马铃薯膜下滴灌耗水规律的研究

以‘克新1号’品种的脱毒原种为材料,研究了膜下滴灌马铃薯全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量、水分利用效率等的变化规律。结果表明,膜下滴灌下,各时期阶段耗水量和耗水强度以块茎膨大期最大,其次是块茎形成期、苗期、淀粉积累期;除淀粉积累期外,全生育期耗水量和平均耗水强度及各生育时期的阶段耗水量和耗水强度均极显著高于覆膜不滴灌;膜下滴灌马铃薯耗水层主要集中在0～40cm,而覆膜不滴灌为0～60cm;膜下滴灌马铃薯的产量为55 596kg/hm2,与覆膜不滴灌差异显著;水分利用效率为11.36kg/mm,与覆膜不滴灌的差异不显著。     

毛管间距对膜下滴灌棉花根系及植株生长的影响

在大田膜下滴灌条件下,对毛管间距影响棉花根系分布及植株生长的特点进行了试验研究。试验中滴灌毛管布置间距分别为130、90 cm;观测了棉花不同生育阶段的根系分布及单株株高、叶面积。试验结果表明,毛管间距大,导致灌水量也大,土壤易出现深层渗漏,而且土壤水分水平分布均匀性差,造成内、外行棉花长势不均匀,棉花根茎小,根长密度水平方向呈单峰抛物线分布,垂直方向14~28 cm土层处根长密度最大;而毛管间距小,土壤水分水平分布均匀,内、外行棉花长势均匀,棉花根茎大,根长密度水平方向呈双峰抛物线分布,垂直方向0~14 cm土层处根长密度最大。但2种毛管布置间距的棉花根系生长过程、株高及叶面积生长过程均符合相同的规律。试验结果为滴灌技术设计中选定土壤湿润比和毛管间距提供参考。     

膜下滴灌土壤湿润区水热耦合对棉花生长的影响

为了探明膜下滴灌土壤湿润区对土壤温度及棉花生长的影响,试验中通过不同滴水流量的设置（＂1倍滴流量＂、＂2倍滴流量＂和＂4倍滴流量＂）获得了不同的土壤湿润区范围和膜下土壤含水率分布;测定了棉花生育期土壤水分和温度以及棉花生长指标和产量。结果表明,在覆膜保温作用下,膜下滴灌土壤湿润区扩大和土壤含水率的增加对膜下土壤温度没有...     

塔里木灌区棉田的水盐动态和水盐平衡问题探讨

利用2004年在极端干旱的塔里木盆地绿洲棉田灌溉试验数据,对常规地面沟灌和膜下滴灌棉田在不同灌溉定额下水盐动态进行了研究,对节水灌溉与农田水盐平衡问题进行了深入探讨。主要结论包括:①在2700m3/hm2灌溉定额时,常规地面沟灌和膜下滴灌棉田在生育期0~60 cm土层积盐,膜下滴灌的积盐率(12.4%)要高于常规地面沟灌的积盐率(3.4%);②在小于6000 m3/hm2的4种不同灌溉定额条件下,生育期棉田1 m土体上总体表现为积盐;③对于土壤初始含盐量高的新垦荒地,灌溉淋洗的作用要好于土壤盐分本底值低的土壤;④为了保持农田的水盐平衡,在极端干旱区需要进行非生育期以淋洗盐分为目的的灌溉。     

Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on seed cotton yield, water productivity and yield response factor in shallow soils of semi-arid environment

