Land evaluation of basaltic terrain under semi-arid to mediterranean conditions in the Golan Heights

Abstract. Soils derived from basalt bordering the northern Jordan Valley have developed under semi-arid to humid Mediterranean conditions and belong to two major soil orders: Vertisols in the drier south and Alfisols (Brown and Red Mediterranean soils) in the more humid north. Major limitations on land use of the vertisols are low hydraulic conductivity, slow infiltration and strong susceptibility to erosion by water. Crops growing on basalt-derived soil also suffer from phosphorus deficiency, though the soils contain much inorganic phosphorus. The natural vegetation is mainly herbaceous and grows well even under intensive and continuous grazing. The land is best used for pasture wherever limitations restrict other uses.     

Crystalline silica minerals in air-borne pyroclastic materials

Quartz is the most abundant, essential constituent of common volcanic rocks whereas tridymite and cristobalite occur in siliceous volcanic rocks. The mineralogy these minerals has been well established (DEER et at., 1963).     

Soil solarization with biodegradable materials and its impact on soil microbial communities

The application of soil solarization (SS), one of the most promising techniques for the control of soilborne pathogens, is seriously limited by the drawback regarding the disposal of the used plastic materials. A possible solution to this problem is the use of biodegradable plastics. The aim of this study was to make comparisons between the impact of SS performed with biodegradable materials and that of SS with plastic films and other pest management techniques (i.e. organic matter amendment, calcium cyanamide and Dazomet fungicide application) on crop productivity, soilborne disease incidence, weed suppression, and soil chemical (total N, NH₄-N, nitrate, available phosphorus, organic matter, hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate) and microbial (cultivable Pseudomonas, DGGE fingerprinting of bacterial 16S- and fungal 28S rRNA gene fragments from total soil community DNA) parameters. We carried out field experiments in two types of soil with different textures (clay and sand) artificially inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (vs. tomato) and Sclerotinia minor (vs. lettuce).The temperature of soils covered with solarizing materials was always higher than that of bare soils, but plastic cover was more effective and consistent in rising soil temperature compared to biodegradable materials. Plant growth promotion by SS was limited, especially compared to Dazomet and organic matter applications, and a positive effect was observed only for lettuce in the clay soil. Differently, both plastic and biodegradable solarizing materials were effective in reducing lettuce drop caused by S. minor. Weed development was significantly suppressed by Dazomet application and SS with plastic film, while control with biodegradable materials was limited. SS had a variable and limited effect on chemical and microbial parameters, with a general tendency to reduce richness of bacteria and fungi. Dazomet caused the most pronounced reduction of the microbial community diversity in both soil types and a significant stimulation of the fluorescent Pseudomonas group. Organic amendment significantly enhanced the organic matter content, the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate and the Pseudomonas population. Among all measured soil parameters, the size of the fluorescent Pseudomonas population emerged as the most important factor affecting crop productivity.The results of this experimentation show the potential of using biodegradable solarizing materials in place of plastic films, but also indicate the need for improving their properties to obtain performances comparable to those of other pest management techniques.     

Soil evolution and climate dynamics in dry steppes of the Privolzhskaya Upland during the last 3500 years

The investigation of paleosols of different ages buried under archaeological monuments of the Bronze (16th?C15th centuries BC), Early Iron (2nd?C3rd centuries AD), and Medieval (14th century AD) ages demonstrated that the evolution of chestnut soils and solonetzes in the dry steppes of the southern part of the Privolzhskaya Upland during the past 3500 years manifested itself at the level of the genus and species characteristics of the soils, such as the degree of the solonetzicity, the humus content, and the content and composition of the soluble salts. The revealed regularities of the variations of the morphological, chemical, and microbiological soil properties in time allowed reconstructing the secular dynamics of the climatic humidity in the region. It was found that the humidization of the climate with a decrease in the degree of the climatic continentality took place in the middle of the second millennium BC. The Late Sarmatian Time (2nd?C3rd centuries AD) was characterized by arid climatic conditions, whereas the Golden Horde time (13th?C14th centuries AD) was marked by the general humidization of the climate. A gradual aridization of the climate began in the second half of the 14th century and continued in the 15th century AD.     

