Effect of GA3, CCC defoliation and quantum flux density on growth and flowering in Pelargonium × hortorum

In vegetatively propagated Pelargonium × hortorum plants, formation of axillary shoots and initiation of inflorescences and leaves were promoted by an increase in quantum flux density, whereas application of GA₃ had a negative effect. Application of CCC caused an increase in number of axillary shoots and consequently an increase in number of inflorescences and leaves per plant.Dry weight increase was promoted by an increase in quantum flux density, unaffected by GA₃ treatment, but inhibited by CCC treatment. Moreover, continuous removal of the oldest leaves reduced the number of inflorescences, leaves, axillary shoots and dry weight. The changes in inflorescence and leaf initiation could not be definitely correlated to the changes in dry weight increase.     

桃果实蒸腾强度对源叶净光合效率及相关生理反应的影响

在果核硬化期和果实最后迅速生长期,对艳丰一号桃果实浸涂10倍和100倍的液体石蜡溶液,与果实未浸涂液体石蜡的对照相比,果实蒸腾强度分别降低了57.9%和41.4%,且源叶净光合效率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)降低而叶表面温度(Tl)升高,并在果实迅速生长期间,果实浸涂液体石蜡处理和对照之间存在显著性差异。进一步研究表明,无论是在果核硬化期还是在果实最后迅速生长期,当Gs小于0.2mol/m2·s时,Pn和Gs呈极显著直线正相关关系,且果实浸涂液体石蜡处理的源叶的Tl随Gs减小急剧升高。源叶Pn对Tl的响应均呈极显著抛物线相关关系,但同一Tl条件下,果实浸涂液体石蜡处理的Pn低于对照。因此认为,果实蒸腾强度可能通过作用叶片的Gs调节Tl进而对源叶的Pn进行调控,气孔开张度减小、Tl升高,可能是果实蒸腾强度减弱时调控Pn重要机制之一。     

不同光强对设施桃树活性氧代谢的影响

以2年生春捷为试材,通过在温室内遮阴处理研究了桃树在不同光强条件下不同状态活性氧的产生速率以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着处理时间的延长,3个处理的活性氧产生速率均表现为不同的趋势。随着光照强度的减弱,3个光强处理的活性氧产生速率依次提高,而抗氧化酶的活性却降低,10.5%相对透光率处理叶片膜脂过氧化程度最高,30%相对透光率处理的叶片活性氧产生速率也有一定程度的上升,抗氧化酶的活性相对较低,叶片膜脂过氧化程度有一定升高。     

种植密度对辣椒DU01光合特性及产量的影响

以适于一次性采收的辣椒新品种DU01为试验材料,设置5个种植密度,对DU01的光合特性及产量构成因素等进行研究.结果表明,盛果期后,DU01的叶面积、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)随着密度的增加而降低,叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、类胡萝卜(Car)和总叶绿素(Chlt)含量随...     

夏季遮阳对‘红阳’猕猴桃净光合速率的影响及其与生理生态因子的关系

【目的】探明夏季遮阳对‘红阳’猕猴桃叶片光合特性的影响。【方法】设置0%、35%和70%3种遮阳处理,利用CI-340(CID Inc.,USA)便携式光合仪测量‘红阳’猕猴桃的气体交换参数,分析‘红阳’猕猴桃净光合速率(P_n)的日变化规律及其与生理生态因子之间的关系。【结果】夏季‘红阳’猕猴桃叶片Pn日变化在0%和35%遮阳处理下为典型的"双峰"曲线,在70%遮阳处理下为单峰曲线;35%遮阳处理下‘红阳’猕猴桃P_n日最高值为14.715μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),日均值为7.889μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),明显高于0%和70%遮阳处理组。【结论】在夏季,适度遮阳可有效地提高‘红阳’猕猴桃叶片的P_n。但早晨和傍晚遮阳并不利于‘红阳’猕猴桃叶片进行光合作用。光合有效辐射和叶面温度是‘红阳’猕猴桃净光合速率(P_n)的主要限制因子,而蒸腾速率是主要决定因子。     

The effect of breeding-habitat patch size on bird population density

An individual-based simulation model was used to study the effect of the relative location of food and nest sites in the landscape on the relationship between the breeding habitat patch size and bird population density. The model predicted that when both food and nest sites are located exclusively in the breeding habitat patches, larger patches tend to harbor higher population densities. But when food starts to be added to the `matrix' habitat and taken out of the breeding habitat the advantageous effect of larger patches diminishes and eventually the trend reverses, with small patches having higher population densities. This pattern arises from the combined effect of the existence of an extended foraging area around patches and an intrinsic advantage of large habitat patches associated with the concentration of food resources and potential colonizers. The effects of interspecific interactions and the management implications of the model are discussed.     

