灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探究不同灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生理特性及产量的影响,设置4个灌溉水温梯度分别为15.00(正常灌溉水温),20.00,25.00,30.00℃,2个灌溉时段分别为日间、夜间(分别记为DW,NW)进行完全组合设计,共计8个处理.结果表明,增温灌溉提前了棉花生育进程,促进了棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积增长,有利于棉花光合作用的进行,且在夜间进行增温灌溉效果更显著.增温灌溉使棉花产量显著提高2.95%～14.13%,夜间灌溉较日间灌溉棉花产量平均提高3.34%.基于回归分析确定提高棉花产量的最佳灌溉时段为夜间,最佳灌溉水温为26.38℃,对应的产量为7 482.96 kg/hm².该研究可为北疆膜下滴灌棉花实施增温灌溉技术提供理论依据和技术参考.     

Water use and yield responses of cotton to alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation in the arid area of north-west China

A field experiment was carried out over 2 years to investigate the effect of partial root-zone irrigation applied using drip irrigation on the water use and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in oasis fields of arid north-west China. Two irrigation treatments, i.e., conventional drip irrigation (CDI, both sides of plant row watered) or alternate drip irrigation (ADI, both sides of plant row alternatively watered) were applied under plastic mulch. Three irrigation levels (i.e., 15, 22.5, 30 mm during 2004 and 12, 18, 24 mm during 2005) were applied at each irrigation. Monitoring of soil water contents in the ADI treatment indicated a change in root-zone uptake in response to the irrigation method, although there existed some lateral soil water movement from the wetted side to the dry side after each watering. Stomatal conductance in ADI was lower than that of CDI when compared at the same irrigation level. Reduced stomatal conductance and water loss resulted in higher water use efficiency (WUE) in the ADI treatment. About 31-33% less total irrigation water was applied using the ADI method when compared to that of the CDI treatment with a similar seed cotton yield. ADI also yielded 11% more pre-frost seed cotton than CDI in 2005, indicating a better lint quality and higher price. These results suggest that ADI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method in arid oasis fields where cotton production is heavily dependent on irrigation and water resources are scarce.     

干旱区秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探索秸秆覆盖对北疆滴灌棉花生长特征和产量的影响,2009—2012年期间,以小麦秸秆为材料,在非盐碱土和盐碱土2种土壤条件下,进行了无覆盖（LUM）、表层覆盖（LSM）、地表以下30 cm深处覆盖（LM30）的测坑对比试验.结果表明：秸秆覆盖对棉花生长及产量具有一定的促进效果,对盐碱土种植的棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量的促进作用显著,而对非盐碱土棉花株高、叶面积指数和产量的促进作用不明显.地表覆盖综合调控效应优于30 cm深层覆盖,尤其是在棉花花铃期,在盐分抑制方面地表覆盖要比30 cm覆盖效果好;30 cm覆盖在苗期和蕾期可以给棉花生长创造比较好的条件,而在花铃期以后这种覆盖效果不太明显;表层覆盖处理棉花产量最高,高出无覆盖处理3.2%-17.9%,高出30 cm深层覆盖3.1%-16.3%.     

极端干旱区降解膜对滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响

为了探明降解膜在哈密盆地滴灌棉花种植的应用效果,选取降解膜M1,M2,M3,M4及普通塑料地膜PE(CK)开展对照试验,研究降解膜的降解性能及其对滴灌棉花土壤水热变化与产量的影响.结果表明:M2在覆膜80 d左右最早出现降解、180 d左右进入残存期,生育期末仍有小块地膜残片存在;而降解膜M1与M3于生育期末才进入崩解...     

干旱区不同地下水位对棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度的响应研究

地下水埋深对作物灌溉制度的制定及土壤次生盐碱化的防治具有重要影响.为研究不同地下水位对棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度的影响,本文以新疆孔雀河流域为研究区,利用HYDRUS-2D软件对不同地下水位下的土壤含水率动态进行模拟,结果表明:地下水埋深为1m时,地下水对土壤水的补给作用较强,灌溉定额3000m3/hm2较为适宜;地下水埋深为2.0m时,灌溉定额4500m3/hm2较为适宜,此时棉花基本不受水分胁迫;地下水埋深为3m时,地下水对土壤水已无补给作用,灌溉定额5550m3/hm2较为合适,此时水分胁迫时间累计14d.研究结果为指导当地水资源开发利用及棉花种植业提供了重要参考.     