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation, nitrogen and plant growth minerals on seed cotton yield, water productivity and yield response factor. The treatment comprises six levels of deficit irrigation (Etc 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5) and four levels of nitrogen (80, 120, 160 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹). These were treatments superimposed with and without plant growth mineral spray. Furrow irrigation treatments were also kept. Cotton variety Ankur-651 Bt was grown during 2006 and 2007 cotton season. Drip irrigation at 1.0 Etc saved 26.9% water and produced 43.1% higher seed cotton yield over conventional furrow irrigation (1.0 Etc). Imposing irrigation deficit of 0.8 Etc caused significant reduction in seed cotton yield to the tune of 9.3% of the maximum yield. Further increase in deficit irrigation from 0.7 Etc to 0.5 Etc significantly decreased seed cotton yield over its subsequent higher irrigation level. Decline in the yield under deficit irrigation was associated with reduction in number of bolls plant⁻¹ and boll weight. Nitrogen at 200 kg ha⁻¹ significantly increased mean seed cotton yield by 36.3% over 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Seed cotton yield tended to increase linearly up to 200 kg N ha⁻¹ with drip Etc 0.8 to drip Etc 1.0. With drip Etc 0.6-0.5, N up to 160 kg ha⁻¹ provided the highest yield, thereafter it had declined. Foliar spray of plant growth mineral (PGM) brought about significant improvement in seed cotton yield by 14.1% over control. The water productivity ranged from 0.331 to 0.491 kg m⁻³ at different irrigation and N levels. On pooled basis, crop yield response factor of 0.87 was calculated at 20% irrigation deficit.     

Assessment of drip and flood irrigation on water and fertilizer use efficiencies for sugarbeets

Mismanagement of nitrogenous fertilizers has caused serious nitrate (NO₃) contamination in many flood-irrigated regions of the western US. Low-volume irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation, can offer an alternative approach for controlling NO₃ leaching and agricultural water use. The objectives of this study were to compare NO₃ movement through soils under flood and drip irrigation practices for sugarbeet production, and to evaluate the agronomic feasibility of implementing drip irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during the sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) growing seasons of 1996 and 1997 in southeastern Wyoming, where NO₃ contamination is a continued concern and sugarbeet is a major cash crop. Three drip irrigation regimes, corresponding to 20, 35, and 50% water depletion of field capacity (designated as D1, D2, and D3, respectively), were compared against flood irrigation. The irrigation plots were treated with 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha⁻¹ (designated as F₀, F₁, and F₂, respectively). Sugarbeet (SB) yields and sugar contents under drip irrigation were higher (3–28%) than those with flood irrigation; yields and sugar contents for the drip systems were in the order of D1>D2>D3. For all of the irrigation applications, there was an increasing trend in yields with increasing fertilizer rates. Drip regime resulted in greater residual soil NO₃ (RSN) for both 1996 and 1997 seasons as compared to flood practices. Values of RSN in both years followed the trend: F₂>F₁>F₀. Soil NO₃ in all three drip regimes was higher (1.6–2.4 times) than that with flood irrigation. In the overall root zone, NO₃ concentrations between D1 and D2 were comparable, whereas both of those levels were lower than D3. Greater NO₃ concentrations with D3 were observed at all depths. The amount of applied irrigation water with the drip system was lower than that for flood irrigation. Agronomic water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) for drip irrigation were always higher than those for flood irrigation. In 1996, WUE and FUE maintained an order of D1>D2>D3. There was a decreasing pattern in FUE values with increasing fertilizer rates. The overall results indicated that SB production could be sustained with lower water and fertilizer use by using drip irrigation. The p-values (≤0.05), based on both F-test (p_f) and two-tailed student’s t-test (p_t), suggested a significant difference between the yield means obtained under drip and flood irrigation practices. As compared to the flood irrigation, the least p-values were obtained with D1 followed by D2 and D3, respectively, thus, confirming that D1 was the most effective treatment. The p-values for SB yields under comparative fertilizer treatments and same drip application showed no significant difference between the means, thus, suggesting the feasibility of using lower fertilizer rate while sustaining the targeted yield under drip irrigation. The comparative estimation of water losses by drainage between flood and drip irrigation suggested that the later practice reduced the quantity of water leaching beyond the root zone. Among the three drip treatments, the lowest drainage amount was observed with D1 as a result of its higher irrigation frequency and smaller quantity of water input during each application.     

