Sea Snakes: An Unusual Salt Gland under the Tongue

The posterior sublingual gland of sea snakes is a salt gland. It secretes a fluid surpassing seawater in sodium chloride concentration. The gland lies on the ventrolateral surfaces of the tongue sheath and empties through multiple ducts into the sheath. Fluid is expelled from the sheath when the tongue is extended. For freshly captured Pelamis, the plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, and potassium were 210, 167, and 8 millimoles per liter, respectively. Injections of sodium chloride led to a rise in its concentration in the plasma and to an increase in the rate and concentration of fluid secreted by the sublingual gland. The ultrastructure of this gland is similar to that of other reptilian salt glands. However, the gland is not homologous with any other salt gland. The sublingual gland in Pelamis is larger than that in Laticauda, and the rate of electrolyte excretion from the larger gland is greater.     

Function of the rectal gland in the spiny dogfish

The rectal gland of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, secretes a fluid which is essentially a sodium chloride solution with a concentration about twice that of the plasma and greater than that of sea water. Observed volumes of flow are sufficiently large to make it clear that the rectal gland can remove from the blood relatively large amounts of sodium chloride, and presumably this is its function.     

NASAL SALT EXCRETION AND THE POSSIBLE FUNCTION OF THE CLOACA IN WATER CONSERVATION

Secretion of concentrated salt solutions from the nasal region was observed in several terrestrial birds and reptiles. In the secreted fluid potassium usually exceeded sodium concentrations, with chloride and bicarbonate as the major anions. It is suggested that the extrarenal excretion of salts is related to the reabsorption of water in the cloaca, that it is necessary for the production of urine with a particularly low water content, and perhaps was prerequisite for the evolution of efficient cloacal water conservation.     

木麻黄盐害肿枝病研究

广东沿海木麻黄肿枝病经试验证明主要是由海水中的氯化钠和氯化钾直接引起的盐害。木麻黄地上部较地下部易受盐害。 沿海木麻黄病、健植株小枝的氯、钠离子含量有显著差异,病株小枝的氯、钠离子含量为健康小枝的两倍多。 土壤分析结果表明:病区土壤含盐量比健区高约一倍,水分和有机质含量比健区低约一倍。试验亦证明土壤含水量和土质对苗木盐害有显著的影响。 在测试的15个木麻黄无性系中只有1个较耐盐害。     

Oscillations of cytosolic sodium during calcium oscillations in exocrine acinar cells

In acinar cells from rat salivary glands, cholinergic agonists cause oscillations in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, which then drive oscillations of cell volume that reflect oscillating cell solute content and fluid secretion. By quantitative fluorescence ratio microscopy of an intracellular indicator dye for sodium, it has now been shown that large amplitude oscillations of sodium concentration were associated with the calcium and cell volume oscillations. Both calcium and sodium oscillations were dependent on the continued presence of calcium in the extracellular medium and were abolished by the specific sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor ouabain. Thus, calcium oscillations in salivary acinar cells, by modulating the activities of ion transport pathways in the plasma membrane, can cause significant oscillations of monovalent ions that may in turn feed back to regulate calcium oscillations and fluid secretion.     

Activation of salivary secretion: coupling of cell volume and [Ca2+]i in single cells

High-resolution differential interference contrast microscopy and digital imaging of the fluorescent calcium indicator dye fura-2 were performed simultaneously in single rat salivary gland acinar cells to examine the effects of muscarinic stimulation on cell volume and cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Agonist stimulation of fluid secretion is initially associated with a rapid tenfold increase in [Ca2+]i as well as a substantial cell shrinkage. Subsequent changes of cell volume in the continued presence of agonist are tightly coupled to dynamic levels of [Ca2+]i, even during [Ca2+]i oscillations. Experiments with Ca2+ chelators and ionophores showed that physiological elevations of [Ca2+]i are necessary and sufficient to cause changes in cell volume. The relation between [Ca2+]i and cell volume suggests that the latter reflects the secretory state of the acinar cell. Agonist-induced changes in [Ca2+]i, by modulating specific ion permeabilities, result in solute movement into or out of the cell. The resultant cell volume changes may be important in modulating salivary secretion.     

