8种秀珍菇菌株秋冬栽培筛选研究

在贺州地区2011年秋冬季节自然环境条件下,对8种秀珍菇菌株进行栽培选优试验,从中选出适宜贺州地区推广栽培的优良菌株。试验结果表明,秀珍菇0抗杂菌能力强,菌丝生长速度快,栽培的第33天现蕾,6d～7d转潮;生长周期最短,64d内产3潮菇;袋产量和生物学效率分别为343．5g和85．9％,是8种秀珍菇中是最有栽培前景的菌株,其次是秀珍菇845和秀珍菇3,袋产量和生物学效率为336．9g、329．1g和84．2％、82．3％。     

Effect of harvest date on onion yield in a northern climate

Summary

Timing of harvest is an essential factor affecting the quantity, quality and storability of onion yield. This study aimed to establish when no further yield increase is to be expected and to determine the relationship between maturity stage and yield development. Experiments on 4-6 harvests at 9-14 d intervals were conducted at several locations in southern Finland in 1996-1999. Generally little, if any, yield increase was recorded after plants had reached 100% maturity, but in some cases bulb growth continued after complete fall-down of leaves. On the other hand, harvesting before 100% maturity resulted in a yield loss of 0-45% of final yield. Weight loss, and thus energy consumption during drying, was still reduced after complete leaf fall-down. Therefore, it may be concluded that delaying harvest up to 100% maturity, or even longer, ensures that highest yield and lowest drying costs.     

种植模式和多茬收割对饲用型甜高粱产量的影响

研究了饲用型甜高粱在不同种植模式条件下（全膜双垄沟灌栽培、全膜覆盖平作栽培、露地栽培）对土壤含水量、植株外部形态及产量的影响;单茬收割以及不同株高条件下2茬收割、3茬收割对产量的影响.结果表明：覆膜处理能高效利用降水和灌水,使植株茎秆含糖率增加,显著增加株高和产量,尤其全膜覆盖平作处理较露地栽培水分利用效率高70.52kg/（mm· hm2）,增产41.74％.收获两茬产量要比收获1茬高10.98％,比收割3茬高18.64％;在收割两茬的情况下,头茬株高150cm时刈割总产量比头茬株高200cm时刈割总产增产4.49％.在生育期只有150d左右的区域,饲用型甜高粱可选择两茬或单茬收割,头茬在株高150cm左右收割,二茬收割时间在早霜来临之前.     

The manipulation of temperature to synchronise flushing patterns in two strains of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

The majority of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) strains are grown commercially at approximately 16°C throughout the cropping period and show a distinct flushing pattern, with the picking period of each flush lasting several days. Experiments were done to determine whether the picking periods could be reduced by improved synchronisation of growth within flushes by raising the air temperature by several degrees at defined stages of sporophore development (cap diameters of 1, 2 or 3 cm) until the harvest of mature fruitbodies. Two strains of A. bisporus were used, D649 a smooth white strain and D676 an off-white type. High-quality mushrooms of similar size and maturity were harvested from all three treatments in fewer picking days than when grown continuously at 16°C. The highest degree of synchronisation was achieved with both strains when exposed to elevated temperatures at the 1-cm stage with no significant effect on total yield.     

Effect of spawn strain and available substrate on the relative yield of mushrooms in successive flushes

The relative yield of mushrooms in successive flushes is affected by the strain of spawn used, but this feature is not sufficiently consistent to be relied upon.Restricting the substrate available to developing mushrooms by separating off part of the mushroom-colonised compost with plastic sheet until about 21 days after casing reduced early yield and increased the harvest from later flushes; total yield over 6–7 weeks was unaffected. Attempts to achieve a temporary separation of parts of the colonised compost using bio-degradable barriers were unsuccessful.     

