不同施氮量对天然草场牧草产量影响

采用不同施氮量作用于天然草场，研究了草地施肥与牧草产量的关系，通过测定施肥试验的各项参数，确定了干草原类草场产草量和经济效益最佳的施肥方案，最佳施肥量为450kg/hm^2，同时建立了施肥量与牧草产量间的回归方程。     

不同刈割频次下老芒麦和草地雀麦的生产力形成机制

本文于2013-2014年在内蒙古呼和浩特市和林格尔县种植的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)和草地雀麦(Bromus riparius)单播草地上进行不同频次刈割(一年刈割1次、2次、3次和4次)试验,调查各刈割处理产量、枝条数和植株高度,分析了老芒麦和草地雀麦产量的影响因子及其与枝条数和高度之间的关系。研究表明:刈割极显著降低了老芒麦的再生枝条数(P0.01),从而影响其产量,产量与植株高度无显著相关性;草地雀麦产量不受刈割频次的影响,刈割增加了其再生枝条数,在高频次刈割时会通过增加其再生枝条数来缓解植株高度降低的问题,但随着刈割茬次的增加其再生草产量仍会降低(P0.01)。内蒙古呼和浩特地区老芒麦和草地雀麦的适宜的刈割频次均为每年2次。     

农牧交错带退耕还草对土壤有机质和氮的影响

在农牧交错带地区对退耕还草的草地进行土壤分析并与春小麦地比较,研究牧草对土壤有机质和氮含量的影响.结果表明,播种第2年(生产第1年),草地0～20 cm土壤有机质和全氮含量比小麦地有明显改善;单播和混播草地,播种第3年(生产第2年)较第2年土壤有机质和全氮含量均有增加,混播牧草改善土壤氮的效果比单播牧草更显著;老芒麦、无芒雀麦单播以及老芒麦 无芒雀麦混播可以明显改善土壤有机质;老芒麦 无芒雀麦、老芒麦 冰草3∶1的混播比例可以有效地增加土壤硝态氮含量.     

黄河上游高寒地区建植人工草地引种试验

对8个多年生禾本科牧草品种在黄河上游高寒草地建植人工草地引种试验的结果表明,各牧草当年均出苗且生长良好,但种子不能成熟,只能达到拔节期;第二年越冬率达90%以上,无芒雀麦、垂穗披碱草、多叶老芒麦、老芒麦的青干草产量均达3000 kg/hm2以上,冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾的青干草产量在1 500kg/hm2左右;种子成熟好的有冷地早熟禾、多叶老芒麦、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草.说明供试的8个多年生禾本科牧草品种在青海省黄河上游海拔3 400m左右的地区推广种植,效果良好.     

石羊河流域浅山干旱区牧草引种试验

为选择适合石羊河流域干旱地区种植的牧草,对9个多年生禾本科牧草进行了物候期、产草量和适应性研究。结果表明：老芒麦、肥披碱草、垂穗披碱草、冰草和西伯利亚冰草在产草量和适应性方面表现较好,适宜在该地区推广种植,可以作为退耕还草、建立人工草地的优质牧草。     

老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿混播试验

研究老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿在不同混播方式下种群的生长高度、茎/叶、叶面积指数及产草量的积累动态。结果表明:老芒麦和草原2号苜蓿高度的生长模式不受单播、混播的影响,其增长曲线为H=at2 bt c;生物量积累动态模式符合幂函数W=cta。老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿组合以3∶1混播,种群的茎/叶较之其他几种播种方式下的种群茎/叶要小。单播草原2号苜蓿的叶面积指数最大,混播组合居中;单播老芒麦的叶面积指数最小。人工草地较天然群落有显著的增产作用。混播人工草地比单播人工草地又有明显的增产效应,其中老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿以3∶1的混播组合又比其他混播组合有很明显的增产现象。营养成分里的粗蛋白在单播草原2号苜蓿中的含量最高,在单播老芒麦中的含量最低。混播组合的粗蛋白质含量介于这二者之间。     