Thermal panting in dogs: the lateral nasal gland, a source of water for evaporative cooling

Two lateral nasal glands appear to provide a large part of the water for evaporative cooling in the panting dog; their function is analogous to that of sweat glands in man. Each gland drains through a single duct which opens about 2 centimeters inside the opening of the nostril. This location may be essential to avoid desiccation of the nasal mucosa during thermal panting. The rate of secretion from one gland increased from 0 to an average of 9.6 g (gland . hour)(-1) as air temperature was increased from 10 degrees to 50 degrees C. Evaporation of the fluid from the paired glands could account for between 19 and 36 percent of the increase in respiratory evaporation associated with thermal panting. The fluid secreted by the gland was hypoosmotic to plasma.     

超表达OsSsr1基因增强烟草耐盐性

本研究从水稻品种R109中克隆了OsSsr1基因（GenBank Accession No.NM₀01065574）,并用土壤根癌杆菌介导的方法,把OsSsr1基因转入本氏烟（Nicotiana benthamiana）中,提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。生理指标测定结果表明:在盐胁迫下,转基因和野生型植株中的丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸的含量以及过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性都呈上升趋势,但转基因烟草中MDA含量升高速率明显低于野生型,而脯氨酸的含量以及POD、SOD活性的升高速率明显高于野生型烟草。因此,OsSsr1转基因烟草耐盐性的增强,可能是脯氨酸含量和活性氧清除能力的提高引起的。     

Direct demonstration of macula densa-mediated renin secretion

An in vitro method has been used to examine whether secretion of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus is affected by changes in the sodium chloride concentration of the tubular fluid at the macula densa. Single juxtaglomerular apparatuses were microdissected from rabbits and the tubule segment containing the macula densa was perfused, while simultaneously the entire juxtaglomerular apparatus was superfused, and the fluid was collected for renin measurement. In this preparation, in which influences from renal nerves and local hemodynamic effects are eliminated, a decrease in the tubular sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa results in a prompt stimulation of the renin release rate.     

可溶性盐浓度对土的抗剪强度指标影响的研究

本文通过对人工制备的不同盐浓度的盐渍土的抗剪强度及其指标进行研究发现:随着土样中可溶性盐浓度的增加,土的粘聚力约呈线性下降的趋势,内摩擦角近似呈线性上升趋势.土样中的可溶性盐浓度在不同范围内变化时,其抗剪强度的变化趋势分别由粘聚力或内摩擦角决定.土祥的可溶性盐浓度与土样的抗剪强度、粘聚力、内摩擦角之间存在非常强的函数关系.     

不同盐胁迫处理下番茄种子萌发期的耐盐性研究

[目的]为番茄耐盐种质资源的筛选、利用及设施抗盐栽培提供理论依据。[方法]采用皿内培养法,对NaCl单一盐和Ca(NO3)2、NaCl复合盐胁迫下番茄种子萌发期的耐盐性进行研究。[结果]随着2种盐浓度的增大,种子萌发的整齐度下降,萌发率降低,发芽受损率增加,发芽指数和幼苗活力指数下降;盐浓度为0.2%~0.4%时,2种盐胁迫处理下各指标差异较小,盐浓度为0.6%~1.0%时,2种盐胁迫处理下各指标之间差异显著。[结论]番茄种子对Ca(NO3)2、NaCl复合盐胁迫的耐性高于NaCl单盐胁迫。     

不同盐胁迫处理下番茄种子萌发期的耐盐性研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during seed germination under simple salt sodium chloride and double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress were studied by Petri dish culturing.[Result] As the two kinds salt concentration increased,the germination regularity,the germination rate,the germination index and the growing vigor index of tomato seedlings decreased,but the germination losing rate increased.When salt concentration was from 0.2% to 0.4%,there was little difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress.However,when salt concentration was from 0.6% to 1.0%,the difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress was significant.[Conclusion] Salinity tolerance of tomato seeds under double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress was higher than that under simple salt sodium chloride stress.     

Study on Salinity Tolerance of Tomatoes during Seed Germination under Different Salt Stress Conditions

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during seed germination under simple salt sodium chloride and double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress were studied by Petri dish culturing.[Result] As the two kinds salt concentration increased,the germination regularity,the germination rate,the germination index and the growing vigor index of tomato seedlings decreased,but the germination losing rate increased.When salt concentration was from 0.2% to 0.4%,there was little difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress.However,when salt concentration was from 0.6% to 1.0%,the difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress was significant.[Conclusion] Salinity tolerance of tomato seeds under double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress was higher than that under simple salt sodium chloride stress.     