膜下滴灌水氮耦合效应对玉米干物质与产量的影响

通过大田试验研究膜下滴灌水氮耦合效应对玉米干物质与产量的影响,设置3个水分水平,按土壤含水率占田间持水率百分比的上下限不同设低、中、高水:低水 W1(拔节前60%~80%,拔节后55%~80%)、中水W2(拔节前65%~85%,拔节后60%~85%)、高水W3(拔节前75%~95%,拔节后70%~95%).施氮梯度按224,270,330 kg/hm²设低、中、高氮3个施氮水平.寻求适宜于科尔沁左翼中旗的玉米膜下滴灌适宜水氮用量,为玉米膜下滴灌达到高产、高效目标提供理论依据.研究结果表明:生育期中等施氮水平270 kg/hm²与高灌溉水平组合下可获得较高的全株干物质总量,但收获指数低于中水中氮的组合,中水中氮耦合用量下可获得较高的收获指数,能较好地调节光合产物在籽粒与营养器官间的分配;在当地典型地域及气候条件下,玉米采用膜下滴灌种植方式,增加水和氮的投入均能增产,并对产量有报酬递减效应,单因素施用水平的变动引起产量的改变是水分作用大于施氮作用.     

冷凉地区膜下滴灌大白菜耗水规律及节水潜力

为探索冷凉地区露地大白菜在膜下滴灌条件下的耗水规律与节水潜力,在张家口市灌溉试验站内使用大型称重式蒸渗仪,采用灌水下限指标控制灌水的方法,研究了在膜下滴灌条件下大白菜生育期内蒸发蒸腾与棵间蒸发规律,并通过与常规滴灌和膜孔畦灌的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率等对比,揭示了膜下滴灌在该地区节水增产潜力.结果表明:膜下滴灌大白菜全生育期蒸发蒸腾量214.76 mm,其中:幼苗期、莲座期和结球期蒸腾耗水量分别为14.76,73.56和126.44 mm,日均蒸腾强度为3.64 mm/d;全生育期棵间土壤蒸发量41.10 mm,占总耗水量的19.14%.膜下滴灌相比常规滴灌、膜孔畦灌减少大白菜耗水量14.25,94.17 mm,棵间蒸发与膜孔畦灌相近,相比常规滴灌减少16.18 mm(28.25%),但产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率可以分别达到80 439.75 kg/hm²,350.24 kg/(hm²·mm),374.56 kg/(hm²·mm),相比常规滴灌提升11 152.65 kg/hm²,18.89 kg/(hm²·mm),72.54 kg/(hm²·mm),相比膜孔畦灌提升14.7 kg/hm²,134.11 kg/(hm²·mm),114.23 kg/(hm²·mm).     

Impacts of water saving on groundwater balance in a large-scale arid irrigation district,Northwest China

Water saving practices are essential for sustainable use of water resources in semiarid regions. To understand the impacts of different water saving measures on groundwater resources, the Hetao Irrigation District in Northwest China was chosen in this study. Based on the data from 1991 to 2010, a groundwater balance model was calibrated and validated. The simulation results showed that irrigation-induced infiltration (92 % of the total groundwater recharge) and groundwater evaporation (92 % of the total groundwater discharge) were the primary factors controlling groundwater table fluctuations during irrigation seasons. The impacts of different water saving scenarios on groundwater balance components were then evaluated. The results revealed that the conjunctive use of water resources was the most effective way to improve water use efficiency (reducing surface water diversions by 52 %) and the depth to groundwater table increased by up to 79 cm. However, deeper groundwater tables may have a negative effect on crop growth due to reduced upward fluxes of groundwater into root zones. Therefore, future studies are needed to evaluate the impacts of different water saving measures on both water resources and crop yields. The results of this study provide further insights into effectively managing water resources in water-limited agricultural areas.     

