二次渐伐在大兴安岭林区的应用

渐伐是在一个较长时期内,分几次伐完整个伐区上全部成熟林木的一种主伐方式。这种主伐方式适用于天然更新容易,林冠下已经有足够的主要树种的幼苗幼树及土壤浅薄的成熟单层林分。由于这种主伐方式采用伐前更新,作业后不必进行人工更新,能够取得和等带间隔皆伐同等数量的木材,并且在表面上似乎能缩短采育比例失调的距离,     

甘肃小陇山灌木林不同改造模式天然更新研究

用样方法,研究了小陇山林区5种典型灌木林地改造模式的乔木树种天然更新幼苗的密度和多样性。结果表明:5种灌木林地改造模式的乔木树种天然更新情况总体良好,小于50 cm高度级幼苗数量相对较少,大于50 cm高度级幼苗的存活率较高;5种改造模式天然更新树种以锐齿栎为主,其中,全面割灌改造日本落叶松(模式3)更新幼苗物种丰富度最高,全面割灌改造油松模式(模式2)天然更新树种丰富度最小;带状割灌改造模式(模式4和模式5)和全面割灌改造华山松模式(模式1)的更新树种多样性较高,各树种分配均匀,优势树种的集中性较低;改造树种华山松的天然更新能力较油松日本落叶松强,带状割灌改造模式更有利于华山松天然更新。     

兴安落叶松林天然更新苗生长观察一例

利用兴安落叶松幼苗解析木资料,对原始兴安落叶松在林冠下、采伐道、次生裸地进行苗木生长分析。调查后表明,采伐道上天然更新落叶松苗生长发育最好,次生裸地次之,林冠下最差。     

森林天然更新影响因子研究进展

森林天然更新是在没有人力参与下或通过一定的主伐方式,利用天然下种或伐根萌芽、地下茎萌芽、根系萌蘖等方式形成新林的过程.本文对森林天然更新优越性、影响森林天然更新因子等研究结果与结论进行了综合述评.     

华北落叶松人工林地表处理措施对当年幼苗密度的影响

【目的】研究华北落叶松人工林天然更新的主要限制因素,探索寻找促进天然更新的实用技术,为改善华北落叶松林天然更新和林分结构提供技术支撑。【方法】在宁夏六盘山选择5个试验点,每个试验点按林冠郁闭度不同选择华北落叶松人工林5类生境(近熟林的林冠下、林隙、林中空地、林缘和退耕幼龄林地),每类生境各设1块12 m×20 m样地,2018年10月中旬在每块样地设置割草、除落、开沟、挖穴和对照5种处理,采用完全随机区组设计,每个区组平行于等高线排列,地表处理后撒播华北落叶松种子(100粒·m~(-2))。整个试验共设置25块样地,每块样地5种处理,每种处理3次重复。在近熟林林冠下和退耕幼龄林生境设置防止鸟鼠采食种子的尼龙网覆盖和不覆盖2种措施。2019年6月计数存活幼苗,并进行统计分析。【结果】不覆网时,退耕幼龄林、林缘、林隙、林冠下和林中空地5类生境的幼苗密度均值依次为2.7、1.8、1.4、1.3和0.8株·m~(-2);开沟、挖穴、清枯、割草和对照5种处理幼苗密度均值依次为2.1、1.9、1.8、1.3和1.1株·m~(-2);每类生境的5种处理之间,最高的平均幼苗密度依次为林缘样地开沟4.1株·m~(-2)、退耕幼龄林样地割草3.6株·m~(-2)、林隙样地开沟2.4株·m~(-2)、林冠下样地挖穴2.1株·m~(-2)、林中空地挖穴1.3株·m~(-2)。林地覆网能极显著提高所有处理的幼苗密度。近熟林内林冠下样地的幼苗密度均值提高幅度依次为清除枯落物2.3株·m~(-2)、开沟1.0株·m~(-2)、对照0.5株·m~(-2)、挖穴0.5株·m~(-2)、割草0.5株·m~(-2),即可提高0.5～2.3株·m~(-2);退耕幼林样地的幼苗密度均值提高幅度依次为清枯2.3株·m~(-2)、开沟1.7株·m~(-2)、挖穴1.3株·m~(-2)、割草0.6株·m~(-2)、对照0.3株·m~(-2),即可提高0.3～2.3株·m~(-2),与近熟林内林冠下样地基本一致。【结论】限制华北落叶松人工林天然更新的主要因素包括动物采食种子、过厚枯落物层阻碍幼苗根系进入土壤、病虫危害、杂草竞争和过密林冠遮荫等;建议采取的最佳复合措施为:通过间伐形成或选择业已存在的中等郁闭生境(如未郁闭幼龄林、林缘、林隙等),在林地部分区域全部清除枯落物或大面积开沟,下种后覆盖防止动物取食种子的尼龙网,这样可大幅提高林下幼苗密度。     