不同盐胁迫处理下番茄种子萌发期的耐盐性研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during seed germination under simple salt sodium chloride and double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress were studied by Petri dish culturing.[Result] As the two kinds salt concentration increased,the germination regularity,the germination rate,the germination index and the growing vigor index of tomato seedlings decreased,but the germination losing rate increased.When salt concentration was from 0.2% to 0.4%,there was little difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress.However,when salt concentration was from 0.6% to 1.0%,the difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress was significant.[Conclusion] Salinity tolerance of tomato seeds under double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress was higher than that under simple salt sodium chloride stress.     

过量表达甜菜BvNHX1基因提高拟南芥的耐盐性

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白调节细胞内的离子平衡,在植物耐盐性起重要的作用。为了研究甜菜液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白BvNHX1基因在植物耐盐中的作用,构建了植物表达载体pROKⅡ-BvNHX1转化拟南芥.在含有卡纳霉素的培养基上筛选转化子,并利用Southern和Northern杂交技术检测,进一步证实BvNHX1基因已整合到拟南芥基因组并能正常转录。选取纯合转基因株系进行耐盐性分析实验表明,过量表达BvN-HX1基因的拟南芥在种子萌发和苗期都提高了植株耐盐性,盐处理下转基因植株的鲜重、干重以及地上部分Na+、K+含量均高于野生型对照。结果表明过量表达BvNHX1基因提高了转基因拟南芥的耐盐能力。     

稀土元素对甜椒种子萌发特性及耐盐性的影响

本实验以甜椒种子为实验材料,研究稀土元素不同浓度、浸种时间和对其种子萌发特性及耐盐性的影响.结果表明:甜椒种子的浸种最佳稀土浓度为1200mg/L,最佳浸种时间为18 h,其它处理与对照相比差异不明显,且稀土处理可适当提高种子的耐盐性.     

TMEM16A, a membrane protein associated with calcium-dependent chloride channel activity

Calcium-dependent chloride channels are required for normal electrolyte and fluid secretion, olfactory perception, and neuronal and smooth muscle excitability. The molecular identity of these membrane proteins is still unclear. Treatment of bronchial epithelial cells with interleukin-4 (IL-4) causes increased calcium-dependent chloride channel activity, presumably by regulating expression of the corresponding genes. We performed a global gene expression analysis to identify membrane proteins that are regulated by IL-4. Transfection of epithelial cells with specific small interfering RNA against each of these proteins shows that TMEM16A, a member of a family of putative plasma membrane proteins with unknown function, is associated with calcium-dependent chloride current, as measured with halide-sensitive fluorescent proteins, short-circuit current, and patch-clamp techniques. Our results indicate that TMEM16A is an intrinsic constituent of the calcium-dependent chloride channel. Identification of a previously unknown family of membrane proteins associated with chloride channel function will improve our understanding of chloride transport physiopathology and allow for the development of pharmacological tools useful for basic research and drug development.     

实验性肉鸡食盐中毒的研究

研究了不同剂量的食盐对肉鸡临床症状，剖解变化，血液生理生化指标及肝脏微量元素的影响．结果表明，５％以上的食盐对肉鸡有毒性作用，使鸡血清ＡＫＰ，ｒ－ＧＴ和ＬＤＨ等生化指标的活性或含量升高，对ＧＯＴ和ＧＰＴ等指标无明显影响，食盐能使鸡肝脏的Ｃｕ，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ和Ｚｎ的含量升高，但对其它微量元素无明显影响．     

Endocrine control of adrenal progesterone secretion in the ovariectomized rat

In the ovariectomized rat, the adrenal gland secretes progesterone. Adrenocorticotropin treatment elevates concentrations of this steroid in plasma, and inhibitors of adrenocorticotropin or progesterone biosynthesis lower the concentration. Adrenocorticotropin controls progesterone secretion by the adrenal but not by the ovary. Adrenal progesterone and its mode of control may have important influences on reproductive processes.     

Salt Glands in the Tongue of the Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus

The apparent absence of salt glands in marine and estuarine Crocodilia has long been a puzzle. However, we have identified glands in the tongue of Crocodylus porosus which exude a concentrated secretion of sodium chloride. The glands are similar in ultrastructure to other reptilian salt glands and undoubtedly play a major role in electrolyte regulation.