Salt distribution and the growth of cotton under different drip irrigation regimes in a saline area

A 3-year experiment was conducted in an extremely dry and saline wasteland to investigate the effects of the drip irrigation on salt distributions and the growth of cotton under different irrigation regimes in Xinjiang, Northwest China. The experiment included five treatments in which the soil matric potential (SMP) at 20 cm depth was controlled at −5, −10, −15, −20, and −25 kPa after cotton was established. The results indicated that a favorable low salinity zone existed in the root zone throughout the growing season when the SMP threshold was controlled below −25 kPa. When the SMP value decreased, the electrical conductivity of the saturation paste extract (EC_e) in the root zone after the growing season decreased as well. After the 3-year experiment, the seed-cotton yield had reached 84% of the average yield level for non-saline soil in the study region and the emergence rate was 78.1% when the SMP target value was controlled below −5 kPa. The average pH of the soil decreased slightly after 3 years of cultivation. The highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values were recorded when the SMP was around −20 kPa. After years of reclamation and utilization, the saline soil gradually changed to a moderately saline soil. The SMP of −5 kPa at a depth of 20 cm immediately under a drip emitter can be used as an indicator for cotton drip irrigation scheduling in saline areas in Xinjiang, Northwest China.     

Distribution and dynamics of soil water and salt under different drip irrigation regimes in northwest China

A 2-year experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different drip irrigation regimes on distribution and dynamics of soil water and salt in north Xinjiang, China. Five treatments—F7 (0.24 dS m^?1 + Once every 7 days), B7 (4.68 dS m^?1 + Once every 7 days), S7 (7.42 dS m^?1 + Once every 7 days), F10 (0.24 dS m^?1 + Once every 10 days) and F3 (0.24 dS m^?1 + Once every 3 days)—were designed. For all treatments, additional 150-mm fresh water was applied on 10th November in 2009 (winter irrigation) to leach the accumulated salt. The results revealed that irrigation frequency and water quality had significant effects on the spatial distribution and change of soil water content, soil salt and the crop water consumption rate, but had a limited impact on the seasonal accumulative water consumption, and the cotton yield decreased with the decrease in irrigation frequency and water quality on the whole. During the cotton growing season, results showed that the salt mainly accumulated in the 0- to 60-cm soil layer, while the soil salt in 60- to 100-cm layer changed slightly, indicating that the drip irrigation could not leach the soil salt out of the root zone under the irrigation regimes. Therefore, salt leaching was necessary to maintain the soil water–salt balance and to prevent excessive salt accumulation in the root zone. After the 150-mm winter irrigation and subsequent thawing, soil salts were leached into the deeper layers (below 60 cm), and the soil salt content (SSC) (EC_1:5) in root zone in the next year was about 0.2 dS m^?1. Moreover, compared to 2009 season, the SSC within the root zone did not increase even the EC of the irrigation water was up to 7.42 dS m^?1. Additionally, it is important to note that the results were concluded based on the data of the 2-year experiment; further studies are need to optimize winter irrigation amount and assess the sustainability of saline water irrigation since long-term utilization of saline water may lead to soil degradation.     

水氮盐调控对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响及耦合模型

为探讨水、盐、氮三因素对棉花生长的耦合效应及最优水肥制度,分别设置了4种灌溉定额(1 575,2 100,2 625,3 150 m³/hm²)、4种施氮量(0,150,300,450 kg/hm²)和4种土壤盐分(非盐化土、轻度、中度和重度盐化土),通过盆栽试验,研究了水、氮、盐对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响.结果表明：灌溉定额、施氮量和土壤盐分与棉花产量之间符合回归模型,模型对水氮盐的耦合效果较好;单因素对棉花产量影响按因素排序由大到小为灌水量,土壤含盐量,施氮量;耦合作用的影响按因素排序由大到小为盐氮,水氮,水盐;水氮施加量对棉花产量的影响均存在阈值,低于此阈值,棉花增产效果较为明显;中、重度土壤盐分含量明显抑制棉花生长;通过回归模型进行耦合分析,最适合研究区的水肥盐耦合方式为轻盐土壤、灌溉定额2 677 m³/hm²和施氮量202 kg/hm².本研究可为盐碱区棉田水肥高效利用提供科学依据.     