谈郁闭度对沙松天然更新苗生长的影响

通过对40多年生沙松人工林在不同的郁闭度条件下天然更新的调查,分析了郁闭度与更新幼苗的密度、高生长、径生长的关系及利用天然更新苗更新造林的可行性。     

康宁霉素对国槐幼苗根系生长的影响

主要探究了康宁霉素不同施用方法对国槐幼苗根系生长的影响。分别采用叶面喷施和灌根两种方法处理国槐幼苗后,取国槐幼苗完整的根系,利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统对根系进行扫描和分析,并比较这两种处理下国槐幼苗根系的总根长、根系总表面积、根系总体积、根尖数等的变化情况。结果表明:康宁霉素叶面喷施与灌根两种方式处理可以在一定浓度范围内增加国槐幼苗根系的总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数等;另外,康宁霉素处理下可以有效地提高国槐幼苗的根系活力。其中,与康宁霉素叶面喷施相比,康宁霉素灌根处理的促进效果更显著。     

红松人工林和相邻次生林林下红松天然更新种群格局分析

为了探讨球果采摘后红松天然更新幼苗幼树的生长生存现状,了解红松天然更新种群的动态,以红松人工林及其相邻蒙古栎次生林两种林分为对象,对红松天然更新幼苗幼树的分布状态及其生长状况进行了调查分析。结果表明:(1)红松人工林与蒙古栎次生林林内红松天然更新种群年龄结构都不完整,蒙古栎次生林内红松天然更新种群年龄对应于球果采摘强度的不同时期出现了两个峰值,而红松人工林内只有前4年生幼苗;(2)两种林分中1~3a红松天然更新幼苗的株/簇与簇数均符合指数函数变化,即红松幼苗幼树多以单株存在,簇生幼苗的数量占比很少;(3)蒙古栎次生林林内的红松天然更新幼苗在苗高和地径生长都比红松人工林内的具有优势,两种林分中1a和2a更新幼苗的苗高差异不明显,但3a更新幼苗的苗高差异显著;次生林内1~3a红松天然更新幼苗的地径均极显著高于人工林林内的红松幼苗。结论:在当前的这种球果采摘条件下,红松人工林及其相邻蒙古栎次生林林内红松更新幼苗幼树分布受到了很大影响,种群年龄结构不合理,大多数幼苗幼树以单株存在。     

幼林全面割灌抚育法

幼林抚育是巩固更新造林成果的重要措施,是人工林成林的关键环节。三岔子林业局从1983年开始,对幼林抚育采取了最后一次幼抚和未达到郁闭的人工林实行全面割灌抚育法,效果很好。具体作法: 1、依据各树种规定的抚育年限,最后一次幼抚和幼抚已结束而未达到郁闭前的人工林采取全面割灌抚育法。2、抚育时天然苗与人工苗同时进行,并保留好。3、全部割除林地内的藤条、灌木、草本,不伤幼苗幼树,茬高不超10公分。4、对人工苗保存率低于80%的,天然更新幼苗幼树较少且分布不均的,在抚育的同时     

不同光照条件下红松幼苗光合作用诱导反应的研究

无论光通量密度(PPFD)为200靘ol穖-2穝-1还是500靘ol穖-2穝-1,生长在林冠下的红松幼苗光合速率达稳定净光合速率的50%和90%的诱导时间均长于全光条件下生长苗木。全光下生长的红松幼苗在PPFD为500靘ol穖-2穝-1时的诱导反应较PPFD为200靘ol穖-2穝-1时缓慢,而林冠下生长苗木则恰好相反。表明林冠下生长红松幼苗的光合作用诱导期与光斑强度有关。图3参6。     