Soil microbial activity measured by microcalorimetry in response to long-term fertilization regimes and available phosphorous on heat evolution

Microcalorimetric technique was used to investigate the effects of balanced versus nutrient-deficiency fertilization on soil microbial activity in a long-term (19-year) fertilizer experiment. The number of microorganisms in soils was measured by viable cell count, and the power-time curves were recorded for soil samples supplemented with glucose and ammonium sulphate, also with or without sodium dihydrogen phosphate for P-deficiency fertilization. Both the bacterial and the fungal populations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) under balanced fertilization than under nutrient-deficiency fertilization. The microbial activity presented by heat dissipation per cell unit indicated that microorganisms under balanced fertilizer treatments had more efficient metabolism, while decreased microbial activity under nutrient-deficiency treatments was firstly due to soil available P, followed by N and K (P < 0.05). In addition, microbial growth in soils under P-deficiency fertilization was stimulated by adding available P, while the lower growth rate, less peak heat, and longer peak time all indicated the low activity of soil microorganisms. We emphasize the importance of balanced fertilization, as well as the role of available P, in maintaining and promoting soil microbial activity.     

盐渍化土壤肥力演变规律研究

本文是在曲周试验区的长期定位试验和大田调查的基础上　，研究了盐渍化土壤在改良、利用及培肥过程中，构成土壤肥力的主要因素的演变规律．研　究结果表明：土壤有机质含量从治理初期的小于５ｇ／ｋｇ提高到１５　ｇ／ｋｇ左右；土壤碱解氮从开　始的富氮假象，逐步出现土壤碱解氮含量迅速下降的现象，再缓慢上升到７０～８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，有　的甚至超过了１３０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ；土壤有效磷含量从２～３　ｍｇ／ｋｇ或者只有０．５～１　ｍｇ／ｋｇ左右，有的　地块近于零提高到１５～２０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ，有的已接近６０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ；土壤速效钾含量则由治理初期的２０　０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ，下降到３０　ｍｇ／ｋｇ左右；土壤微生物量明显增加，理化性状不断改善，熟化程度逐　步提高；土壤肥力的变化表现出了阶段性特征．提出了盐渍化土壤的合理施肥技术．     

Characteristics of soils derived from tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits from Taal volcano,the Philippines

The various morphological, physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of soils derived from tephra and pyroclastic flow deposits of the Taal volcano were characterized and evaluated.

1. As compared with the pumiceous sandy soils of Mt. Pinatubo, soils of the Taal volcano showed generally a finer texture (silty clay to clay) with the exception of the base surge materials consisting of loam.

2. Parent ashes ranged from basaltic-andesite to basalt, as compared with andesitic to dacite for Mt. Pinatubo. Lithologic nature as well as the age of the tephra seemed to account for the advanced degree of weathering and resultant high clay content in the Taal soil.

3. Clay consisted predominantly of crystalline silicate mineral dominated by halloysite. Dominance of crystalline clay could be due to the ustic moisture conditions with a long dry period. In common with Mt. Pinatubo soils, soils of the flood plains were dominated by 2 : 1 clay minerals.

4. Based on the data on andic soil properties the soils studied could not be classified as Andisols. Basically, the typical andic soil properties did not develop under a ustic soil moisture regime which contributed to the clay mineral composition. Two of the pedons examined in this study were classified as Andic Eutropepts while on the pedons studied had been classified as Ustarent.     

典型黑土区水土保持林对土壤可蚀性的影响

以典型黑土区水曲柳林、落叶松林、樟子松林、云杉林及开垦50 a的耕地土壤为对象,通过对土壤水稳性团聚体特征、土粒静水崩解能力以及有机质含量等指标的测定与分析,研究了水土保持林对土壤可蚀性的影响.结果表明:0-30 cm土层范围内,林分对土壤水稳性团聚体组成的影响,主要表现为提高较大粒级团聚体的比例,显著增加PA0.25、降低团聚体破坏率(P<0.05);林地土壤水稳性指数显著提高(P<0.05),增加幅度达4.46～7.92倍;林地内表层土壤有机质含量较耕地相对提高了32.6%～62.7%.差异显著(P<0.05);可以认为水土保持林能够有效降低土壤可蚀性,并以阔叶水曲柳林的作用效果最为显著.该结果为进一步研究典型黑土区水土保持林的构建与调控技术提供了参考.     

