果园覆草好处多

果园覆草,即在果园地面覆盖秸杆或杂草。每亩果园覆草1000～1500公斤,连续覆草3～4年,能加厚活土层10～15厘米,0～40厘米土壤内有机质比清耕园提高61.1%,0～20厘米表土层的有机质含量比清耕园可提高1倍多,氮、磷、钾含量分別比清耕园相对增加54.7%、27.7%和28.9%.覆草还可减少地表水分蒸发,提高土壤对水分的渗透和     

网状浅坑集水技术对山地果园土壤水分和产量的影响

网状浅坑集水技术是通过在地表设置浅坑结合覆物的方式,有效提高自然降水利用率的方法。该文以冀北山区24a生红富士苹果树为研究对象,结合当地自然降水,分析了集水技术对果园土壤水分、果实产量的影响。结果表明:采用网状浅坑集水能有效提高果园中土壤水分含量和苹果产量。采用网状浅坑集水技术处理,20、40、60cm处土壤水分较对照分别增加15.7%～24.4%、16.2%～20.1%、14.7%～18.4%;平均产量较对照增加2820kg/hm~2,增产12.16%。     

陇东旱地果园土壤保墒技术

我省陇东的果园分布于山区、河滩和丘陵地带 ,多为坡地 ,土壤瘠薄 ,水分缺乏 ,气候特点是十年九旱 ,很大程度上影响了果品生产。根据我们多年的实践经验 ,总结出一些旱作保墒技术 ,供果农参考。1　果园土壤管理措施1.1　土壤耕作1.1.1　土壤中耕　 1年中耕 5～ 6次 ,深度 5～ 10ｃｍ。尤其是雨后及时中耕可切断土壤毛细管 ,减少土壤蒸发 ,将雨水蓄存于土壤里。1.1.2　土壤深耕　秋季采果后 ,对果园土壤深耕 ,也可结合施基肥进行 ,深度 30～ 4 0ｃｍ。土壤深耕后变得疏松 ,可最大程度地吸收降水。1.1.3　早春耙耱　早春耙耱土壤 ,可减少土壤…     

台州市沿海围涂果园防护林效益调查研究

沿海围涂果园，采用“窄带小网型”防护林营建技术，能降低风速３６．８％－７０．％，减少落果３８．２％－６０．５％，提高空气湿度１％－３％，减少蒸发量１３．７％〉改善果园生态环境，促进果树生长，从而提高产量，该技术宜于南方滨海果园推广。     

苹果轮纹病综合防治

苹果轮纹病是苹果上的主要病害,尤其在红富士上发病严重,一般情况下烂果30%,有的个别果园高达70%。笔者通过几年的调查和防治试验,探索出一套综合防治措施,取得了良好效果。现总结如下:1　搞好果园卫生减少病菌来源结合冬、夏修剪,彻底清除果园内的各种枯死枝、枯死桩及修剪下来的所有枝条。不用病枝、刺槐、杨树等作为果园的防护围墙。将果园内的烂果及时运出,并远离果园深埋。以达到有效减少病菌来源。2　加强栽培管理提高树体抗病能力新建果园,要选择无病菌苗木栽植,发现病株及时铲除。幼树整形,不用剪下来的病枝条作拉枝材料。结果树,要…     

穴贮肥水地膜覆盖技术

穴贮肥水地膜覆盖技术是我县推行的果园规范化管理十项新技术之一。这既是一项干旱果园重要的抗旱、保水技术 ,也是一项简单易行的节肥、节水措施 ,一般可节肥 3 0 % ,节水 70 %～ 90 %。现将该技术的操作方法介绍如下 :1　做贮养穴( 1)时间 :一年四季均可进行。( 2 )绑草把　将农作物秸秆或杂草捆成直径 15～ 2 5cm的草把 ,放在 5 %～ 10 %的尿液中浸透备用。( 3 )挖穴。在树冠四周均匀挖 4～ 8个穴 (冠径 4m左右的树挖 4个 ,冠径 6m左右的挖 6～ 8个 ) ,穴深 40cm ,直径比草把稍大即可。( 4 )埋草把 ,盖地膜。将草把立于穴中央 ,周围用混…     

早实核桃省力化栽培技术

通过对早实核桃实施"五简化"省力化栽培技术,将费时费工的传统型模式改进成省工省力的效益型模式,节约劳力34%,降低生产成本,实现了技术简单易学,果园早果早丰,产量质量提高的目的.     