子午岭油松林林隙更新特征研究

利用样地调查资料,以林下为对照,分析研究子午岭油松林的林隙更新特征,结果表明:1)子午岭油松林林隙内和林下更新树种在组成和数量上有较大差异,其中,油松在林隙内的重要值远远大于其在林下的重要值,是林隙更新的主要树种;2)油松幼苗幼树在林隙内生长良好,7年生以上的幼树在林下分布已很少,地径在1.0cm以上、高度在50cm以上的幼树数量分布在林隙内也远远大于林下,说明随着年龄的增长,油松幼苗幼树在林隙内存活的概率大于林下;3)方差分析表明,油松幼苗幼树在林隙内与林下的高度生长差异极为显著;4)相关性分析表明,林隙内油松幼苗幼树的更新数量与光照强度呈显著正相关,与植被总盖度呈显著负相关。     

间伐对川中丘陵区人工柏木林下天然更新的影响

以川中丘陵区"带状采伐+补阔"试验基地作为研究对象,调查其林下天然更新情况。结果表明:(1)采伐带、保留带天然更新的幼树幼苗明显高于对照样地(P<0.05)。10m、8 m、6 m、4m采伐带、保留带的天然更新幼树幼苗分别是对照的10.63倍、9.38倍、7.92倍、7.50倍和3.33倍、3.75倍、4.38倍、6.04倍。(2)采伐带、保留带、对照样地内的更新幼树幼苗的树高均显现为左偏单峰结构,且均以树高≤0.1m的幼苗数量最多。不同带宽采伐带和保留带内天然更新的幼树幼苗高度分级占比不尽相同。(3)所有处理下的天然更新的幼树幼苗均呈聚集状分布的状态,且聚集强度较大。(4)除柏木外,天然更新的树种种类多以香樟、香椿、乌桕等喜阳或半喜阳的为主。     

Conspecific negative density dependence in a long-lived conifer,yew <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis> L.

Conspecific negative density dependence in tree species can have major consequences for structuring of communities, yet in temperate forests this phenomenon remains largely unexplored. We investigated density-dependent recruitment in the long-lived conifer yew (Taxus baccata L.), for which low levels of regeneration have been linked with reduced light availability beneath conspecific canopies and speculative autotoxic effects. We combined in situ assessment of yew regeneration in a temperate forest in southwest Ireland with ex situ pot experiments to assess whether light and/or beneath conspecific canopy conditions inhibit the germination and early growth of yew. In field experiments, recruitment was related to distance from adult conspecifics, with higher levels of regeneration found in areas not beneath yew canopies. However, reduced light availability beneath the dense yew canopy was not responsible for this pattern, with abundant seedlings found in areas of equivalent or even lower light availability. Pot experiments showed that seedling survival was highest in deep shade treatments. Experiments also demonstrated that the addition of yew needles negatively affected seedling growth, but not seed germination. Together, our results suggest that under natural forest conditions, the absence of regeneration beneath mature yew canopies, often attributed to low light availability, may at least be partly related to substances in yew canopy or leaf leachates.     

寒温带兴安落叶松林天然更新研究

以内蒙古大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松原始林、渐伐更新林、皆伐更新林3种森林类型为研究对象,对其天然更新幼苗的大小级结构及空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:原始林与渐伐更新林的更新幼苗大小级结构均属于稳定型种群,有利于种群的连续更新;而皆伐更新林幼苗大小级结构属于下降型种群,不利于种群的连续更新。3种森林类型的幼苗分布格局均呈聚集分布,聚集程度等级由强到弱顺序为:原始林>皆伐更新林>渐伐更新林。并提出了兴安落叶松合理经营管理的建议。     

我国天然云冷杉针阔混交林更新研究进展*

天然云冷杉针阔混交林是我国的主要森林类型之一 ,在国民用材中占有相当大的比重。天然更新对森林群落的重构起着至关重要的作用。采伐是影响森林更新的主要人为干扰因素之一。对天然云冷杉针阔混交林适宜采用择伐 ,不适宜采用皆伐。择伐强度在 3 0 %以下有利于天然更新。林隙中更新树种的种类和数量通常多于林冠下 ,林隙具有较高的物种多样性指数。     

Damage by pine weevil Hylobius abietis to conifer seedlings after shelterwood removal

