新城疫油佐剂灭能苗免疫调节剂对鸡免疫效果的影响

新城疫油佐剂灭能苗免疫调节剂对鸡免疫效果的影响曾明华沈咏舟魏建忠谢三星（安徽农业大学畜牧水产学院，合肥２３００３６）为了提高机体免疫力，克服雏鸡母源抗体在新城疫（ＮＤ）免疫中产生的不良反应［１］，寻找有效的免疫调节剂不失为一种重要途径。据报道［２］Ｎ...     

鸡白细胞介素2(IL-2)对鸡免疫功能的影响

为研究鸡IL-2对雏鸡免疫功能的影响，进行了3个方面的试验。①对体液免疫及细胞免疫的影响。结果表明，鸡IL-2能明显提高鸡新城疫疫苗免疫后HI水平、T淋巴细胞增殖反应及ANAE^＋细胞百分数；②对雏鸡腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。结果表明使用IL-2与否对巨噬细胞的吞噬功能没有明显的影响；⑧人工感染法氏囊病的防治试验。在攻毒前后注射IL-2，均可明显降低发病率和死亡率。本研究结果表明，鸡IL-2可明显提高特异性免疫应答能力，与疫苗共同注射可作为佐剂提高疫苗的免疫原性，对法氏囊等病毒性疾病具有一定的防治作用。     

黄芪多糖对雏鸡外周血中NK细胞活性的影响

黄芪多糖对雏鸡外周血中ＮＫ细胞活性的影响唐雪明刘家国宋大鲁（南京农业大学动物医学院，２１００９５）黄芪是中兽医常用的扶正药物，可“补益元气而托毒”［１］，现代研究还证实了，黄芪可以调节机体免疫功能，在人医临床上常用于抗肿瘤、消除慢性炎症［２］［３］。...     

不同佐剂新城疫疫苗对鸡体液免疫的影响

佐剂是疫苗研究的重要组成部分.选择合适的佐剂不仅可以增强疫苗的免疫效果,而且可以提高机体的抵抗力.不同佐剂对体液免疫会产生不同的作用.本研究选用白油佐剂、弗氏佐剂和蜂胶佐荆与新城疫病毒抗原混合制成疫苗,免疫雏鸡,探讨不同佐剂对鸡体液免疫的影响.结果表明,三种佐剂疫苗均有保护力,试验鸡饲养至61日龄均未发生新城疫,其中弗氏佐剂的效果最好,蜂胶佐剂的效果次之,油佐剂组检测到雏鸡61日龄时仍未出现抗体高峰值.     

鸡甘保罗病的中药防治

鸡甘保罗病（鸡传染性法氏囊病，IBD）是由IBDV引起的一种严重危害雏鸡的免疫抑制性、高度接触性传染性疫病，特点是发病率高、病程短、可诱发多种疫病或使多种疫苗免疫失败［1］。本病的主要危害是使免疫失败而继发鸡新城疫等多种疫病，死淘率增加，对养鸡业危害极大。目前对本病多采取疫苗免疫预防，加强管理，严格消毒，应用抗病毒药和抗菌药物等综合措施进行防制。近年来，广泛使用中草药制剂防制本病的发生和流行，效果令人满意。 1 中药防治IBD的作用机制 使用中药防制IBD主要通过提高机体特异性免疫功能和非特异性免疫功能，利用中药所含的某些特殊成分诱导内源性干扰等产生，提高鸡只整体抗病能力，干扰和控制病毒在宿主细胞的增殖而使病毒致病力减弱或不能致病，以控制本病的发生和流行。     

感染CIAV雏鸡局部免疫组织抗体生成细胞的动态变化

感染ＣＩＡＶ雏鸡局部免疫组织抗体生成细胞的动态变化＊郑世民刘忠贵（东北农业大学动物医学系，哈尔滨１５００３０）鸡传染性贫血病（ｃｈｉｃｋｅｎｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｕｓａｎｅｍｉａ，ＣＩＡ）是鸡的一种病毒性传染病。该病自１９７９年首次由日本学者［１］发现以来...     

鸡IL-4和IL-2重组融合基因佐剂对鸡球虫活疫苗的增效作用研究

为了研究鸡白细胞介素4(IL-4)和IL-2重组基因佐剂pCI-chIL-4-chIL-2-EGFP对鸡球虫活疫苗的增效作用,试验采用基因佐剂配合鸡球虫活疫苗对雏鸡进行免疫攻毒试验,测定该基因佐剂的最小有效剂量、给药途径,使用该基因佐剂对鸡球虫活疫苗的最短免疫间隔时间和免疫产生期的影响。结果表明：抗球虫指数(ACI)和相对增重率(RWG)随着基因佐剂剂量增高而升高,肌肉注射100μg/只时,ACI(189.32)和RWG(90.35%)达到高峰;口服基因佐剂300μg/只组的ACI(188.41)与肌肉注射基因佐剂100μg/只组接近;肌肉注射佐剂免疫攻毒组的两次免疫最短间隔时间(6 d)较不加基因佐剂组(7 d)缩短1 d;肌肉注射佐剂免疫攻毒组的免疫产生期为二免后第5天,较无基因佐剂免疫攻毒组提前1 d。说明肌肉注射IL-4和IL-2重组基因佐剂pCI-chIL-4-chIL-2-EGFP 100μg/只可提高鸡球虫活疫苗的免疫效果,缩短免疫产生期和免疫间隔。     

三种佐剂对鸡体液免疫影响的比较

佐剂是疫苗的重要组成部分,不同佐剂对体液免疫会产生不同的作用.选择合适的佐剂不仅可以增强疫苗的免疫效果,而且可以提高机体的抵抗力.本试验选用白油佐剂、弗氏佐剂和蜂胶佐剂分别与灭活的新城疫病毒制成疫苗,免疫雏鸡,探讨不同佐剂对鸡体液免疫的影响.结果表明,试验组鸡抗体水平高,饲养至61日龄均未发生新城疫,其中弗氏佐剂的效果最好,蜂胶佐剂的效果次之,油佐剂的效果最次.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病模拟抗原苗免疫作用的探讨

用鸡传染性法氏囊病毒（IBDV）免疫雏鸡，纯化其IgG(Ab1)免疫兔制备Ab2,Ab2经正常鸡IgG(NC-IgG）和IBD抗原（Ag）吸收后，加佐剂免疫雏鸡，免疫保护指数：Ab2组分别为：100％、100％、90％；对照组：0％。重复实验：50只雏鸡接种3次Ab2免疫，能抵抗IBD强毒攻击，该试验证实：IBD模拟抗原苗在IBD免疫中的应用价值。     

雏鸡奇异变形杆菌病的诊断及防治

奇异变形杆菌（Proteus mirabilis）营腐生生活，广泛分布于自然界，常见于污水、土壤与堆肥中，偶尔可致人和畜禽腹泻［1］。近年来，不断有鸡群暴发流行鸡奇异变形杆菌病的报道［2～4］。现将1999年4月份某鸡场雏鸡群奇异变形杆菌病的发病流行情况及其诊断防治报道如下。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.