黄河上游高寒地区建植人工草地引种试验

对8个多年生禾本科牧草品种在黄河上游高寒草地建植人工草地引种试验的结果表明,各牧草当年均出苗且生长良好,但种子不能成熟,只能达到拔节期;第二年越冬率达90%以上,无芒雀麦、垂穗披碱草、多叶老芒麦、老芒麦的青干草产量均达3000kg/hm2以上,冷地早熟禾、草地早熟禾的青干草产量在1500kg/hm2左右;种子成熟好的有冷地早熟禾、多叶老芒麦、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草。说明供试的8个多年生禾本科牧草品种在青海省黄河上游海拔3400m左右的地区推广种植,效果良好。     

老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿混播试验

研究老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿在不同混播方式下种群的生长高度、茎／叶、叶面积指数及产草量的积累动态。结果表明：老芒麦和草原2号苜蓿高度的生长模式不受单播、混播的影响，其增长曲线为H=at^2 bt c；生物量积累动态模式符合幂函数W=ct^a。老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿组合以3：1混播，种群的茎／叶较之其他几种播种方式下的种群茎／叶要小。单播草原2号苜蓿的叶面积指数最大。混播组合居中；单播老芒麦的叶面积指数最小。人工草地较天然群落有显著的增产作用。混播人工草地比单播人工草地又有明显的增产效应，其中老芒麦与草原2号苜蓿以3：1的混播组合又比其他混播组合有很明显的增产现象。营养成分里的粗蛋自在单播草原2号苜蓿中的含量最高。在单播老芒麦中的含量最低。混播组合的粗蛋白质含量介于这二者之间。     

春季施肥对多花黑麦草种子生产性能的影响

采用完全随机试验设计,研究了多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum春季不同时期(分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期)、不同施肥量对其种子生产性能的影响,结果表明,各处理对种子产量的影响极显著(P<0.01),处理B2[拔节期施肥N∶P∶K=20∶18∶22.5(kg/hm2)]种子产量最高,达到620.1 kg/hm2,比对照增产48.7%。与对照相比,千粒重和小穗数均显著增加。     

披碱草和老芒麦附着微生物检测及添加乳酸菌对其青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验以内蒙古草地禾本科披碱草、老芒麦为研究对象,进行禾本科牧草附着不同微生物的分离计数,并将分离于原料牧草的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和蒙氏肠球菌(Entericoccus mundtii)(已由IMCAS鉴定)作为添加剂,研究其对披碱草、老芒麦混合牧草青贮发酵品质的影响。结果表明,1)披碱草和老芒麦上附着乳酸菌的数量远低于霉菌、酵母菌等青贮有害菌的数量。2)添加乳酸菌可以明显降低青贮的pH值(P<0.05),明显增加乳酸(LA)含量(P<0.05),降低青贮干物质的损失量(DML),其中球菌与杆菌组可显著降低青贮中氨态氮的含量(P<0.05)。     

不同施肥方式对饲用玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验旨研究不同施肥方式对饲草产量及品质的影响。试验共设化肥、有机肥和有机无机配方肥3个处理,各处理按等N量324 kg/hm²等量折算化肥、有机肥和有机无机配方肥,生长期采用滴灌方式进行灌溉。研究结果表明,施用有机无机配方肥株高（3.08 m）,较施用化肥差异不显著（P＞0.05）,较施用有机肥差异显著（P＜0.05）;施用有机无机配方肥单株重（1.52 kg）,鲜草产量（84.53 t/hm²）和干草产量（32.01 t/hm²）均为最高,显著高于施用化肥和有机肥（P＜0.05）;施用有机无机配方肥DM（37.87%）、Starch（38.47%）含量最高,较施用化肥差异不显著（P＞0.05）,较施用有机肥差异显著（P＜0.05）。施用有机无机配方肥饲草NDF（33.90%）和ADF（20.90%）含量最低,较施用化肥和有机肥差异显著（P＜0.05）。综上所述,在干旱半干旱地区滴灌种植饲用玉米,施用有机无机配方肥可以提高饲草产量和品质,适宜在当地或者同类地区推广应用。     