Nitrogen fertilizer management of cotton grown under drip irrigation in a grumusol

Summary A field experiment was carried out for two years on a grumusol (Typic chromoxerert) soil at Merhavya, Israel, to study the influence of different concentrations of N in soil solution on the growth and yield of drip-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) var. Acala SJ-2. The N-concentrations in the soil solution used were: 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm N. The soil was analyzed for moisture and NO₃-N every two weeks and the concentration of NO₃-N in the soil solution was calculated. When the NO₃-N concentration was less than the above-mentioned levels, N-fertilizer was added in the irrigation water to match these concentrations. If the tested soils showed higher concentrations, no N fertilizer was applied.The maximum yields of seed cotton obtained were 6.3 ton h^–1 in the first year, and 5.7 ton ha^–1 in the second year. Concentrations below 25 ppm N in the soil solution reduced the cotton seed and lint yields, but concentrations of 50 ppm N and above did not increase the yields and sometimes even decreased them. Application of more nitrogen caused excessive vegetative growth and less seed-cotton and lint.The results show that soil nitrate analysis during the cotton season can be used to monitor the N supplied by drip irrigation.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 1418-E, 1985 series     

灌水模式及下限对滴灌棉花产量和品质的影响

为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标.     

覆膜滴灌对玉米田间水热传输及耗水的影响

基于充分滴灌条件下,定量分析了东北典型区玉米膜下滴灌与不覆膜滴灌下太阳净辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温度和作物耗水量的差异.结果表明:在晴天覆膜使得净辐射峰值时间滞后约1 h,在阴天覆膜处理土壤热通量能够为玉米生长提供更多的能量;全生育覆膜与不覆膜处理,冠层上方获得净辐射分别为133.25和135.42 W/m²,覆膜处理获得的可供能量低于不覆膜处理的,但在玉米生长中后期,覆膜处理提高了2%的净辐射;全生育期覆膜提高了0~80 cm土层平均地温1.13 ℃和土壤积温149.68 ℃;覆膜滴灌下玉米生长初期和后期的耗水量显著低于不覆膜滴灌处理下的,全生育期耗水量显著减少10.21%,生育期内平均作物系数K_c显著降低7.42%.     

西北旱区膜下滴灌洋葱需水规律及优化灌溉制度试验研究

在膜下滴灌条件下,以35~45 Ka的土壤水势下限、15~20 mm灌水定额,设置了2因素2水平的4个灌水处理,对不同灌水量处理的洋葱田间水分动态及田间耗水规律进行分析研究,初步确立了在西北干旱的石羊河流域地区,膜下滴灌洋葱的优化灌溉制度为:全生育期共灌水11次,其中苗期灌水3次,六叶期2次、鳞茎膨大期3次、盛膨大期3次,灌水定额除定植座苗水为60 mm外,其余均为20 mm、灌溉定额260 mm(2 595 m3/hm2)。这样的灌溉制度,较本地常规地面灌每公顷平均节水3 300 m3左右,节水效果十分显著。     

绿洲灌区膜下滴灌调亏对辣椒品质及产量的影响

为揭示滴灌水分亏缺对辣椒营养品质及产量的影响,以"陇椒6号"为对象,在辣椒苗期分别施加轻度(65％～75％田间持水量)、中度(55％～65％田间持水量)和重度水分调亏(45％～55％田间持水量),在盛果期和后果期分别施加轻度水分亏缺,以全生育期充分供水(75％～85％田间持水量)为对照,分别测定各水分处理辣椒青果营养品...     

新疆生产建设兵团棉花膜下滴灌技术的形成与发展

兵团大田棉花膜下滴灌技术，经连续3年试验取得成功。继而由天业公司生产销售价格的滴灌带，为滴灌技术大面积推广创造了条件。兵团组织科研、教学、生产单位联合攻关的科学试验，为大面积推广提供科学依据。此项技术在兵团大面积推广取得了突破性进展，兵团滴灌总面积跃居全国第1位。这一成绩的取得及其广泛的推广应用前景源于这项技术的十大优点。     

棉花滴灌田间盐分变化规律的初步研究

以田间实验为基础对棉花滴灌土壤盐分的变化规律进行了分析研究。结果表明：滴灌为浅灌且可控性强，不会产生深层渗漏，土壤含盐量在整个滴灌期较低。盐分在空间的分布主要受蒸发和湿润区范围的影响，灌水量的增加有助于土壤脱盐。这些结果对在生产实践中控制滴灌水量和治理盐碱具有指导意义。     