广州地区澳洲坚果抽梢与坐果的关系

广州地区澳洲坚果一年主要抽生三次梢,以多年生枝和春梢为主要结果母枝,分别占43.1%和39.1%.结果能力以更梢母枝最强,平均每枝坐果3.0个,其次为多年生枝(2.0个).平均花坐果率0.22%.坐果数与结果母枝长度、粗度、粗/长比和叶片数无显著相关,与花序数和初始坐果数密切相关(R~2=0.7653).树冠郁闭条件极显著地减少初始坐果数.花后5周内落掉总花量的99%以上.幼果的另一个脱落高峰在花后第5至8周,主要是旺盛营养生长与迅速生长的果实的营养竞争所致.     

Effects of auxin application on fruit formation in tomato growing under stress temperatures in the field

Summary

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) cultivars Early Urbana and Red Clode were grown in the field at adverse temperatures (stress regimes) until they set fruit in two growing seasons (Autumn and Spring) during 1999 and 2000 in Ahwaz (Southern Iran). To test the effectiveness of auxins in enhancing fruit set, racemes of tomato were sprayed during early fruit set with 25, 50 and 100 mg l^–1 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) followed by two additional applications at three intervals. The control plants were treated with deionized water. At harvest, racemes from autumn and spring plantings that were treated with 4-CPA had more large fruits than the control racemes. In both growing seasons, neither cultivar showed a significant difference in fruit set in plants treated with IBA, compared with controls. The ratio of fruit/flower in all racemes treated with 4-CPA increased significantly compared with the other treatments. However, auxin treatments did not significantly affect the number of flowers per raceme. Plants treated with 4-CPA produced the highest yield of marketable fruit. The greatest increase in total yield and parthenocarpic fruit occurred with 4-CPA treatments. Also, there was little difference between concentrations of 4-CPA on fruit set in both cultivars. It may be concluded that the response of fruit setting in tomato to either low or high temperatures regimes was auxin dependent and that 4-CPA was more effective than IBA.     

Berry distributions on coffee trees cultivated under high densities modulate the chemical composition of respective coffee beans during one biannual cycle

ABSTRACT

Coffee trees show the fluctuation in production related to biannual phenological development. We aimed to quantify the berry distribution over the vertical profile and relate the chemical composition of coffee beans during few subsequent harvests in each of two production years (PY). The analyzed coffee productions followed severe pruning of plants grown in different planting designs. In the second PY, coffee plants loaded roughly fourfold more berries than the first PY. In the first PY, berry distribution in zones of plagiotropic axes that passed all physiological phases was characterized by random maturation over three harvests, while in the second PY, berry maturation over the orthotropic and plagiotropic axes differed between two harvests, suggesting higher impact of local light microclimate and, consequently, local source–sink relations. Proteins, sucrose, and lipids were the most sensitive studied chemical components when modifications in coffee beans composition were analyzed, considering the impacts of PY, harvest time, planting design, and berry position. Sucrose content increased in latter harvests, indicating better berry maturation compared to the first harvest in both PY. Protein and caffeine contents increased and lipids decreased in higher density and low plant layer during the second PY, suggesting that deposition of those components was modified by self-shading and maturation time related to the berry position over the plant profile.     

Varying plant density and harvest time to optimize cowpea leaf yield and nutrient content

Plant density and harvest time were manipulated to optimize vegetative (foliar) productivity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] canopies for future dietary use in controlled ecological life-support systems as vegetables or salad greens. Productivity was measured as total shoot and edible dry weights (DW), edible yield rate [(EYR) grams DW per square meter per day], shoot harvest index [(SHI) grams DW per edible gram DW total shoot], and yield-efficiency rate [(YER) grams DW edible per square meter per day per grams DW nonedible]. Cowpeas were grown in a greenhouse for leaf-only harvest at 14, 28, 42, 56, 84, or 99 plants/m2 and were harvested 20, 30, 40, or 50 days after planting (DAP). Shoot and edible dry weights increased as plant density and time to harvest increased. A maximum of 1189 g shoot DW/m2 and 594 g edible DW/m2 were achieved at an estimated plant density of 85 plants/m2 and harvest 50 DAP. EYR also increased as plant density and time to harvest increased. An EYR of 11 g m-2 day-1 was predicted to occur at 86 plants/m2 and harvest 50 DAP. SHI and YER were not affected by plant density. However, the highest values of SHI (64%) and YER (1.3 g m-2 day-1 g-1) were attained when cowpeas were harvested 20 DAP. The average fat and ash contents [dry-weight basis (dwb)] of harvested leaves remained constant regardless of harvest time. Average protein content increased from 25% DW at 30 DAP to 45% DW at 50 DAP. Carbohydrate content declined from 50% DW at 30 DAP to 45% DW at 50 DAP. Total dietary fiber content (dwb) of the leaves increased from 19% to 26% as time to harvest increased from 20 to 50 days.     