The effect of plant density and day-length on growth and development in the carnation

Carnation plants cultivar ‘White Sim’ were grown in containers arranged to simulate the aerial environment of bed-grown crops. The effects of 2 plant densities (9 plants and 100 plants m^?2) and 2 day-lengths (natural days and continuous light) were recorded on the growth of individual plants. The reduction in yield of flowers per plant at high density was greater than could be accounted for simply by a reduction in light intensity. An interaction between light intensity and intra-plant competition is proposed as an explanation of this effect. Continuous light had little effect on the growth and flowering of 2nd and 3rd generation shoots grown at high density.     

大棚栽培条件下葡萄叶片净光合速率与其他生理、生态参数的灰色关联分析

根据田间测定资料,应用灰色系统理论,分析了促成-避雨栽培(Forcing-CultivationtoRain-Shelter-Cultiva-tion,F-C&R-S-C)大棚内外的葡萄品种美人指(Vitisviniferacv.ManicureFinger)和藤稔(Vitisvinifera×V.labruscacv.Fujiminori)净光合速率(Pn)与主要生态因子[大气CO2浓度(Ca)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、水汽压(Vp)、气温(Ta)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶温(Tl)]的灰色关联系数及关联度,明确了影响不同栽培阶段大棚内净光合速率诸生态因子间的主次关系。结果表明,促成阶段(果实发育期)对大棚内美人指和藤稔品种净光合速率影响最大的分别是叶温和光合有效辐射,露地对照分别是光合有效辐射和蒸腾速率;避雨阶段(果实成熟期),与大棚内2品种净光合速率关系最密切的皆是叶温,同期露地对照分别是蒸腾速率和叶温。     

The physiology of Cymbidium plantlets cultured in vitro under conditions of high carbon dioxide and low photosynthetic photon flux density

Summary

Cymbidium plantlets were grown in vitro under conditions of high CO₂ and low photosynthetic photon flux density using the Miracle Packt culture system. Shoots and roots of plantlets showed differential growth characteristics. Shoot growth was not different in plantlets cultured under CO₂-enriched (CDE) and non-enriched (NCDE) conditions. Root growth was promoted in plantlets cultured under CDE in the presence or absence of 2% sucrose (S) with rockwool (R) as the supporting material. Growth was poor in plantlets cultured in 1% agar. Root growth was best in plantlets cultured under CDE R+S. Sucrose is still an important component for root growth under CDE conditions even though CO₂ can be used as an alternative carbon source. Photosynthetic measurements (CO₂ uptake and total Rubisco activity) showed the presence of active and operational photosynthetic machinery in plantlets cultured under CDE and NCDE conditions. The apparent lack of photoautotrophy (as evident from the lack of starch grains in chloroplasts) in plantlets cultured under NCDE conditions is not the result of a lesser potential for photoautotrophy; rather it is a consequence of sub-optimal CO₂ concentrations within the culture vessels.     

The effect of time of seedling emergence and density on the marketable yield of spring cabbage

The individual weights of spring cabbage shoots at harvest are directly affected by the relative times of seedling emergence; a spread of only 5-10 d accounted for 46% of the weight variation at approximately 65 d after sowing. Also, competitive interactions between plants derived from early and late emerging seedlings were evident at densities lower than those used in commerce, and these competitive interactions intensified with increasing plant density. A model described by Benjamin (1988) was fitted to some of these data and then used to predict the yields of cabbages in various weight grades in an independent data set. There were some systematic deviations between predicted and observed yields but little evidence of this deviation for yields in the marketable grade of 150-250 g.     

The effect of forcing temperature on peony shoot and flower development

Pre-chilled potted plants of Paeonia ‘Coral Sunset’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, ‘Sarah Bernhardt’, and ‘Karl Rosenfeld’ were placed in a range of controlled temperature regimes to ascertain the effect of temperature on the timing of shoot emergence and floral development. For all cultivars, warmer temperatures up to 25 °C lead to more rapid shoot emergence and flower development. Linear temperature responses adequately described the rate of development from shoot emergence to flower bud appearance, and from bud appearance to flower opening, but a curvilinear response was required to describe the time taken for shoots to emerge. There were significant differences between cultivars in the number of heat units required for shoot emergence, with the shoots of the slowest-developing cultivar, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, taking 50% longer to emerge than those of the most rapid, ‘Coral Sunset’. No significant differences were found among cultivars in the time taken from shoot emergence to flower opening, although the ‘split’ stage (when the bud opens sufficiently for petal colour to be observed) was slightly earlier in ‘Karl Rosenfeld’.     