The effects of allowance and frequency of allocation of autumn-saved pasture, when offered to spring lambing ewes in mid pregnancy, on ewe and lamb performance and subsequent herbage yield

The effects of (i) frequency of herbage allocation and (ii) herbage allowance on ewe and subsequent lamb performance, when autumn-saved (extended grazed, deferred grazed) pasture is grazed (between 28 Nov and 30 Jan) by spring lambing ewes during mid gestation, were studied in Experiment 1. This involved 72 crossbred ewes from days 41 to 104 of gestation allocated to one of four treatments; two herbage dry matter (DM) allowances (1.0 and 1.8 kg per ewe) by two frequencies of herbage allocation (daily or twice weekly). From day 105 of gestation to parturition all ewes were housed and offered grass silage (ad libitum) plus a total of 19 kg concentrate. Increasing herbage allowance improved ewe body condition score (P < 0.01) and live weight (P < 0.01) at the end of deferred grazing, and tended to increase herbage intake (P = 0.08) during deferred grazing. Reducing the frequency of herbage allocation increased lamb birth weight (P < 0.05). Otherwise frequency of herbage allocation did not alter (P > 0.05) forage intake or utilization, or ewe or subsequent lamb performance. In Experiment 2, the effects of herbage allowance (1.0 or 1.8 kg DM per ewe), frequency of allocation (daily, twice weekly) and grazing date (28 Nov. to 4 Dec., 12 to 18 Dec., 2 to 8 Jan. and 23 to 29 Jan.) during deferred grazing on herbage yield and composition at four subsequent harvest dates (4, 18 and 25 Apr., and 25 May) were evaluated in a split-plot design consisting of 128 plots. Delaying grazing date reduced herbage yield (P < 0.05) and the concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P < 0.01) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; P < 0.01). Delaying harvest date increased herbage yield (P < 0.001) and reduced (P < 0.001) the concentrations of NDF, ADF and metabolisable energy. Increasing herbage allowance at grazing increased (P < 0.05) subsequent herbage yield. Frequency of herbage allocation during deferred grazing did not affect (P > 0.05) subsequent herbage yield. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.001) between grazing date and harvest date for herbage yield. It is concluded that to maximise stock carrying capacity and reduce labour requirement a herbage DM allowance of 1 kg per ewe per day, allocated twice weekly, is sufficient for ewes on deferred grazed pasture in mid pregnancy.     

硒锌与富啡酸配施对紫花苜蓿产量、营养成分及氨基酸组成的影响

采用大田小区试验方法,通过播前基施硒、锌微肥和富啡酸,研究了硒锌和富啡酸配施对紫花苜蓿产量、营养成分及氨基酸组成的影响。结果表明:在统一施用氮磷钾的基础上,适量硒锌或富啡酸的施用均可提高紫花苜蓿干草产量,且以两者配施效果最好,产量达16.28 t/hm²,显著(P<0.01)高于对照,增幅为42.43%;施用硒锌混合微肥或富啡酸均可显著提高紫花苜蓿硒、锌含量及积累量;硒锌和富啡酸配施极显著提高了紫花苜蓿粗蛋白含量和粗灰分含量,而对粗脂肪、粗纤维和无氮浸出物含量影响不显著,三者配施显著提高了氨基酸总量及缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)以及赖氨酸(Lys)等3种必需氨基酸(EAA),同时提高了非必需氨基酸(NEAA)中的天门冬氨酸(Asp)、精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)和酪氨酸(Tyr),其他氨基酸变化不明显。因此,适量硒锌与富啡酸配施有利于增加苜蓿干草产量、营养成分、必需氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量,改善紫花苜蓿品质。     