The effects of root-zone warming on the yield and quality of roses grown in a hydroponic system

Rose cvs Ilona, Mercedes and Sonia, budded onto R. multiflora rootstock, were grown using the nutrient film technique. A root-zone temperature of 25°C was compared with ambient root temperatures at three night-time air temperatures of 18°, 12° and ambient (9°C), and in two other experiments at 18°, 14° and 10°C. Bloom yield and stem length and diameter were recorded for a 22-week winter/spring period and for shorter periods in the following summer. In Experiment 1 Sonia responded to root zone warming (RZW) by giving 44% more blooms and a 26% increase in stem length compared with ambient root temperature. Ilona gave a yield response only at a night temperature of 12°C, but RZW resulted in 22% longer stems. Mercedes gave 22% more blooms from RZW. Plants from Experiment 1 were used for a second year in Experiment 2. Mercedes produced 113% more blooms from RZW, Sonia 61% and Ilona 42%. Stem lengths were all increased by 6-7%. Experiment 3 used first-year plants. The pattern of yield response to RZW was similar to the other experiments. Mercedes gave 61%, Sonia 24% and Ilona 18% more blooms. Ilona showed the largest increase in stem length (24%). RZW increased the amplitude of the growth flushes, but their frequency was unaffected. Yields during the subsequent summer, when temperature differences between RZW and ambient temperatures were small, indicated residual effects of the winter treatments. Sonia (Experiment 1), and Mercedes and Sonia (Experiment 2) gave significantly higher yields from the RZW treatments. There was no evidence for a decrease in yield caused by RZW, only Ilona in Experiment 3 giving a lower yield in the summer.     

Effects of low oxygen short-term exposure at 15°C on postharvest physiology and quality of apricots harvested at two ripening stages

Summary

Apricots of two harvests (9–10° Brix and 13–14° Brix) were treated for 6 d at 15°C with 1%, 2% and 4% O₂ (low oxygen = LO) and then kept for 7 d and 5 d (respectively for the first and the second harvest) in air at 15°C (shelf life = s.l.). Control fruit were held continuously in air at 15°C or for 6 d at 5°C then moved to 15°C. In early harvest fruit, low O₂ (1% and 2%) for 6 d controlled ethylene production even after the transfer and consequently the fruit had lower SCC and were firmer. In fruit from the second harvest, only 1% O₂ atmosphere or control fruits at 5°C were able to control the rise of ethylene in s.l. and to reduce the increase of soluble solids content (SSC). A 1% O₂ atmosphere maintained acceptable firmness even during s.l. in fruit of both harvests. Respiration rate was better restricted by low temperature during the treatment but at the end of experiment no difference was observed among the samples. Colour of apricots was maintained only by 1% O₂ atmosphere or 5°C temperature both in the first and in the second harvest. Sensory evaluation of fruit of the first harvest revealed that only apricots kept at 15°C or in 4% O₂ were considered saleable. In the second harvest, apricots treated with 5°C and 1% O₂ were judged saleable. In conclusion, early harvest fruit does not benefit from low oxygen (1% and 2% O₂) because fruit does not reach the optimal SSC whereas for late harvest apricots the use of 1% O₂ at a higher temperature than that used commercially can be an alternative to low temperature as shipping treatment or short term storage.     

