土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系

通过综述土壤侵蚀对碳循环的影响、全球气候变化对土壤侵蚀的影响以及水土保持植被恢复对碳循环与土壤碳素积累的影响,研究土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系。结果表明:因侵蚀造成的土壤碳素损失是巨大的,但土壤侵蚀是碳源还是碳汇过程依然存在争议,焦点集中于因侵蚀造成土壤团聚体解体,暴露在空气中的土壤有机碳的矿化速率的大小;随着全球气温升高以及降雨格局的变化,全球土壤侵蚀强度和范围都在不断增加,但土壤侵蚀对全球气候变化的响应程度依然值得深入研究;水土保持生态恢复主要通过改变下垫面性质来改变土壤有机碳含量、影响土壤CO2释放并促进土壤碳素积累,对抑制大气CO2浓度升高能产生积极影响。尽管土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系方面的研究已取得重大进展,但仍有待于在土壤侵蚀过程中碳素变化模型、土壤侵蚀过程中氮素迁移转化特征以及侵蚀劣地生态恢复过程中土壤碳素积累机制等方面加强研究。     

Humic and fulvic acids as indicators of soil and water pollution

Humic substances are the major organic components of soil and sediments, but little is known on how they are affected by environmental and industrial pollution. To find out whether such effects could be recognized, a number of analytical characteristics were compared of humic and fulvic acids extracted from unpolluted and polluted soils and sediments. The main differences were that, per unit weight, polluted humic and fulvic acids contained more N, S and H but fewer CO₂H groups, and were more aliphatic than unpolluted samples. Unusually high N and S contents of humic materials appear to be the most valid indicators of pollution. Humic acids are preferred to fulvic acids as indicators of pollution because the former are more readily separated and purified.     

正确认识和处理水土保持中的几个重要关系

根据朔州市近年来的水土保持生态建设实践,论述了必须正确认识和处理的几个关系:科学发展观与水土保持生态建设的关系、生态自我修复与重点工程治理和农民脱贫致富的关系、水土保持生态建设与预防的关系、治坡与治沟的关系、工程措施与生物措施的关系、治理与利用和管护的关系。     

水土保持措施防治非点源污染的作用机制

 进入土壤或水体中的非点源污染物一般可分为化肥、农药和重金属3大类。这3大类污染物在土壤或水体中通过植物吸收、土壤胶体吸附、微生物降解、径流淋失与挥发等途径进行迁移转化。系统阐述水土保持生物措施、工程措施和农业技术措施3大措施对化肥、农药和重金属3大污染物的各种迁移转化途径所具有的促进与抑制作用,可为合理配置水土保持措施,有效防治非点源污染提供重要的理论依据。     

The use of surface resistance—soil moisture relationships in soil water budget models

An important feature of a soil water budget is the reduction of transpiration from a canopy below the rate of atmospheric demand with increasing soil dryness. Commonly, an empirical relationship between the ratio of actual evaporation (AE) to potential evaporation (PE) and soil water storage is adopted. Alternatively the Penman—Monteith equation can be used with a specified relationship between surface resistance and soil water storage.Using actual evaporation rates determined from instrumented soil water profiles, a relationship between surface resistance and soil water storage can be inferred, and results are presented for different crops and soil-types in the United Kingdom. These results are compared with the surface resistance values implicit in the performance of two layer soil moisture models adopting an empirical AE/PE relationship with soil moisture deficit. The performance of the two approaches with respect to soil moisture estimation is compared.     

塑料大棚盐渍化土壤灌水洗盐对水环境污染负荷的研究

针对塑料大棚盐渍化土壤常用的灌水洗盐方式,通过小区和原状土柱模拟灌水洗盐试验,研究了灌水洗盐降低土壤盐渍化的效果及其通过径流和渗漏流失对水环境的氮磷污染负荷。结果表明：灌水洗盐能降低表层土壤盐分53%～64%、土壤硝态氮55%～60%,但使表层土壤速效磷增加了1.0～1.5倍;洗盐过程中通过径流和渗漏流失进入水环境的氮磷污染负荷为硝态氮7.66 kg/hm²、铵态氮0.77 kg/hm²、总氮12.71 kg/hm²和总磷1.27 kg/h     