半干旱塬区苹果腐烂病致病因子研究

2014—2016年,研究了苹果腐烂病致病因子对发病株率的影响。结果证明:(1)幼旺树促花。对幼树主干、主枝环剥,树体腐烂病发生株率为43%;幼树主枝基角全部拉成≥90°状态时,腐烂病株率为9%。(2)花果管理。只疏除50%多余花、果的果园,腐烂病发生株率达到了46%,按"间距留果法",全部疏除多余花果的果园腐烂病发生株率为11%。(3)施肥管理。每年只施1次复合肥或者其它化肥的果园,腐烂病发生株率为45%;而按照配方要求施肥,腐烂病发生率为12%。(4)郁闭果园修剪改良。采用大改形技术,改善树体光照,腐烂病发生株率37%;通过间伐,并结合整形修剪措施改善光照的果园腐烂病发生株率为17%。     

陇东旱塬苹果园养分状况的测定与分析

果园营养状况是合理施肥的基础。为了解甘肃省东部地区苹果园的营养状况,对甘肃省静宁县和泾川县的44个苹果园的土壤和苹果树叶片的营养状况进行了调查与测定。结果表明:土壤中有机质含量偏低,最高值仅为1.33%;全氮含量适宜或偏低;大部分果园土壤中有效磷的含量正常或富余;速效钾含量普遍较高,平均值达到了230mg·kg-1;有效锌、有效铁和有效硼的含量适中,分别为1.23、8.98和0.88mg·kg-1。不同果园土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾等速效养分的变异系数明显高于全氮、全磷、全钾,中微量元素明显高于大量元素。土壤pH值8.0的果园占81.8%,变异系数为2.81%。不同果园苹果树叶片中氮、磷、钾的含量正常;除铁含量较高外,其余微量元素均为适量。不同果园土壤中的硼(13.94～199.27mg·kg-1)、锌(10.31～70.11mg·kg-1)和铜(2.71～21.78mg/kg)含量的差异最大,变异系数分别为86.74%、49.60%和48.96%;锰、镁、钙、铁的变异系数分别为30.48%、28.08%、27.96%、26.31%;全氮、全磷、全钾含量的差异较小。     

果草复合对土壤动物及群落的影响

为了研究杏园果草复合对土壤动物及群落的影响,调查了果园内不同样点不同土层的土壤动物,利用所获得的土壤动物种类、个体数分析了土壤动物种群特征、数量变化及分布。结果収现,样方内生草果园土壤动物总个体比清耕果园土壤动物总个体增加3 201头。在垂直方向上果草复合系统的土壤中0～5 cm土层的动物密度分别为5～10cm土层和10～15cm土层的3.2倍和6.2倍,而清耕果园这种随土层加深而减少的趋势不明显。果草复合系统土壤动物群落的多样性指数值、均匀度和种数都明显高于清耕果园,而优势度却低于清耕对照。     

日本落叶松种子园种用价值测试初析

对我国６个主要日本落叶松种子园种用价值测验的结果表明，各地种子园的遗传品质差异显著。种用价值大小排序为：天麻＞桓仁＞清凉山＞白旗寨＞赤峰＞大孤家＞对照。初选出遗传品质较高的天麻、桓仁和清凉山种子园，６年生（连苗期）幼林树高、胸径、材积生长量可分别获得８４％—１１０％、１２７％—２６７％、２６９％—６６３％的遗传增益。白旗寨、赤峰和大孤家３个种子园虽有一定改良效果，但都低于总平均水平，并与对照差异不显著。研究结果对豫西地区引种和推行种子园种子造林有重要指导作用对我国６个主要日本落叶松种子园种用价值测验的结果表明，各地种子园的遗传品质差异显著。种用价值大小排序为：天麻＞桓仁＞清凉山＞白旗寨＞赤峰＞大孤家＞对照。初选出遗传品质较高的天麻、桓仁和清凉山种子园，６年生（连苗期）幼林树高、胸径、材积生长量可分别获得８４％—１１０％、１２７％—２６７％、２６９％—６６３％的遗传增益。白旗寨、赤峰和大孤家３个种子园虽有一定改良效果，但都低于总平均水平，并与对照差异不显著。研究结果对豫西地区引种和推行种子园种子造林有重要指导作用     

Pheromone-based decision support tools for management of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis> in apple orchards: development of a trap-based treatment threshold

The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), has become a serious pest in mid-Atlantic apple orchards. Because no decision support tools exist for H. halys management, calendar-based insecticide applications have been the only successful technique for mitigating H. halys injury in orchards. Following the identification of the two-component aggregation pheromone of H. halys, we conducted a study to determine whether biological information generated by traps baited with this pheromone and pheromone synergist could be used to make management decisions. In this study, experimental apple orchards were treated with a H. halys-targeted insecticide only when a predetermined cumulative threshold of either 1, 10, or 20 adults per trap was reached. Once threshold was reached, two alternate row middle sprays 1 week apart were triggered and the threshold was reset. For comparison, some orchards were also subjected to a weekly alternate row middle spray or left untreated as controls. At harvest, significantly less fruit injury was observed when treated weekly or using a threshold of 1 or 10 H. halys adults per trap to trigger insecticide applications. Orchards treated using a cumulative threshold of 20 adults per trap or when left unsprayed had significantly higher fruit injury. In addition, insecticide applications were reduced by 40% using a threshold of 10 adults per trap. Our results suggest that baited pheromone traps can be used as decision support tools to trigger insecticide applications when needed to mitigate risk and effectively manage H. halys in apple orchards.     