Soil organic matter evolution after the application of high doses of organic amendments in a Mediterranean calcareous soil

Purpose

We investigate the coevolution of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil properties in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem, as well as the 1-year evolution of the different pools of soil organic and inorganic carbon and their influence on soil respiration after the application of a single high dose of three different organic amendments.

Material and methods

We applied a single high dose (160?Mg?ha^?1 in dry weight (DW)) of three types of organic amendments: aerobically digested sewage sludge (AE), anaerobically digested sewage sludge (AN), and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), in a calcareous Mediterranean soil. The study area is located in the southeast of Madrid (Spain), characterized by a Mediterranean climate with a marked seasonal and daily contrast. We analyzed different forms of soil organic and inorganic carbon and soil respiration rates. The measurements have been performed quarterly for 1?year.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the coevolution of SOM and soil largely depends on the origin and composition of the organic amendments used. The AN sludge affected the soil chemistry more. The organic matter (OM) provided by AE treatments underwent more intense mineralization processes than AN, with the OM from MSWC being more stable. This behavior could be explained by the different pools of carbon involved in each case. The treatments contributed differently to soil respiration rates following the sequence: AE > AN > MSWC. The application of organic amendments in calcareous Mediterranean soils also modified the inorganic carbon pools.

Conclusions

SOM and soil coevolution after organic amendments application depends on the origin and chemical composition of the inputs. The decision-making process of urban organic waste application with regard to agricultural policy must take into account the different behavior in soil of the different types of amendments.     

引洪灌溉沙漠 综合治理沙害

引洪灌溉沙漠综合治理沙害于振江（新疆维吾尔自治区水利厅农水处，乌鲁木齐８３００００）新疆策勒县位于世界著名的流动性大沙漠──塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘，是新疆风沙灾害最为严重的县之一。历史上，策勒县城曾三次因风沙湮埋而被迫迁移。近代，由于人类不当的社会经济活...     

东北黑土区水土流失的经济学分析

本文对东北黑土区的水土流失问题进行了深入分析,得出人为因素是造成该地区水土大量流失的最主要因素,其背后有着深刻的经济学原因：公有产权带来的土壤被过度垦殖;农地投资外部性造成的有利于水土保持的长期投资不足和不利于水土保持的短期投资过剩;政府失灵造成的水土流失的加剧。因此,明晰“实际”产权、将环保标准纳入政府政绩考核和严格约束政府寻租行为,可缓解该地区水土流失问题。     

亮蓝在喀斯特黑色石灰土和红壤中流动滞后性的研究

亮蓝已被普遍接受作为野外可视化土壤水分运移路径的染色示踪剂,但不同土壤对亮蓝的吸附会对其流动性造成不同程度的迟滞,进而影响亮蓝的染色效果。以石林喀斯特地区黑色石灰土和红壤为研究对象,通过一系列亮蓝浓度梯度对照试验,采用相对迟滞系数作为量化指标,探究亮蓝示踪黑色石灰土和红壤的水分运移规律和适宜浓度。结果表明:(1)亮蓝浓度不影响水的运移;(2)亮蓝在两种土壤中的流动滞后性均呈现随亮蓝浓度增加而减小的趋势,浓度超过10g/L的亮蓝在黑色石灰土中的流动深度基本跟水流一致,浓度超过50g/L的亮蓝在红壤中流动滞后性趋于稳定但仍明显。试验证明示踪南方喀斯特地区土壤水分运移应选用高浓度的亮蓝染色剂。     

黑河流域盐渍土资源及紫花苜蓿改土培肥和生态恢复效应的研究

在黑河流域草甸盐土上种植了紫花苜蓿,改土培肥效果十分明显。3年生紫花苜蓿产鲜草55.20 t hm-2,折干草18.40 t hm-2,与CK比较0~20 cm土层中自然含水量增加90.65g kg-1,>0.25mm团粒结构增加32.34%,总孔度增加9.06%,土壤容重降低0.24g cm-3,pH由8.45降到8.20,全盐含量降低4.63g kg-1,脱盐率达到56.60%,有机质、速效N、P、K亦随之增加。     