Abstract

Pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) damage to seedlings after overstorey removal was investigated in a survey study in six shelterwoods in the south–central part of Sweden. The shelterwoods predominantly consisted of Scots pine, except at one site where the shelter trees mainly consisted of Norway spruce. Before final cutting, 10 plots were laid out at each site and measurements of shelter trees and marked seedlings were taken. The seedlings were examined during the 2 years after final cutting. The study showed that removal of shelter trees increases the risk of severe damage by pine weevil and the variable that was most strongly correlated with the risk was the seedling root collar diameter. Both Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings were severely damaged by pine weevil, and most of the feeding occurred during the first year after cutting. The amount of debarked area was significantly larger for Scots pine than for Norway spruce seedlings. Vitality (growth of the leading shoot before final cutting) of the seedlings also affected the probability of damage. Seedlings with high vitality were less damaged by pine weevil than seedlings with low vitality. For Scots pine the shelterwood density before final cutting was correlated to the intensity of pine weevil feeding after cutting. In conclusion, after the final cutting of a pine or spruce shelterwood, pine weevils will probably invade the area. To avoid serious damage, Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings should have reached a diameter of at least 10–12 mm.     

Survival and Growth of Picea abies Regeneration after Shelterwood Removal with Single- and Double-grip Harvester Systems

Three stands in Sweden were followed for 7 yrs to study the survival and growth of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] regeneration after shelterwood removal with single- and double-grip harvester systems. The height of all seedlings within circular plots was recorded before and after final cutting. The tallest seedling and one randomly selected seedling on each circular plot were permanently marked and their annual height growth was measured each year during the period 1993-1999. No significant differences between single- and double-grip harvester systems were found with respect to their effects on regeneration density, survival or annual height growth. The annual height growth of the individual seedlings after shelterwood removal was significantly correlated with seedling height before shelterwood removal. Significant differences were found in annual height growth between seedlings with high and low vitality. Logging damage did not affect the annual height growth. Several practical conclusions were drawn. First, the choice of harvester system does not affect seedling height growth or survival after shelterwood removal. Secondly, the removal of a 200 m³ shelterwood with 200 stems ha^-1 does not seem to constitute a serious problem for seedling survival and growth. Finally, estimated vitality and seedling height both seem to be fairly good predictors of postrelease survival and growth.     

Five-year field comparison of naturally regenerated Pinus taeda L. to genetically improved container stock,with and without release

A field study compared genetically improved, container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site in southern Arkansas, USA. Pines on 50% of all plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 61 cm radius of each tree stem. Woody competition was controlled by hand cutting for 5 consecutive years and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides (sulfometuron methyl and glyphosate) for 4 consecutive years. Competition control increased 5-year survival by 21–23% for natural and planted seedlings, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two regeneration techniques. Five years after field establishment, planted pines averaged 85% more volume than naturally established pines. Nevertheless, greater volume gains (551–688%) were achieved within regeneration techniques, as a result of competition control, than were achieved between the two regeneration techniques.     

森林草原过渡带中沙地云杉幼苗在林窗中的环境梯度变化

在我国内蒙古自治区森林草原过渡带中,从林窗内到周围环境进行沙地云杉(Piceamongolica)幼苗的调查以阐明其梯度变化。在沙地森林区,选择了一个形成年龄长达30年的大林窗,从林窗中央向周围森林作2个5m宽的样带,对沙地云杉幼苗动态进行了监测。幼苗距离林窗中心越远,个体越高,数量也越多。在林窗内,有很多幼苗,但是大多数的幼苗在它们长大之前就死亡了。相对于林木高度的动态变化,幼苗的死亡率在样带中的分布基本上有着相似的规律。沿着森林的边缘,幼苗的生长可能由于林窗中边缘光线渗透而得到暂时的提高。文中还讨论了自然森林的更新动态。结果表明在沙地云杉林里林窗干扰带能产生一个非均质的环境促进物种的更新,从而决定了该森林是一个多年龄层次的森林类型。图6参37。     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择林相较好的12年生天然次生阔叶林，通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新两种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。结果表明：择伐经营的经济效益较高，且有利于群落的快速恢复，经过7a的封育，林分蓄积量已达到择伐前当年的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40％左右，但因经营强度过大，保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复，封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64．7％和73．4％。动态监测结果显示，采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后，群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加，阳性和中性树种大量侵入，地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7年时，高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态，乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林，物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现，两种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小，经过7a的恢复，林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。