青海高寒草甸施氮肥增产效应浅析

采用氮肥施用量的单因子试验研究了施用氮肥对高寒草甸的增产效应。结果表明,就2年累积增产效应而言,施氮量为150 kg/hm2时,每公斤尿素可获得地上总生物量的最大增产量为19.22 kg,而当施氮量为225 kg/hm2时,禾本科牧草可以获得单位尿素的最大增产量为17.48 kg。综合考虑草地总盖度、草地总生物量、优良牧草生物量及优良牧草分盖度的增加,认为天然高寒草甸草地的最佳施氮量为150 kg/hm2,2年累积可增加地上总生物量2 883 kg/hm2鲜草,增加禾本科牧草地上生物量1 770 kg/hm2鲜草。     

Effect of herbage allowance and concentrate supplementation on dry matter intake, milk production and energy balance of early lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of daily herbage allowance and concentrate supplementation level offered at approximately 40 and 80 days in milk (DIM) and the carryover effects at 120 DIM on the production performance of spring calving dairy cows. Sixty-six (30 primiparous and 36 multiparous) Holstein–Friesian dairy cows (mean calving date — 7 Feb ± 9.9 days) were randomly assigned to a 6 treatment (n = 11) grazing study. The experiment was a randomised block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (3 daily herbage allowances (DHA's; approximately 13, 16 and 19 kg DM/cow/day; > 4 cm) and 2 concentrate allowances (0 and 4 kg DM/day). Treatments were imposed from 21 February to 8 May. Following this period (subsequent 4-weeks) animals were offered a daily herbage allowance of 20 kg DM/cow/day and no concentrate. Milk production, total dry matter intake (TDMI), energy balance (EB) and blood metabolites were measured on three occasions — at approximately 40, 80 and 120 days in milk, R1, R2 and the carryover period, respectively. Cows offered a low DHA had a lower post-grazing sward height but increased sward utilisation (> 4 cm) during R1 and R2, there was no difference during the carryover period. Concentrate supplementation increased post-grazing sward height by 11% during R2 but had no effect during R1 and the carryover period. Daily herbage allowance had no effect on milk yield or composition during R1 however a low DHA tended to reduce milk yield in R2. Concentrate supplementation increased milk and solids corrected milk (SCM) yield by 4.1 and 2.8 kg/cow/day, respectively during R1 and also increased R2 milk production performance, this effect extended into the carryover period. Offering a low DHA restricted grass dry matter intake (DMI) during R1 and R2 yet concentrate supplementation significantly increased total DMI (2.3 (R1) and 3.0 (R2) kg DM/cow). Animals offered a low DHA had a significantly lower bodyweight (BW) than those offered a medium or high DHA during P1 and P2. Concentrate supplementation increased BW during P1 and P2 (+ 9 and + 14 kg/cow, respectively). There was no effect of treatment on BW during P3. There was no effect of DHA on EB in R1; during R2 animals offered a low DHA had the lowest EB. Concentrate significantly increased EB in R1 and R2 and increased plasma glucose concentration while it decreased plasma NEFA and BHB concentrations. The results of this study indicate that animals should be offered a low DHA up to 80 DIM after which DHA should be increased however animals should also be supplemented with concentrate during the early post-partum period.     

前茬施氮对皖草2号草产量影响的研究

研究前茬施氮水平和施氮方式与后茬皖草2号草产量及全年草产量的动态关系.结果表明:前茬施氮能增加皖草2号的株高,尤以前茬氮肥分期施用处理最为明显.随前茬氮肥水平的加大,后茬皖草2号的鲜草、干草产量相应提高,其中前茬纯氮肥施用量达225 kg/hm2以上时,后茬皖草2号的鲜草、干草产量达到较高水平.相同施氮水平条件下,前茬氮肥分期施用比一次性基施的鲜草、干草产量高.前茬氮肥施用量的增加与氮肥分期施用均能提高小黑麦Triticale cereale-皖草2号Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense的全年草产量,且差异达极显著水平,前茬纯氮施用量为300和375 kg/hm2且分期施用时,2茬牧草全年干草总产量均可达到较高水平,且两者之间的差异不显著.     

