绿豆叶片提取液对玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生率的影响

赤眼蜂在寄主定向和接受行为方面,可利用多种来源于寄主的化学刺激物——利它素,而在寄主栖息地的定向行为中,则利用植物产生的化学刺激物——互利素,周大荣等发现玉米与匍匐型绿豆间作可提高玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis 卵的寄生率。为明确这一机制,在温室条件下就绿豆(匍匐、直立型)叶片提取液对玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生率的影响进行了初步研究。     

农场贮藏小麦、玉米和燕麦的现行害虫管理措施

为了保证农场贮藏谷物的品质,采用适当的害虫管理措施是必要的。通常农场使用的害虫防治措施可分为两大类:化学防治和非化学性防治或物理防治。化学防治包括预防性作用的残效杀虫剂和治疗性的熏蒸剂。前者限制破坏性害虫的侵入和发展;而后者则可迅速控制已出现的害虫种群。非化学性防治措施包括通过通风冷却谷粒以抑制害虫     

大豆害虫各种管理措施的收益和风险分析

杀虫剂给人类、野生生物和牲畜带来的副作用,以及害虫抗性的产生、次要害虫的暴发等,促进了害虫综合治理(IPM)的发展。农户采用IPM,是因为他们领悟到了选用害虫不同防治策略后在经济上可得到的好处。当然,农户也经常使用杀虫剂保产,这是因为他们希望能降低风险而获得更高的纯收益。 IPM的风险是影响它应用的重要因素之一。当其害虫综合治理中某一特定的策略对     

丽蚜小蜂生产技术

<正>温室害虫的防治日益成为棘手的问题,其中最严重的害虫之一就是白粉虱。近年来,由于温室一直使用化学农药,使害虫增加了抗药性,人们不得不寻找生物方法来进行防治。实践证明,利用白粉虱的天敌——丽蚜小蜂来实施生物防治,可收到事半功倍的效果。     

诱虫作物在害虫治理中的应用

诱虫作物主要从物理特性和化学特性两个方面形成比主栽作物更强的引诱力,使主栽作物得以保护。诱虫作物在生产中主要用来诱集害虫、给天敌提供避难和繁殖场所,其作用效果与诱虫作物的品种、播期和田间管理、害虫行为、对天敌的调控、与其他害虫防治方法的有机配合等有重要关系。采用引诱-排斥多策略相结合的方法,研究利用对害虫同时具有诱集和杀灭作用的植物作为诱虫作物,将大大增强诱虫作物在害虫治理中应用的可行性。     

欧洲玉米螟雌蛾鳞片提取液对玉米螟赤眼蜂寄主搜索行为的影响

许多膜翅目寄生蜂在寄主栖息地和寄主定位过程中受化学刺激物的支配(Weseloh,1981;Noldus,1989),在寄主定向和接受行为方面,赤眼蜂利用多种来源于寄主的化学刺激物——利它素(Nordlund等,1976)。寄主鳞片及鳞片正己烷提取物可增强赤眼蜂寄主搜索反应和提高对寄主的寄生率(Lewis等,1972、1985;Shu等,1986;Noldus,1989;王锦举等,1990)。玉米螟赤眼蜂是亚洲玉米螟的优势卵寄生蜂(张荆等,1990),引进到德国后经室内研究表明,其对欧洲玉米螟卵的偏嗜性很强,箱笼及温室条件下对欧洲玉米螟卵     

杀虫灯、黄板、性诱剂使用技术

正杀虫灯、黄板和性诱剂常用于害虫的防治,笔者主要介绍它们的使用技术。1杀虫灯使用技术杀虫灯是利用害虫的趋性特性,运用光、波、色、味,配以高压电网诱杀害虫。诱杀害虫种类多、数量大,可降低害虫产卵量,压低虫口基数和密度,保护天敌,减少化学农药的使用量,延缓害虫产生抗药性;对人畜无害,环境污染小,有利于保持生态平衡,是一种生态型防虫方式,而且节     

棉铃虫化学防治中混剂使用技术的几点看法

棉铃虫化学防治中混剂使用技术的几点看法陈进，沈晋良，吴益东，周威君，杨亦桦，李爱玫，周保华，范加勤（南京农业大学植保系，２１００１４）（农业部全国植保总站病虫抗药性监测培训中心）农药混用是害虫抗性治理中可采用的一种措施。据国内外报道，在害虫防治实践中...     