A comparison of potato seed tuber yields in beds,pots and hydroponic systems

The objective of this study was to compare potato seed tuber production of cvs. Monalisa and Agata growing in beds, pots or hydroponics, with either single or staggered harvests. All culture systems were established in plastic sheeting-covered greenhouses protected with an anti-aphid network. The beds and 3 L pots were filled with Plantmax^® substrate and placed in suspended beds. The hydroponic system utilized NFT (Nutrient film technique) and 4 m × 15 cm × 7 cm PVC tubes with a 4% slope and the fertilizers were a commercial formula. Each experiment was 4 treatments in factorial Scheme 2 × 2 with 2 cultivars (Monalisa and Agata) and 2 harvest methods (single and staggered). All three experiments were carried out in randomized design with 6 replicates and 7 plants per replicate.     

Soil and water conservation techniques in cashew grown along steep hill slopes

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), the highest foreign exchange earning perennial horticultural crop in India is generally grown as a rainfed crop along steep slopes of hills or on neglected land unsuitable for any other crop. In India, cashew experiences severe moisture stress from January to May, adversely affects its flowering and fruit set. In order to harvest the rainwater and to make it available to the cashew plant during critical period, an in situ soil and water conservation experiment was conducted at Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Karnataka, India during 2003–2010. This experiment was laid along contour with five treatments namely, modified crescent bunds, coconut husk burial, reverse terraces, catch pits and control plot without any soil and water conservation. Among the treatments, modified crescent bund and coconut husk burial were superior. These two treatments reduced the annual runoff (22.3 and 20.4% of the annual rainfall compared to 36.9% of the annual rainfall in control), soil loss (47 and 49% of control) and nutrient loss. Also it increased the mean soil moisture content, growth of plants, yield of cashew (6.45 and 6.60 t/ha respectively compared to 4.88 t/ha in control for the first 5 harvests) and net profit from cashew garden (40% more than control). In addition to this, the groundwater level in nearby wells and ponds increased. Hence, the barren land even in steep slopes with proper soil and water conservation measures can be effectively utilized for cashew cultivation.     

Responses of pepper to deficit irrigation for paprika production

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production is normally carried out under irrigation as the crop is very susceptible to water shortage. Deficit irrigation strategies in pepper for paprika could increase production and facilitate mechanical harvest and, at the same time, save water. We conducted a field experiment that imposed water deficits, either during ripening (T1) or throughout the season (T2), and compared them to a fully irrigated control (T3). Stem water potential varied from −0.6 MPa in T3, early in the season to −1.5 MPa in T2 prior to harvest. Applied irrigation water for T1, T2, and T3 was 456, 346 and 480 mm, respectively. Water deficits depress leaf area and biomass production but did not affect the proportion of flowers that set fruit. Dry fruit weight in T2 at harvest was 66% of T3, but did not differ significantly between T1 and T3. However, commercial yield (based on colour production) was significantly higher in T3 than in the other two treatments, as the late water deficits imposed in T1 delayed harvest. We concluded that water deficits, either sustained or applied at fruit ripening, required for mechanical harvest do not hasten ripening and are detrimental to commercial yields and that pepper plants should be well supplied with water until harvest for maximum paprika production.     

Ethychlozate accelerates colouration and enhances fruit quality of ponkan,Citrus reticulata Blanco

Experiments were conducted for six consecutive years to study the effects of ethychlozate (ethyl 5-chloro-1H-3-indazolylacetate) on the acceleration of colouration and enhancement of fruit quality of ponkan, Citrus reticulata Blanco. Spraying 67–200 mg 1⁻¹ ethychlozate twice at 15-day intervals between 65 and 125 days after full bloom enhanced colouration and Brix considerably. Citric acid contents were also increased. The best result was obtained when spraying was carried out at 90 days and again at 105 days. The treatment induced a deeper orange colour. This resulted in a higher percentage of fruit with more advanced colour at harvest in the middle of December.These findings are discussed in relation to the commercial application of the method on ponkan to allow an earlier harvest.     