施用液体复合肥-绿迪乐对山地草原类草场牧草产量及群落高度的影响

以青藏高原山地草原类草场为研究对象,通过对草地进行液体复合肥-绿迪乐喷施,分析施肥对天然草地牧草产量及高度的影响。结果表明：喷施液体复合肥-绿迪乐可大幅度提高牧草产量和群落高度。从生产角度考虑,结合不同喷施量处理效益对比分析,山地草原类草场进行液体复合肥-绿迪乐喷施时,喷施量为300kg／hm2比较经济合理。     

Influence of feed intake fluctuation and frequency of feeding on nutrient digestion, digesta kinetics, and ruminal fermentation profiles in limit-fed steers

Nine crossbred beef steers (344 +/- 26 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of feeding frequency and feed intake fluctuation on total tract digestion, digesta kinetics, and ruminal fermentation profiles in limit-fed steers. In Period 1, steers were allotted randomly to one of four dietary treatments: 1) feed offered once daily at 0800; 2) feed offered once daily at 0800 with a 10% fluctuation in day-to-day feed intake; 3) feed offered twice daily at 0800 and 1700; and 4) feed offered twice daily at 0800 and 1700 with a 10% fluctuation in a day-to-day feed intake. In Period 2, steers were reallocated across treatments. The 90% concentrate diet was fed at 90% of the ad-libitum consumption by each steer. Chromium-EDTA and Yb-labeled steam-flaked corn were intraruminally infused at 0800 on d 1 and 3 and Co-EDTA and Er-labeled steam-flaked corn were infused on d 2 and 4 of the 4-d collection period. Ruminal samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h after the 0800 feeding, and total feces were collected for 4 d. Total tract digestibilities of OM, N, and starch were lowest (fluctuation x frequency, P < .05) when feed was offered twice daily with a 10% fluctuation in intake. Ruminal fluid volume and passage rate were not affected (P > .10) by feeding frequency or intake fluctuation. A frequency x fluctuation x sampling time interaction occurred (P < .01) for ruminal pH. Steers fed a constant amount of feed once daily had higher (P < .05) ruminal pH at 0, 3, 18, and 24 h than steers fed once daily with a 10% fluctuation in feed intake. Total VFA concentration was greater (P < .01) at 9 h after the 0800 feeding when feed was offered once vs twice daily. Feeding twice daily increased (P < .05) the molar proportion of acetate and decreased (P < .05) the molar proportion of propionate. Increasing feeding frequency resulted in a more stable ruminal environment; however, the increased acetate:propionate ratio with twice-daily feeding might result in lower efficiency of energy utilization by limit-fed steers.     

青海高寒天然草地施氮肥试验

采用氮肥单因子试验研究了施用氮肥对高寒草甸的增产效应。结果表明:就两年累积增产效应而言,施肥量为37.5kg/hm2时,单位尿素可获得地上总生物量的最大增产量为27.84 kg,而当施肥量为225kg/hm2时,禾本科牧草可以获得单位尿素的最大增产量为17.48kg。综合考虑两年草地总生物量、优良牧草生物量的变化,认为天然高寒草甸草地施氮量为225 kg/hm2时可以获得最大禾草产量及单位尿素最大增产量,有利于退化天然草地向良性方向发展。     

施肥梯度对甘南高寒草甸植被特征的影响

通过小区控制施肥实验,研究了施肥梯度对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸植被特征的影响.结果表明,1) 施肥使线叶嵩草、波伐早熟禾、垂穗鹅观草等禾草的高度显著增加,异针茅、瑞玲草等非禾草类的高度减少.2) 随着施肥梯度的增大,群落的总密度逐渐下降, 禾草密度在不同施肥梯度下有时增加,有时减少,无一般性规律;而非禾草物种密度一般是减少的.3) 随施肥梯度的增加,地上生物量明显提高,多样性指数逐渐下降.施肥对群落密度、地上生物量和多样性的作用都要在2年以后才表现出明显的规律.