害虫生物防治的历史、现状与前景

在害虫防治上尽管我们作了许多工作,但是害虫危害似乎仍然有增无减。杀虫剂价格昂贵,并且常常给操作者、环境和消费者带来危险。使用化学农药不仅因害虫抗药性增强而发生更增猖獗,而且一些次要害虫还上升为主要害虫。防治害虫的另一种手段是生物防治,即利用天敌防治害虫。采用生物防治比较经济、安全和方便。生物防治在欧     

利用天敌防治荻芦害虫

洞庭湖区获芦害虫发生严重,使用生物防治方法防治获芦害虫,是害虫生物防治中最成功的事例之一。本文对利用赤眼蜂防治棘术草螟等蛀茎害虫,利用苏云金杆菌（B．t．）防治芦毒蛾等食叶害虫,以及对这两种害虫实行生物防治的方法作了评价。     

Social and economic aspects of alternative insect control methods

The development of alternative pest control methods offer a number of advantages over the conventional methods of pest control, under certain circumstances. These advantages will be discussed in the light of current social and economic pressures. In addition, the method of developing these alternative methods of pest control will be discussed in relation to the development of conventional methods of pest control. The so-called area-wide insect control schemes will be compared with farmer applied methods of insect control in relation to industry, training and economics.     

Should I fight or should I flight? How studying insect aggression can help integrated pest management

Aggression plays a key role all across the animal kingdom, as it allows the acquisition and/or defence of limited resources (food, mates and territories) in a huge number of species. A large part of our knowledge on aggressive behaviour has been developed on insects of economic importance. How can this knowledge be exploited to enhance integrated pest management? Here, I highlight how knowledge on intraspecific aggression can help IPM both in terms of insect pests (with a focus on the enhancement of the sterile insect technique) and in terms of biological control agents (with a focus on mass‐rearing optimisation). Then, I examine what implications for IPM can be outlined from knowledge about interspecific aggressive behaviour. Besides predator–pest aggressive interactions predicted by classic biological control, I focus on what IPM can learn from (i) interspecific aggression among pest species (with special reference to competitive displacement), (ii) defensive behaviour exhibited by prey against predaceous insects and (iii) conflicts among predaceous arthropods sharing the same trophic niche (with special reference to learning/sensitisation practices and artificial manipulation of chemically mediated interactions). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA

Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.     

Potential manageable exploitation of social wasps,Vespula spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), as generalist predators of insect pests

A manageable, generalist, predatory insect has to date been considered to be unavailable anywhere for pest insect control. Polistes spp. wasps showed promise, but are limited by small numbers of wasps per nest and short nest life. Social Vespula spp. wasps appear to possess the necessary attributes which will allow their development as manageable, generalist predators of a wide range of pest insects. They have a large number of foragers per nest, a high demand for invertebrate protein, a very wide range of prey, an ability to tolerate low temperatures, a tolerance of nest manipulation, and a colony life cycle that can span at least two summers. High numbers per nest and high nest densities can lead to the consumption of many kilograms of prey per hectare per year. Successful development of characteristics desired of a manageable predator, such as the ability to increase colony numbers by dividing and re-queening, and enhancement of multi-year colony existence, could result in management procedures for Vespula spp. wasps that are similar to those used for honey bees. Farmers could have wasp nests available when and where required and in the numbers desired. Wasps would be especially valuable for growers of some ‘organic’ crops in which conventional pesticides are not permitted.     