Challenges of pheromone-based mating disruption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cydia strobilella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dioryctria abietella</Emphasis> in spruce seed orchards

Seed orchards function as the primary source of high-quality seeds for reforestation in many European countries, but their seed yields can be severely reduced due to seed- and cone-feeding insects. We evaluated various parameters of pheromone-based mating disruption for control of the moths Cydia strobilella and Dioryctria abietella, which are major pests in European Picea abies seed orchards. We applied different types of pheromone dispensers (rubber septa or wax droplets) at different densities and heights, and with different amounts of active components, covering whole orchards or part of an orchard. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by analysing male captures in pheromone-baited assessment traps, and presence of larvae in cones. A dramatic decrease (94–100%) in capture of males in traps occurred in all pheromone-treated plots compared to control plots for both moth species. In contrast, a subsequent reduction in larval numbers in cones was only achieved when wax droplets were used as the dispensing formulation at high density and at the highest pheromone dose tested, and only in half of the trials for each pest species. Electrophysiological recordings using antennae of male C. strobilella indicated elevated pheromone concentrations in a treated plot versus a control plot. Our results show that mating disruption has potential to reduce cone damage in spruce seed orchards caused by C. strobilella and D. abietella, but optimisation of the technique is required to achieve consistent and efficient population suppression of these pests.     

Inheritance of male flower production in Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) estimated from analysis of a diallel mating test

Context

Clonal variation of flower production has been investigated thoroughly in coniferous tree species because of the importance of flowering in seed production from seed orchards. However, the inheritance of flower production by progeny test has not been previously studied well, so the heritability of male flower production of Cryptomeria japonica, the most important species for forestry and the main cause of pollinosis in Japan, was estimated to provide fundamental data for pollen control in seed orchards and plantation forests.

Methods

Male flower production in C. japonica was investigated for three years using 20 full-sib families created by a diallel mating design with six parents using gibberellin treatment to promote flowering.

Results

The narrow-sense individual tree heritability of male flower production in each year was estimated as ranging from 0.777?±?0.339 to 1.050?±?0.346 by sib analyses. The contribution of general combining ability to the total variance varied from 24.1 to 35.6?%. The highest contribution of specific combining ability was 1.42?%. By selecting the top 50?% of parental clones for reduced male flower production, the genetic gain in lowering male flower productivity was predicted as 46.1?C53.0?%.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that male flower production in C. japonica is under strong genetic control and that control of male flowering by breeding is possible with a well-designed program.     

Realized genetic gains observed in second generation seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita in Indonesia

The first generation genetic gains in four second-generation seedling seed orchards of Eucalyptus pellita established at two locations in Indonesia (Kalimantan and Sumatra) were examined by analyzing data on the height, diameter and stem form of the trees during years 1 to 3. The seed orchards each consisted of 60 open-pollinated families: 48–49 families from first-generation plus trees (improved population) and 11–12 families from natural forest (unimproved population). The realized gains for height and diameter were ca. 16 and 19%, respectively. These gains were highly significant and consistent, irrespective of age and location. However, the gains in stem form were much lower (4%) in Kalimantan than in Sumatra (21%) and only significant in the latter, possibly because of the more intensive silvicultural management regimes at the Sumatran sites. The results confirmed that the first-generation tree improvement program for E. pellita has been effective in Indonesia, and that it should provide improved seeds for operational plantation, thus raising their productivity.     

Clonal variations in nutritional components of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus koreansis</Emphasis> seeds collected from seed orchards in Northeastern China