膜下滴灌对加工番茄水分利用效率与品质的影响

在新疆石河子研究了膜下滴灌对加工番茄耗水特征、水分利用效率和品质的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌处理番茄总耗水量较常规沟灌降低8.37%~59.33%,总耗水量也随滴灌量的增加而增加。膜下滴灌加工番茄耗水量以盛果期最高,开花座果期次之,成熟期和苗期最低,其日耗水强度表现出先升后降的变化趋势,总体低于常规沟灌处理。与常规沟灌相比,膜下滴灌能提高番茄果实硬度、可溶性固形物、番茄红素、Vc、可溶性酸和总糖含量以及糖酸比。从节水高产灌溉的角度考虑,当地加工番茄膜下滴灌量以6150 m3/hm2较为适宜。     

灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响

为探究不同灌溉时段及水温对膜下滴灌棉花生理特性及产量的影响,设置4个灌溉水温梯度分别为15.00(正常灌溉水温),20.00,25.00,30.00℃,2个灌溉时段分别为日间、夜间(分别记为DW,NW)进行完全组合设计,共计8个处理.结果表明,增温灌溉提前了棉花生育进程,促进了棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积增长,有利于棉花光合作用的进行,且在夜间进行增温灌溉效果更显著.增温灌溉使棉花产量显著提高2.95%～14.13%,夜间灌溉较日间灌溉棉花产量平均提高3.34%.基于回归分析确定提高棉花产量的最佳灌溉时段为夜间,最佳灌溉水温为26.38℃,对应的产量为7 482.96 kg/hm².该研究可为北疆膜下滴灌棉花实施增温灌溉技术提供理论依据和技术参考.     

干旱区膜下滴灌棉田灌溉制度及土壤水盐运移规律研究

以棉花各生育期适宜土壤含水率上、下限差值为灌水控制指标,设置3水平灌水处理,开展膜下滴灌大田试验,分析研究适宜试验区棉花生长、水分利用效率高的灌溉制度及膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律。结果表明:适宜土壤含水率上、下限差值形成的灌溉制度,决定了土壤水盐运移规律、盐分分布和积累特征。总体表现为:空间上土壤水分分布与滴灌带间距呈负相关系,盐分分布则相反,0~40 cm深度土壤水分在灌后重分布,盐分在滴灌水分的淋洗作用下定向运移,至湿润体边缘积聚。综合分析关键点与主根层的土壤水盐时间序列变化,T2处理(385 mm/18次)主根层0~40 cm深度水分处于棉花生长的适宜含水率范围,并形成淡化脱盐区,对盐分的调控最佳。T2处理棉田产量最高,为6 083 kg/hm~2,水分利用效率为1.05 kg/(mm·hm~2),为适宜的灌溉制度。     