毛健夜蛾生物学特性及防治

毛健夜蛾Brithys crini （Fabricius）又名葱兰夜蛾,是石蒜属Lycoris Herb植物重要害虫。毛健夜蛾除为害石蒜属植物外,还严重为害葱兰Zephyranthes candida（Lindl）Herb．等其他石蒜科Amaryllidaceae植物。本文对其生物学特性进行概述,并提出相应的防治措施。     

Agricultural insect hybridization and implications for pest management

Biological invasions, the expansion of agricultural frontiers, and climate change favor encounters of divergent lineages of animals and plants, increasing the likelihood of hybridization. However, hybridization of insect species and its consequences for agroecosystems have not received sufficient attention. Gene exchange between distinct and distant genetic pools can improve the survival and reproduction of insect pests, and threaten beneficial insects in disturbed agricultural environments. Hybridization may be the underlying explanation for the recurrent pest outbreaks and control failures in putative hybrid zones, as suspected for bollworm, corn borer, whiteflies, and stink bugs. Reliable predictions of the types of changes that can be expected in pest insect genomes and fitness, and of their impacts on the fate of species and populations remain elusive. Typical steps in pest management, such as insect identification, pest monitoring, and control are likely affected by gene flow and adaptive introgression mediated by hybridization, and we do not have ways to respond to or mitigate the problem. To address the adverse effects of farming intensification and global trade, we must ensure that current integrated pest management programs incorporate up‐to‐date monitoring and diagnostic tools. The rapid identification of hybrids, quantification of levels of introgression, and in‐depth knowledge of what genes have been transferred may help to explain and predict insect population outbreaks and control failures in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

The Present Status of Hormonal Insect Control

Since hormones are agents which can basically change insect development they offer excellent possibilities in the field of pest control (minor risks for human health and for the environment; no problems of insect resistance). However, they must be considered in conjunction with other methods. Three groups are concerned: the ecdysones, the juvenile hormone and its analogues, and the brain hormone. The characteristics, mode of action, selectivity, toxicity and economical aspects of these compounds are being described.     

Integrated pest management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India

A large number of pests are associated with groundnut but not all are economically important. The distribution of, losses and damage caused by groundnut pests are discussed, along with a variety of control measures and methods for their integration for effective pest management. Disease resistant/tolerant varieties, including Girnar 1, ALR 1, ICGV 87160, ICGV 86590, DH 8, TG 3, MH 16, ICGS 37 and TAG 24 from India have been released for general cultivation and could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. A large number of advanced breeding lines possessing resistance to major diseases and insect pests have been identified. Biocontrol agents have been used successfully for insect and disease control. Intercrops such as pearlmillet and soybean suppress thrips, jassids and leaf miner; castor suppresses jassids and Spodoptera, and pigeonpea suppress early leaf spot, late leaf spot and rust. These plants act as traps or barriers for reducing pest incidence. The use of pheromone traps for gram pod borers, tobacco caterpillars and leaf miners, and the use of neem products against major insect pests and diseases, are novel approaches that may reduce the cost of groundnut production. If pest control measures are integrated in an optimum proportion and pest surveillance activity is strengthened further, maximum returns could be realized     

悬铃木方翅网蝽在浙江的风险分析及防控对策

悬铃木方翅网蝽是浙江新发现的一种林业危险性害虫。采用国际植物检疫措施实施标准（ISPM）的有害生物风险分析（PRA）程序,对悬铃木方翅网蝽的风险分析进行定性和定量分析,得出悬铃木方翅网蝽的风险值R为1.95,在我国属于中度危险的有害生物。结合本省悬铃木属寄主植物的资源状况及气候特点,对悬铃木方翅网蝽在浙江的潜在危险性进行了分析,结果表明,悬铃木方翅网蝽在浙江大部分区域具有定殖、扩散的可能性。据此,作者提出了检疫管理及防范对策。