高分子保水剂在土壤水肥保持和污染治理中的应用进展

高分子保水剂(super absorbent polymer,SAP)是一种具有高吸水和保水能力的高分子聚合物,应用土壤具有水肥保持和土壤改良等多重效应,近年在农业生产、水土保持和污染治理中应用受到重视。该文通过作者多年研究积累和文献综合分析,回顾了高分子保水剂发展历程,提出其效应原理的理论体系,包括保水剂自身吸水、保水和释水原理,保水剂促进土壤改良和保持效应原理;保水剂提高肥料等农化产品利用效率原理;保水剂调节植物生理节水效应原理和固化土壤重金属效应原理。此外,文章对保水剂在农业水肥保持与高效利用、土壤重金属污染治理等方面的研究进展进行了系统分析,并根据其存在问题,指出加强新型产品研制及其应用基础研究,加快应用技术推广是保水剂发展的主要方向。     

土壤、蔬菜的铅污染相关性分析及土壤铅污染阈限值研究

为探求土壤重金属污染和蔬菜污染的相关性,为绿色蔬菜生产提供技术支持,以郑州市常见的5种叶菜类蔬菜[油麦菜（Lactuca sativa var．Asparagina）、荆芥（Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq）、蕹菜（Lpomoea aquelica）、生菜（Lactuca sativa）、苋菜（Amaranthus hypochondriacus）]为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培的方法研究了土壤Pb浓度与蔬菜污染的相关性,并对绿色蔬菜生产要求的土壤Pb污染阈限值进行了预测。研究结果表明：低浓度Pb污染的土壤对蔬菜生长、产量无明显影响;随着施Pb浓度的增加,5种蔬菜中的Pb含量均呈增加趋势,且与土壤中的Pb含量相关性显著;模拟得出的Pb阈限值油麦菜为39．9092±2．4469mg·kg^-1,荆芥43．8986±3．5855mg·kg^-1,蕹菜35．2934±1．7872mg·kg^-1,生菜33．6964±2．1512mg·kg^-1,苋菜34．5396±2．4254mg·kg^-1;对Pb富集能力由大到小排序为生菜〉苋菜〉蕹菜〉油麦菜〉荆芥。     

Metal plant and soil pollution indexes

Micro-constituent ionic impulsion, a parameter related to metal content and introduced to explain plant uptake, is now used to propose a plant global pollution index for an industrialized area. Plant toxic levels and previous analytical results (Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn) for five wild plant species and whole herbage from 14 sampling points with rural, industrial or urban character within Bilbao (Spain) zone, are used to calculate this index. On similar bases a soil pollution index is also suggested, excluding Fe as it is a natural and very variable macrocomponent. Comparisons between these two indexes are included; differences are discussed through leaf uptake or strong retention of metals by soils.     

红壤中重金属的复合污染及污染指数

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn and As coexisting in red soil on growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mung bean(Vigna rabiata(Linn.) Wilczek),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.),Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)and aspen(Populus L.).Results showed that rice,mung bean and alfalfa were significantly influenced by combined poollution of the heavy metals,the contents of Pb,Cd and As in rice grains greatly exceeded the National Standards for Food Hygiene of China.Heavy metals at a high concentration seriously retarded growth of mung bean and alfalfa,but not so obviously with slash pine and aspen.The composite index is suggested for evaluating the relativity of combined pollution with heavy metals in soil.     

Humus forms and metal pollution in soil

Smelters in northern France are a serious source of soil pollution by heavy metals. We have studied a poplar plantation downwind of an active zinc smelter. Three humus profiles were sampled at increasing distance from the smelter, and the thickness of topsoil horizons was measured along a transect. We analysed the vertical distribution of humus components and plant debris to assess the impact of heavy metal pollution on the humus forms and on soil faunal activity. We compared horizons within a profile, humus profiles between them, and traced the recent history of the site. Near the smelter, poplar trees are stunted or dead and the humus form is a mor, with a well‐developed holorganic OM horizon. Here faunal activity is inhibited, so there is little faecal deposition and humification of plant litter. At the distant site poplar grows well and faunal activity is intense, so there are skeletonized leaves and many organo–mineral earthworm and millipede faecal pellets. The humus form is a mull, with a well‐developed hemorganic A horizon. The passage from mor to mull along the transect was abrupt, mor turning to mull at 250 m from the smelter, though there was a progressive decrease in heavy metal deposition. This indicates that there was a threshold (estimated to be 20 000 mg Zn kg^?1) in the resilience of the soil foodweb.     