冷凉地区膜下滴灌大白菜耗水规律及节水潜力

为探索冷凉地区露地大白菜在膜下滴灌条件下的耗水规律与节水潜力,在张家口市灌溉试验站内使用大型称重式蒸渗仪,采用灌水下限指标控制灌水的方法,研究了在膜下滴灌条件下大白菜生育期内蒸发蒸腾与棵间蒸发规律,并通过与常规滴灌和膜孔畦灌的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率等对比,揭示了膜下滴灌在该地区节水增产潜力.结果表明:膜下滴灌大白菜全生育期蒸发蒸腾量214.76 mm,其中:幼苗期、莲座期和结球期蒸腾耗水量分别为14.76,73.56和126.44 mm,日均蒸腾强度为3.64 mm/d;全生育期棵间土壤蒸发量41.10 mm,占总耗水量的19.14%.膜下滴灌相比常规滴灌、膜孔畦灌减少大白菜耗水量14.25,94.17 mm,棵间蒸发与膜孔畦灌相近,相比常规滴灌减少16.18 mm(28.25%),但产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率可以分别达到80 439.75 kg/hm²,350.24 kg/(hm²·mm),374.56 kg/(hm²·mm),相比常规滴灌提升11 152.65 kg/hm²,18.89 kg/(hm²·mm),72.54 kg/(hm²·mm),相比膜孔畦灌提升14.7 kg/hm²,134.11 kg/(hm²·mm),114.23 kg/(hm²·mm).     

膜下滴灌调亏对加工番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过加工番茄不同生育期膜下滴灌水分调亏试验,研究了水分调亏对土壤水分、株高、干物质积累、经济产量及水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响。结果表明,在苗期占田间持水率55%的水分调亏滴灌,可以在降低灌溉水量、耗水量和移栽前后土壤水分的同时,显著(p<0.05)增加番茄单株果数、单株果质量、产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,而花期和盛果期分别施以上述水分调亏则结果相反,其中以花期表现最为显著(p<0.05),其次为盛果期。全生育期不进行水分调亏和仅在采收期施以水分调亏,虽产量显著(p<0.05)增加,但水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率却显著(p<0.05)降低。     

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤盐分离子分布和番茄产量的影响

为了探讨微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤盐分分布和番茄产量的影响,在内蒙古河套灌区进行了田间试验,共设置3种灌水处理:淡水灌水定额30 mm、微咸水灌水定额30 mm和微咸水灌水定额37.5 mm,每个处理重复3次,随机布置。结果表明:HCO_3~-、Cl~-、Na~+和K~+容易随水分移动,当微咸水灌水定额为37.5 mm时,淋洗效果最好;SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)与土壤胶体吸附力较强,不易随水分运动,淋洗效果不明显;在番茄生育期结束后需要秋季或来年春季汇水洗盐,防止微咸水灌溉后引起的盐碱危害;微咸水灌溉相比淡水灌溉的灌水定额要增大1/4左右。     

干旱区滴灌均匀系数对土壤水氮分布影响模拟

基于HYDRUS-2D软件建立了棉花膜下滴灌水氮运移模型,利用干旱区棉花膜下滴灌试验数据对模型进行了参数率定和验证。将灌水器流量沿毛管的变化离散为依次逐段减小,并假设土壤水分在各段之间不存在交换,利用验证后的数学模型研究了干旱区不同滴灌均匀系数时土壤水氮分布特征,评估了土壤空间变异对水氮分布均匀性的影响。模拟结果表明,随着灌水的进行,滴灌均匀系数Cu为0.60和0.80时,土壤含水率和NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数均呈下降趋势,而Cu=0.95时变化较平稳;滴灌均匀系数越低,灌水后土壤含水率和NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数降低的幅度越大;土壤NO-3-N质量浓度均匀系数的变化范围为0.35~1.00,低于土壤含水率均匀系数。田间试验存在的土壤空间变异在一定程度上增加了土壤水氮分布不均匀性。     

不同灌溉模式下土壤中钾素运移规律的研究

研究了膜下滴灌、低压渗灌和常规淹灌3种灌溉模式土壤速效钾含量.结果表明,在水平方向上,棉花宽行土壤中速效钾含量显著低于窄行;在垂直方向上,钾素均随土层深度的增加总体呈下降趋势.土壤中钾含量丰富,无论在耕层土壤还是深层土壤,速效钾含量均较高.     