A study of the effect of growth regulators and time of plantlet harvest on the in vitro multiplication rate of hardy and hybrid tea roses

The effect of benzyladenine (BA) (0, 0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0,0.005,0.01,0.1 and 1 ppm) and time of proliferation (six, eight and ten weeks) on the optimum multiplication conditions for four Rosa hybrida cvs Champlain, John Franklin, John Paul II and Landora were studied. BA and NAA both had a significant effect on the proportion of viable plantlets and on multiplication rates while low or high concentrations of these growth regulators in the medium generally caused a reduction of plant material. The optimum multiplication rate also varied with cultivar and time. Concentrations of NAA above 0.1 ppm decreased the multiplication rate significantly for two of the cultivars. There was no consistent response between multiplication rates and cultivars to concentrations of B A, NAA or even the time of culture, and it is therefore recommended that each of these variates be determined for each cultivar to obtain optimum plantlet yield.     

桃幼树光合年变化及落叶期早晚与营养生长的关系

试验以2个桃品种(南方早红和大久保)1 a生幼树为试材,研究了光合年变化和落叶期早晚与营养生长的关系。结果表明,2个品种桃6月份光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,最高峰在11:00,次峰在14:00—15:00;8月份光合速率曲线呈单峰,最高峰在13:00。日光合总量的季节变化也呈双峰,分别在5月和8月。4—8月南方早红单位面积月光合总量占年总量的94.15%,大于大久保同时期的比值。南方早红落叶晚于大久保,且抽生新梢能力强于大久保。因而,南方早红9—10月光合面积的增大对单株年光合总量增加的贡献略高于大久保。实验认为,南方早红4—8月高的光合能力和9—10月落叶期晚对其旺盛的营养生长都具有重要的促进作用。     

The effect of temperature on formation and abortion of flower buds in gynoecious cucumber plants

Plants were grown at 15, 21 or 27°C. Fewer buds were formed at high than at low temperature. At all 3 temperatures, some of the buds aborted. However, the differences in numbers of buds between temperatures did not disappear. Transfer of the plants from 27 to 21°C did not raise the number of buds formed in nodes of which the leaf primordia had already been formed. Therefore, it is plausible that the number of flower buds is determined at a very early stage of node development.     

Modeling plant morphology and development of petunia in response to temperature and photosynthetic daily light integral

The effects of mean daily temperature (MDT) and mean photosynthetic daily light integral (MDLI) on flowering during the finish stage of two petunia (Petunia × hybrida) cultivars were quantified. Petunia ‘Easy Wave Coral Reef’ and ‘Wave Purple’ were grown in glass-glazed greenhouses at 14–23 °C or 14–26 °C and under 4–19 mol m⁻² d⁻¹ with a 16-h photoperiod. The flower developmental rate was predicted using a model that included a linear MDT function with a base temperature multiplied by an exponential MDLI saturation function. The flower developmental rate increased and time to flower decreased as MDT increased within the temperature range studied. For example, under a MDLI of 12 mol m⁻² d⁻¹, as MDT increased from 14 to 23 °C, time to flower of ‘Easy Wave Coral Reef’ and ‘Wave Purple’ decreased from 51 to 22 d and 62 to 30 d, respectively. Flower developmental rate increased as MDLI increased until saturation at 14.1–14.4 mol m⁻² d⁻¹. Nonlinear models were generated for effects of MDT and MDLI on flower bud number and plant height at flowering. The number of flower buds at flowering increased as MDT decreased and MDLI increased. For example, at an MDT of 14 °C with 18 mol m⁻² d⁻¹, plants had 2.5–2.9 times more flower buds than those grown at 23 °C and 4 mol m⁻² d⁻¹. Models were validated with an independent data set, and the predicted time to flower, flower bud number, and plant height were within ±7 d, ±20 flowers, and ±4 cm, respectively, for 96–100%, 62–87%, and 93–100% of the observations, respectively. The models could be used during greenhouse crop production to improve scheduling and predict plant quality of these petunia cultivars.     

The impact of soil compaction on soil aeration and fine root density of Quercus palustris

The soil around Quercus palustris trees, 30 cm (11.8 in) average diameter breast height (DBH) were treated by compaction (C) or C plus clay slurry (CS) treatments in November 1994 and repeated in May 1996. Soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR), fine root density (FRD), DBH, twig growth, leaf area and dieback were monitored for 4 years beginning in 1996. Both compaction treatments significantly reduced ODR at 15 cm. Early each season, ODR was below the 0.20 g/cm²/min threshold level reported to inhibit root growth in several species [Stolzy, L.H., Letey, J., 1964. Correlation of plant response to soil oxygen diffusion rates. Hilgardia 35, 567–576] for all treatments and depths. In summer each year, ODR was adequate in the shallow soils of all treatments, though often still significantly lower in compacted soils. At 30 cm, there were no consistent differences in ODR between compacted and uncompacted soil. Significant differences in FRD due to compaction treatments were inconsistent and limited to the upper 9 cm of soil in years 2 and 3. Reduced FRD in compacted soils may be a response to the reduced ODR in spring. There were no differences in DBH, twig growth, leaf area or dieback rating. Given the minimal difference in root growth, the lack of differences in top growth are understandable. This controlled study, and others preceding it, have failed to clearly show the underlying causes of tree decline and death commonly associated with soil compaction and addition of fill soil in real landscapes.     