Effects of CO2, temperature and their interaction on the growth, development and yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. botrytis)

Stands of summer cauliflower were grown within polyethylene-covered tunnels along which a temperature gradient was imposed. Two tunnels were maintained at either normal or elevated CO₂ concentrations. At the last harvest (88 days from transplanting) no interaction between CO₂ and temperature on total biomass was detected. The total dry weight of plants grown at 531 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ was 34% greater than those grown at 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂, whereas a 1 °C rise reduced dry weight by 6%. From serial harvests the radiation conversion coefficient was 2.01 g MJ⁻¹ and 1.42 g MJ⁻¹ at 531 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂and 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂, respectively, but was not greatly affected by differences in temperature. No effect of either CO₂ or temperature on the canopy light extinction coefficient was detected. The rate of progress towards curd initiation increased to a maximum at 15.5 °C, and declined thereafter. Provided the effect of temperature was accounted for, CO₂ enrichment did not affect the time of curd initiation. From serial harvests after curd initiation, the logarithm of curd weight or diameter were negative linear functions of mean temperature from initiation. Increases in curd weight and diameter at 531 compared with 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ were greater at warmer temperatures (27% at 13 °C compared with 47% at 15 °C, 57 days after initiation). Effects of CO₂ on curd diameter were less than those on curd dry weight because the curd dry matter content was greater at 531 compared with 328 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Thus, the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on fresh weight based yield parameters of cauliflower were less than the increase in total dry matter production.     

Characters of the fibroblast-like cells cultured from the mobilized peripheral blood cells

AIM: To explore the characters of fibroblast-like (F-L) cells cultured from granunocyte clony stimunating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood cell (PBC) harvests. METHODS: The adherent cells in the PBC harvests were cultured for 2 week in the mediums of RPMI-1640/L-DMEM/G-CSF or interleukin-3 (IL-3) plus RPMI-1640, the cultured F-L cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FC). RESULTS: The adherent non-confluent F-L cells obtained from the four groups were similar in their phenotypes: CD33+, CD11c+, CD64+, CD14+, CD45+, HLA-DR+, CD86+, CD34-, CD38-, CD3-, CD19-, CD56-, CD29-, CD44-, CD105-. The F-L cells are similar to monocytes except CD38- and were distinct from dendritic cells (DC) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). CONCLUSION: The cultured F-L cells are macrophages rather than DC or MSC. G-CSF, rhIL-3 enhances their numbers.     

施肥时期对杨梅大小年的影响

将采后（７月）施肥提前到春、夏梢发生前施用，能显著地缩小杨梅大小年幅度（变异指数春、夏肥为１２．０４，采后肥为３３．９８）；夏梢停长前（７月上旬）喷布５００ｍｇ·１~(-１)多效唑，增产效果显著；施春、夏肥与采后肥相比，果实单果重、可溶性固形物含量显著提高，果实含酸量显著降低。     

南瓜新品种龙园栗香的选育

龙园栗香南瓜是从日本和韩国引进品种中 ,经分离选育的自交系 93- 12 - 8和 93- 9- 7配制的早熟南瓜一代杂种 ,果实扁圆形 ,果皮墨绿色 ,覆白绿色点条斑纹 ,平均单瓜质量 2 .0kg ,果肉桔黄色 ,可食率达 80% ,肉质香面适口、品质佳。从播种至采收 80d(天 )左右 ,较抗白粉病和病毒病 ,平均产量逾 5 0 0 0 0kg·hm-2 。     

金嘴蝎尾蕉切花苞片褐变的控制

 研究了金嘴蝎尾蕉切花最佳采收时期和对其苞片褐变具有良好控制效果的预处理保鲜液及瓶插方法。结果表明: 金嘴蝎尾蕉以中蕾期采收最佳; 整个花枝水平放置, 完全浸泡于500 mg·L ^{- 1} H₃BO₄或500 mg·L ^{- 1} MgSO₄中1 h后, 结合2 mg·L ^{- 1} 6-BA + 200 mg·L ^{- 1} Al₂ ( SO₄ ) 3瓶插保鲜及0.1%聚乙烯醇喷洒花枝, 可显著控制苞片褐变, 保持组织较低水平pH值, 减缓膜透性的上升。其瓶插寿命分别达12 d和11.5 d, 显著高于对照的4 d。