, 100, 200, and 400 mM) and 4 levels of pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5) were investigated on some physiological parameters of Brassica oleracea L. after 30 days of growth (15 days treatment) in hydroponic culture. Results showed that with an increase in manganese concentration, soluble carbohydrates, protein, and ascorbate contents also increased in shoots and roots of Brassica oleracea L. However, higher concentration of manganese reduced soluble carbohydrates, protein and ascorbate contents in the same plant. As manganese concentration increased, catalase activity in roots and shoots was also remarkably increased. Moreover, root peroxidase activity at pH 4.5 increased with an increase in manganese concentration and this increase was highest at pH 4.5 and 400 mM manganese concentration.     

菜心对邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)吸收途径的初步研究

采用玻璃室处理和污染土壤覆盖原土壤来控制PAEs来源进行盆栽试验，应用GC/MS联机检测技术初步研究了菜心对PAEs的吸收途径。结果表明：污染土壤处理与污染土壤上覆盖原土壤处理相比，前者菜心茎叶中DBP和DEHP的含量均高于后者，但相差不大，表明菜心茎叶可以吸收污染土壤中挥发出来的DBP和DEHP，而根系吸收运移是菜心茎叶中DBP和DEHP的主要来源途径。玻璃室处理增加了菜心茎叶和根系中DBP的含量，而对DEHP的影响趋势不明显。DBP与DEHP相比，前者更易被菜心根系吸收并向地上部(茎叶)运移，后者主要滞留在根部。     

不同肥料配方一次性施肥对玉米产量和养分吸收的影响

应用不同肥料配方对玉米进行一次性深施肥试验,结果表明:等养分条件下一次性深施肥有助于玉米对养分的吸收;施用包膜尿素、增施钾肥和一次性深施肥能提高氮肥利用率;一次性深施肥与常规施肥相比,等养分条件下可以明显提高单位面积的经济效益;包膜尿素虽然能提高氮肥利用率,但由于成本过高,增产效果不大,影响单位面积的经济效益。