The effect of chilling on the termination of rest and flower bud development of the chinese gooseberry

Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) cuttings were collected from two pistillate cultivars and one staminate clone at regular intervals throughout the winter, and chilled for various periods up to 50 days, before being forced into growth.The Chinese gooseberry had a low chilling requirement for bud break although chilling enhanced this process. Flower evocation occurred at least two months prior to leaf fall and before natural chilling commenced. Chilling, however, enhanced floral development by preventing the premature abortion of flower buds. There was a differential chilling response between the pistillate cultivars and the staminate clone.     

The effect of temperature and light on flower development in Pelargonium × domesticum

Factors influencing the number of flowers produced in Pelargonium × domesticum cultivar ‘Lavender Grand Slam’, and their rate of development after the plants had been given a period of low-temperature flower induction, were studied.Under short days progressive abortion reduced flower numbers as the temperature regime during the forcing-period was increased. Under long days this effect was less marked and the high-temperature regime advanced flowering by over a month. When long days and high temperatures were used for forcing, it was necessary to maintain a high light intensity, 335 J/cm²/day giving the best results in terms of earliness of flowering and the number of flowers produced. At lower irradiance there was some risk of flower abortion, particularly in the first inflorescence.     

Effects of thermoperiodicity and plant population density on stem and flower elongation, leaf development, and specific fresh weight in single stemmed rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants

Thermoperiodicity, i.e. growth in the alternating temperature regime with the same diurnal mean compared with growth at the constant temperature at which optimal growth occurs, was studied at three plant population densities in four cultivars of Rosa hybrida L. Single-node cuttings with five-leaflet leaves were excised and grown as single-stemmed rose plants at an average photosynthetic photon flux density of about 260 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and supplied with carbon dioxide at about 1000 μmol mol⁻¹. The optimal constant temperature regime was 22 °C day (20 h)/22 °C night (4 h); alternating temperatures were 23 °C day (20 h)/18 °C night (4 h). The plant population densities were 100, 131 and 178 plants m⁻² of bench area. Thermoperiodicity was absent, or could not be detected, in the parameters related to the growth period, the formation of fresh biomass, the bloom quality, and most parameters related to shoot elongation. However, classic thermoperiodic effects of alternating regime were significant in the cultivars Red Velvet and Sonia, with shoot elongation promoted (7.1 and 10.5%, respectively) in the growth phase from onset of axillary bud growth until the flower bud became visible. Compared with the other two cultivars, plants of Red Velvet and Sonia tended to develop longer internodes. The results, obtained concurrently at three different plant population densities, suggest that thermoperiodicity can affect (single-stemmed) plant growth and development in R. hybrida. Increased plant population density also increased plant height at visible flower bud, but the bloom quality, expressed as specific fresh weight, and the flower height at anthesis was decreased at the highest density. Increased plant population density increased the number of five-leaflet leaves developed in Red Velvet, but had no effect on leaf number in Texas and Sonia, while, in Lambada the leaf number was decreased at the highest density.     

Processing yield of the carrot cultivar Esplanada as affected by harvest time and planting density

Cenourete^® is a minimally processed carrot root similar to the American product known as ‘baby-carrot’. This product is obtained through peeling and abrasion of cylindrical carrot root segments. The cultivar Esplanada is well suited for the production of Cenourete^® due to its characteristics of long length and cylindrical root shape as well as uniform dark orange root colour. For Cenourete^® production, the root should be less than 25 mm in diameter. However, it is well known that root size is influenced by planting density and harvest time. Therefore, the adjustment of the cultural practices would be necessary to increase root yield aimed for Cenourete^® processing. The recovery of Cenourete^® from ‘Esplanada’ was studied under two between-line spacings: 20 cm (5 transversal lines/m) and 12.5 cm (8 transversal lines/m). Roots were harvested at 80, 90, 100 and 110 days after sowing. Cenourete^® yield ranged from 2.39 ± 0.37 to 10.75 ± 1.07 t/ha depending on the combination of harvesting date and between-line spacing. These values corresponded, respectively, to a percent Cenourete^® yield recovery of 3.3 ± 0.7%–28.6 ± 2.8% in relation to the total root production. It was concluded that higher yield is obtained with 12.5 cm between-line spacing than with 20 cm between-line spacing and with earlier harvest (80–90 days) than with late harvest (100–110 days).