适合发展中国家小农户的低成本滴灌系统

在缺水地区,滴灌是节约用水的最有效途径,但其成本对发展中国家的小农户来说难以承受。通过以下方法可使滴灌成本降低９０ ％ ：（１） 使滴灌管道可以移动,这样每条滴管可灌到１０ 行而不是１ 行。（２） 用热针冲压出０ ．７０ ｍ ｍ 的孔。（３） 用价值３ 美元带有滤布的２０ Ｌ 容器,取代昂贵的过滤系统。这种低成本系统已在尼泊尔山区和印度的安德哈拉·普拉德什桑树种植地进行了现场试验,其滴头流量的均匀度达７３ ％ ～８４ ％ 。这种低成本滴灌系统可能为半干旱地区以及山区的小农户广泛采用。     

极端干旱区滴灌葡萄水肥适宜用量主成分分析法

为了探明极端干旱区滴灌葡萄水肥适宜用量,利用主成分分析法,以试验区内成龄无核白葡萄为研究对象,综合评价得出高产高效的最优水肥处理.设置灌水、施肥2个因素,其中设灌水处理4个水平:6 000(W1),6 750(W2),7 500(W3),8 250 m³/hm²(W4);施肥处理3水平:450(F1),750(F2),1 050 kg/hm²(F3).结果表明:滴灌葡萄产量、水肥利用效率及品质受水肥交互作用影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.01);可滴定酸受灌水量与施肥量的影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);滴灌葡萄产量、灌溉水利用效率、肥料偏生产力、可溶性固形物及维生素C分别受灌水量和施肥量影响均具有统计学意义(P<0.01),产量最大处理W3F2相对于最小处理增产29.76%,可溶性固形物以处理W3F2的含量最大,可滴定酸在处理W4F2下取得最大值,且处理W3F2与最大处理间差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05),不同水肥处理的维生素C每100 g溶液质量为7.37~8.52 mg,且处理W3F2与最大处理W4F3间差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05),品质指标在处理W3F2下取得较优.主成分分析法结果表明,极端干旱区滴灌葡萄最佳水肥处理为W3F2,其中N,P₂O₅,K₂O分别为300,150和300 kg/hm².     

温室番茄滴灌灌水指标试验研究

研究了日光温室中番茄的需水量、需水规律、产量与耗水量的关系。对日光温室番茄进行了滴灌灌水制度的研究。根据番茄不同生育期的生理特性及其需水特性确定其相应适宜的土壤含水率范围（占田间持水量的百分比）为：苗期45％～55％，开花坐果期55～75％，坐果期65-85％。不同生育期的灌水定额为：苗期10～15mm，开花坐果期15-25mm，结果期20-30mm。     

Salt distribution and the growth of cotton under different drip irrigation regimes in a saline area

A 3-year experiment was conducted in an extremely dry and saline wasteland to investigate the effects of the drip irrigation on salt distributions and the growth of cotton under different irrigation regimes in Xinjiang, Northwest China. The experiment included five treatments in which the soil matric potential (SMP) at 20 cm depth was controlled at −5, −10, −15, −20, and −25 kPa after cotton was established. The results indicated that a favorable low salinity zone existed in the root zone throughout the growing season when the SMP threshold was controlled below −25 kPa. When the SMP value decreased, the electrical conductivity of the saturation paste extract (EC_e) in the root zone after the growing season decreased as well. After the 3-year experiment, the seed-cotton yield had reached 84% of the average yield level for non-saline soil in the study region and the emergence rate was 78.1% when the SMP target value was controlled below −5 kPa. The average pH of the soil decreased slightly after 3 years of cultivation. The highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were recorded when the SMP was around −20 kPa. After years of reclamation and utilization, the saline soil gradually changed to a moderately saline soil. The SMP of −5 kPa at a depth of 20 cm immediately under a drip emitter can be used as an indicator for cotton drip irrigation scheduling in saline areas in Xinjiang, Northwest China.     

不同盐渍化程度土壤种植棉花滴灌保苗技术研究

如何提高棉花幼苗保苗率是夺得农业增产丰收的重要前提条件.本文以新疆孔雀河流域为例,对不同灌溉方式与出苗水量对棉花幼苗保苗情况的影响进行了系统分析,结果表明:在高盐渍化土壤采用750m3/hm2出苗水量与滴水出苗方式,其保苗率最高,达70%;在低盐渍化土壤采用750m3/hm2出苗水量与双膜覆盖方式,保苗率最高,达89%.研究结果为指导当地棉花灌溉方式的合理选择及棉花种植业发展提供了重要参考.