Evaluating salinity distribution in soil irrigated with saline water in arid regions of northwest China

In arid and semi-arid regions, salinity is a serious and chronic problem for agriculture. A 3-year field experiment in the arid environment of Xinjiang, northwest China, was conducted to study the salinity change in soil resulting from deficit irrigation of cotton with non-saline, moderate saline and high saline water. The salinity profile distribution was also evaluated by an integrated water, salinity, and nitrogen model, ENVIRO-GRO. The simulated and observed salinity distributions matched well. Results indicated that after 3 years of cotton production, the average salinity in the 1.0-m soil profile was 336% and 547% of the original soil profile, respectively, for moderate saline and high saline water irrigation. If the practices continued, the average soil salinity (EC_e) in the 1.0-m soil profile would approach a steady level of 1.7, 10.8, and 14.7 dS m⁻¹, respectively, for the treatments receiving irrigation waters of 0.33, 3.62, and 6.71 dS m⁻¹. It was concluded that deficit irrigation of saline water in this region was not sustainable. Model simulation showed that a big flood irrigation after harvest can significantly reduce the salt accumulation in the soil profile, and that this practice was much more efficient for salinity control than applying the same extra amount of water during the growing season.     

温室番茄不同灌水方式试验研究

采用Φ20标准蒸发皿的水面蒸发量为控制灌溉参数,研究不同灌水方式(覆膜滴灌、覆膜沟灌和覆膜小畦田灌)对温室环境和番茄生长和灌溉水利用系数的影响。试验结果表明:在秋冬茬口的日光温室内,与膜下沟灌和传统覆膜畦田灌溉比较,覆膜滴灌一定程度降低了温室湿度,保持了土壤水分一直处于较高的水势范围,使番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率达到最高。另外,采用覆膜滴灌时,灌水周期为3d,蒸发皿系数取1.0时,产量和灌溉水利用效率最高,推荐作为该茬口的灌溉制度技术指标。     

Different drip irrigation regimes affect cotton yield, water use efficiency and fiber quality in western Turkey

Decreasing in water availability for cotton production has forced researchers to focus on increasing water use efficiency by improving either new drought-tolerant cotton varieties or water management. A field trial was conducted to observe the effects of different drip irrigation regimes on water use efficiencies (WUE) and fiber quality parameters produced from N-84 cotton variety in the Aegean region of Turkey during 2004 and 2005. Treatments were designated as full irrigation (T₁₀₀, which received 100% of the soil water depletion) and those that received 75, 50 and 25% of the amount received by treatment T₁₀₀ on the same day (treatments T₇₅; T₅₀ and T₂₅, respectively). The average seasonal water use values ranged from 265 to 753 mm and the average seed cotton yield varied from 2550 to 5760 kg ha⁻¹. Largest average cotton yield was obtained from the full irrigation treatment (T₁₀₀). WUE ranged from 0.77 kg m⁻³ in the T₁₀₀ to 0.98 kg m⁻³ in the T₂₅ in 2004 growing season and ranged from 0.76 kg m⁻³ in the T₁₀₀ to 0.94 kg m⁻³ in the T₂₅ in 2005 growing season. The largest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was observed in the T₂₅ (1.46 kg m⁻³), and the smallest IWUE was in the T₁₀₀ treatment (0.81 kg m⁻³) in the experimental years. A yield response factor (k_y) value of 0.78 was determined based on averages of two years. Leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter yields (DM) increased with increasing water use for treatments. Fiber qualities were influenced by drip irrigation levels in both years. The results revealed that well-irrigated treatments (T₁₀₀) could be used for the semi-arid climatic conditions under no water shortage. Moreover, the results also demonstrated that irrigation of cotton with drip irrigation method at 75% level (T₇₅) had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water and large WUE indicating a definitive advantage of deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions. In an economic viewpoint, 25.0% saving in irrigation water (T₇₅) resulted in 34.0% reduction in the net income. However, the net income of the T₁₀₀ treatment is found to be reasonable in areas with no water shortage.