中草药添加剂对肉用仔鸡饲养效果的研究

中草药添加剂对肉用仔鸡饲养效果的研究李旭，王选东（新疆塔里木农大畜牧系８４３３００）近年来，人们为了避免抗生素及化学饲料添加剂的残毒、副作用以及病原菌产生耐药性等问题，研究人员开始用中草药作为饲料添加剂。为了寻求既经济，又能促进肉鸡生长发育的中草药饲...     

中草药提取物在肉兔生产中的应用研究进展

中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂应用于肉兔生产中，可以调控肉兔生产性能，在目前全面禁用饲用抗生素的环境下，是肉兔饲料添加剂的研究热点。本文综述了在肉兔生产中使用中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂对肉兔生产性能、肠道发育以及抗病性能的影响，旨在为中草药提取物在肉兔养殖中的应用提供科学的理论依据。     

中草药饲料添加剂在反刍动物养殖中的应用研究进展

笔者结合人类食品安全与健康、环境保护和反刍动物养殖业的现状,介绍了反刍动物饲用中草药饲料添加剂的独有特点和应用方向,讨论了反刍动物饲用中草药饲料添加剂在实际应用和研发中存在的主要问题,并对以后的发展方向和研究趋势进行了展望。     

中草药代替猪饲料中抗生素的试验

120和85头平均始体质量约32kg的杜×大×长和大×杜×浙三元杂交猪分2批进行中草药饲料添加剂替代抗生素的适宜添加水平试验。每批均分5个组，1～3组分别饲喂无抗生素基础饲粮＋0．20％中草药饲料添加剂，无抗生素基础饲粮＋0．15％中草药饲料添加剂，无抗生素基础饲粮＋0．10％中草药饲料添加剂的饲粮，第4组在仔猪、中猪和大猪阶段分别饲喂无抗生素基础饲粮＋0．20％、无抗生素基础饲粮＋0．15％和无抗生素基础饲粮＋0．10％不同梯度中草药饲料添加剂的饲粮，第5组饲喂含抗生素的对照饲粮，基础饲粮配方和预混料中营养物质含量与试验饲粮相同。结果表明，添加中草药饲料添加剂可取得与添加抗生素相似的促生长作用，其中尤以第4组猪的生产性能最好，经济效益最高，甚至超过抗生素对照组。     

绿色饲料添加剂的作用及应用

绿色饲料添加剂包括微生态制剂、饲用酶制剂、中草药饲料添加剂和寡聚糖类饲料添加剂等,具有促进生长、提高免疫机能、无毒副作用、无有害物质残留等优良特性,应用效果良好。     

中草药饲料添加剂的应用前景

由于饲用抗生素类和化学合成药物添加剂的诸多弊端,世界各国每年都在控制其在畜牧业中应用的剂量和种类,同时在积极探索其它类型安全、环保的饲用添加剂。天然中草药植物添加剂由于无抗生素类药物的一些普遍弊病,近年来逐步引起人们的关注。1优点及特点1.1优点以天然植物有效成分为主体的饲料添加剂具有如下优点:①中草药副作用小,家畜无耐药性;②中草药成份复杂,每味中草药本身就是一个小复方,加之处方众多,配伍多样、作用各异,构成了中草药添加剂的作用和功能的多样性[1];③中草药添加剂具有非特异性抗菌作用,从根本上保护、协调畜禽的整…     

绿色饲料添加剂——酶制剂

抗生素作为饲料添加剂在饲料工业中的应用已有 50多年历史 ,曾对预防动物疾病、促进动物生长及提高养殖业产量起到了积极的作用。但饲料中抗生素的长期、大量滥用存在着严重的负面效应。因此 ,限用、停用和禁用抗生素 ,积极开发有效、安全、无毒副作用的绿色饲料添加剂是一项紧迫、关键的任务。目前绿色饲料添加剂除常规营养性添加剂外 ,主要有微生物制剂、酶制剂、中草药制剂、寡肽、寡糖等。下面就酶制剂作用机理和应用效果作一论述。1　饲用酶剂制的基本概念及其种类酶是一种具有生物催化反应能力的特殊蛋白质。饲用酶制剂是一种以酶为主…     

中草药饲料添加剂在养猪生产中的应用及发展趋势

随着畜牧业的飞速发展,大量使用抗生素的弊端日益凸显,选择更加安全、高效、环保的饲用添加剂成为亟待解决的问题。中草药饲料添加剂作为抗生素的替代品,具有改善机体代谢、促进动物生长发育、提高免疫力及防治畜禽疾病等多方面的作用。该文就中草药饲料添加剂的研究概况、应用现状、发展趋势及存在的问题加以综述,以期为中草药添加剂的应用和研究提供依据。     

中草药添加剂对畜禽促生长的应用

本文概述了中草药在饲料添加剂领域中的研究结果。其主要内容包括：中草药添加剂的功效、作用机理探讨；中草药添加剂的应用效果及发展前景的展望。     

复方中草药饲料添加剂饲喂母、仔猪试验报告

中草药猪用添加剂是近年来利用中草药资源研制开发的具有我国特色的新型添加剂。科研和生产实践证明,它有药源广、成本低、效果佳,安全无副作用等特点。德清饲用添加剂厂与德清县中草药饲用添加剂研究所,利用中草药,依据泌乳母猪、仔猪的生理特点,科学研制了母猪用“母猪壮补催奶灵”和仔猪用“仔猪生长止泻灵”复方中草药饲料添加剂。我们受委托于1993年5-7月应用上述添加剂对哺乳母猪、仔猪进行饲喂试验。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.