From four Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) orchards, 60 clones were selected and analyzed for the fatty acid and amino acid components of the seeds to reveal the variations and correlations of the seed characteristics among the clonal source orchards and clones. The nutritional components of the seeds of the P. koraiensis trees exhibited rich genetic variation; the variation coefficient of the fatty acids was 2.24–66.83 %, while the variation coefficient of the amino acids was 14.70–38.88 %. Relatively high genetic-improvement potential exists for the nutritional components of the seeds. The phenotypic differentiation of the fatty acid and amino acid components reveals that variation within the population (85.18 %) was the primary source for the variation of the fatty acid components; variation among the orchards (63.08 %) was the primary source of the variation of the amino acid components. Data drawn from various clonal source orchards all showed that the seed characteristics were highly controlled by heritability (h² > 80 %), and the seed characteristics of the P. koraiensis trees exhibited a similar genetic gain trend. The principal components were analyzed to obtain the comprehensive principal component value for each clonal seed orchard. Twelve clones were selected based on a clonal selection rate of 20 %. Correlation and multiple stepwise-regression analyses were conducted, considering different location conditions, to reveal the stable correlations between the seed characteristics to facilitate improvements of the seed yield of P. koraiensis trees and the clonal selection. Species of real characteristics in P. koraiensis were controlled by higher heritability. Genetic gain was obtained by selecting of superior clones.     

尾巨桉扦插移植育苗技术

尾巨桉采用扦插后移植育苗技术,可培育出根系特别发达、粗壮的苗木,造林效果好,苗木生产成本比传统扦插苗只需增加0.03~0.05元.株-1,但比组培苗降低0.1元.株-1左右,不但降低了苗木成本,而且缩短了育苗周期,在生产上应用前景广阔。     

华北落叶松种子园幼龄母树雌花量的调查分析

为了研究种子园母枝结实与地理环境的关系,对种子园10~11 a生的母树的雌花量进行调查。结果表明:在结实初期,不同无性系母树雌花量差异显著;同一无性系不同母树在不同立地条件下的雌花量差异显著或极显著,由多到少排序为阳坡、沟堂、阴坡;但是在结实大年与结实小年之间比较无性系雌花量排序不尽一致。     

Effects of crown-pruning on seed and pollen cone production in two lodgepole pine seed orchards in British Columbia

The effects of top pruning on subsequent seed and pollen cone production in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) grafted clones in two seed orchards were evaluated. In the older orchard (14 years old), three pruning regimes were applied: an untreated control, a moderate pruning where 25% of the crown was removed and a severe pruning where 40% of the crown was removed. In the younger orchard (ten years old), only a control pruning and a severe pruning (50% of crown removed) were applied. Five-year seed cone production was lower in treated ramets compared to controls in both orchards. However, when cumulative seed cone yields were adjusted for reduced tree heights after pruning, differences were no longer significant in the older orchard. Strong clonal variation was observed in seed cone yields in both orchards. Pollen cone development was less variable among treatments in the older orchard. In the younger orchard, controls consistently produced heavier pollen crops. Pruning recommendations for similar orchards are made and results discussed for reducing the impacts of losses in seed cone yields.Deceased     

Schädliche Feldnager in Portugal

The following rodents caused damages in the continental part of Portugal (Iberian peninsula) during the last years: The Roof Rat (Rattus rattus) is dominating in the dry and hot regions in the south of Portugal. This rat lives preferably on old carob trees and gnaws fruits and bark of this tree. It occurs also in rural settlements, in poultries and stores. The Brown Rat (R. norvegicus) occurs in the urban and rural regions, in stores, stock-farmings, in rice and maize fields of the damp lowlands. It caused losses of crop up to 30% and harbours various zoonoses like the Weil disease. The freeliving House Mouse (Mus spretus) causes damages on seeds. It selects first of all the expensive hybrid-seeds of melones in greenhouses. In this case the best seeding time is failed and the crop cannot be harvested when the market prices are high. The Iberian Vole (Microtus [Pitymys] lusitanicus) caused damages in apple orchards in the north of Portugal. In the years 1980/82 up to 15% of apple trees were destroyed in some culvivations. Furthermore damages on potatoes, beets and bulbs were observed. Together with other mice and voles also nurseries of cork oak (Quercus suber) were destroyed. The Mediterranean Vole (M. [P.] duodecimcostatus) is a pest mainly in intensively irrigated citrus orchards in the south of Portugal. Up to 5% of citrus trees were destroyed per year. Furthermore severe losses up to 70% were observed in artichoke fields. The problems with voles in orchards are relatively new and evoked by following facts: In the last decades many apple orchards of the highly susceptible sort “Golden Delicious” and pear orchards were founded near the banks of rivers in wet habitats. In the citrus orchards the bulbs of the pest weedOxalis pes-caprae, which was introduced before World War II, are now the ideal main food for the Mediterranean Vole. The number of voles however increased drastically by installation of intensive irrigation systems in the citrus plantations. Several cultural and poisoning methodes against the Iberian and the Mediteranean Vole were proved. Until now best results were obtained with an granulated bait and with apple slices coated with talkum powder containing 0.005% Difenacoum (Tab. 1). The baits were filled in the opened galleries. Two weeks after one application the activity of the Mediterranean Vole was reduced by 70%. Further investigations were carried out to improve these results by different means.