Observations of water,air and soil pollution in Israel and vicinity from the ERTS-1 imagery

Israel is a participant in the Earth Resources Technology Satellite Program (ERTS). The imagery of Israel and vicinity taken by the Multi Spectral Scanner of the ERTS-1 Satellite has been the subject of analysis in a multidisciplinary research program. The objectives of the program are mapping of agricultural crops, mainly wheat and orange groves, mapping of natural vegetation, and studies for Israeli hydrology, arid regions research, geology, and oceanography. Cases of water, air, and soil pollution have been observed in the imagery on several dates, and are reported in this paper. These are: oil slicks in the Gulf of Suez and possibly near Haifa; smoke plumes, extending over some 100 km in a nearly straight line along the Gulf of Suez, and soil pollution caused by copper mine effluents in the Arava Valley in Israel. The images of these cases of pollution are presented and ‘space signatures’, i.e., the radiometric spectral characteristics of these cases of pollution as seen from space are also given.     

关于我国水土保持顶层设计若干重要关系的思考

水土保持涉及农业、林业、水利、国土、环保等部门以及生产建设各行业,任务艰巨、关系复杂.做好其顶层设计十分重要.水土保持顶层设计就是在全国水土保持规划的指导下,构建自上而下的水土保持规划体系,并通过不断协调各种关系和调整实施方案,最终达到既定的长远性、战略性总体目标和任务.2015年国务院以国函[2015]160号文批复了《全国水土保持规划(2015-2030)》,明确水土保持目标和任务.据此,针对水土保持面临的新形势和新问题,审视水土保持的区域、部门、行业特点,科学分析中央与地方、部门与行业、区域内部及区域之间、经济与生态、保护与利用等各种重要关系,提出水土保持落实顶层设计,分级实施全国水土保持规划的对策与建议,重点是建立相关部门的协作协调合作机制,健全我国水土保持规划体系,落实水土流失防治目标与任务,完善和拓展投入机制.     

考虑水迁移率动态变化改进土壤溶质地表流失模型

农田土壤溶质的地表径流流失是农业面源污染的重要组成部分,为了更加有效预测和控制农田土壤溶质的流失,该文将水迁移率考虑为随土壤侵蚀变化而变化的函数,并修改Hydrus-1D代码数值求解土壤溶质的地表径流浓度值。利用两组已经发表的试验数据对改进的模型进行校验,研究结果表明该文模拟值与观测数据的相关系数r≥0.81,残差绝对均值和均方根差与原模型的模拟值相比,分别平均减少了35.42和60.77 mg/L,该文改进的模型能更好地模拟土壤溶质的地表径流流失规律。该文的研究成果将为实际预防和控制农业面源污染提供参考。     

土壤、蔬菜Cd污染相关性分析与土壤污染阈限值研究

为探求土壤重金属污染和蔬菜污染的相关性,为绿色蔬菜生产提供技术支持,该研究以郑州市常见的5种叶菜类蔬菜(油麦菜、荆芥、蕹菜、生菜、苋菜)为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了土壤不同浓度 Cd污染与蔬菜污染的相关性,并对绿色蔬菜生产要求的土壤污染阈限值进行了分析。研究结果表明：低浓度Cd污染的土壤对蔬菜生长、产量有促进作用;随着Cd浓度的增加,5种蔬菜中的Cd含量都呈现增加趋势。蔬菜中的Cd含量与土壤中的含量相关性较好;模拟得出土壤Cd阈限值为：油麦菜(0.3199±0.0349)mg/kg,荆芥(0.3335±0.01904)mg/kg,蕹菜(0.1952±0.1072)mg/kg,生菜(0.1554±0.0064)mg/kg,苋菜(0.2690±0.0532)mg/kg;对Cd富集能力由大到小排序为：生菜、蕹菜、苋菜、油麦菜、荆芥。     

Interdependence of air,water, and soil pollution control strategies in a power plant and a kraft mill

An analysis of cross-media (air, water, and soil) emissions resulting from various control strategies is necessary in the evaluations of emission standards as well as control strategies. This paper presents such analysis on seven control strategies for a coal-fired power plant and ten control strategies for a kraft pulp and paper mill. The data illustrated include uncontrolled and controlled emissions to all three environmental media as well as power requirement, and capital and operating costs.