东北黑土区土壤侵蚀对土壤持水性的影响

为探究不同侵蚀程度对土壤持水性的影响,采用压力膜法对表土分别被侵蚀剥离0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70cm,3次重复,共计48个试验小区的土壤田间持水量、凋萎湿度进行测定,计算其土壤有效水含量。结果表明:随土壤侵蚀程度增加凋萎湿度呈微弱上升趋势,田间持水量和土壤有效水含量逐渐降低。土壤侵蚀70cm时,田间持水量降低7%,有效水含量降低11%。随侵蚀程度增加,土壤有机质含量下降。土壤田间持水量、有效水含量与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,与容重呈负相关。     

沈阳市郊玉米连作土壤有机质组成及其对土壤结构的影响

通过对沈阳市郊玉米连作土壤的有机质、结构情况以及二者相互关系研究表明,土壤中有机质大致范围在16.31gkg-1～23.72gkg-1,腐殖质大致范围在15.17gkg-1～21.49gkg-1,非腐殖质大致范围在1.14gkg-1～2.59gkg-1;在腐殖质各组分中,胡敏素的含量最高,约占腐殖质总量的58.93%～66.34%,胡敏酸约占16.26%～22.87%,富里酸约占16.82%～18.20%,胡富比约在0.95～1.32之间;干筛处理后>0.25mm的土壤团聚体占到80%以上,其中以>2mm团聚体为主,湿筛处理后>0.25mm的土壤团聚体仅占20%左右,其中0.25～0.5mm团聚体为主,水稳性系数在17.33%～35.67%。对有机质及其各组分与土壤各级团聚体做的相关分析结果表明,有机质与0.25～5mm粒径组的团聚体呈显著相关,与>5mm团聚体不相关,且胡敏酸主要影响1～5mm大团聚体的形成。     

开展紫色土区生态修复加快水土流失治理

本文分析了宁化县紫色土水土保持现状及开展生态修复存在的问题，根据宁化县的有利条件，提出在紫色土水土流失区开展生态修复的措施。     

低丘红壤开发与复合农林业对土壤侵蚀的影响

在低丘红壤的开发利用中,通过复合农林业技术达到植树种草、增加地面覆盖率、发展当地经济植物促进畜牧业发展,探索低丘红壤开发利用的新模式,科学合理地开发红壤资源,实现开发中保护。经过2年的试验表明:选择适宜的植物种类对于有效地发挥生物措施与复合农林技术的功效是极其重要的,各试验块的植被覆盖度分别是湿地松18%,茶叶23%,柑橘34.6%;覆盖度大小顺序依次为柑橘>茶叶>湿地松;低丘红壤开发的第1年土壤侵蚀量一般都超过土壤允许侵蚀量500t/km2.a,第2年就减小到350t/km2.a左右,各类型的土壤平均侵蚀量次序为柑橘>湿地松>茶叶;各处理的平均N素流失量为湿地松138.8 kg/km2,茶叶450.1 kg/km2,柑橘182.4 kg/km2;N素流失大小顺序为茶叶>柑柑橘>湿地松。在试验区采样分析结果表明:随着土壤侵蚀的逐步升级,土壤容重、田间持水量、土壤粉粒、土壤团聚体、土壤pH、土壤盐基饱和度、土壤盐基交换量均相应降低,而土壤交换性酸对应增加。验证了水土流失直接导致土壤结构、土壤物理性状退化、变差的结果。     

土壤粒度对土霉素在黑土和红壤上吸附的影响

为了探明土壤粒度对土霉素在土壤上吸附的影响,以性质差异显著的黑土和红壤为供试土壤,采用批量平衡法,研究了土霉素在不同粒度的2种土壤上的吸附行为。结果表明：（1）土霉素在不同粒度土壤上的吸附均分为快吸附和慢吸附2个过程,土壤类型和不同粒度的同种土壤对土霉素吸附速率存在差异,Elovich模型、双常数模型对动力学吸附过程拟合效果最好;（2）3种等温吸附方程模型都可以较好地拟合研磨度不同的2种土壤对土霉素的吸附,相关系数（R^2）在0.954～0.999之间,吸附参数kd、kf在2种土壤上均随着粒度的减小而增大。因此,在研究土霉素等四环素类抗生素在土壤上的吸附时选择合适的土壤粒度非常重要。