美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)眼睛早期发育的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片及HE染色的方法对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)早期发育过程中眼睛的发生、分化和形成过程进行了系统的观察.结果显示,受精后21 h 13 min,视泡出现;受精后26h 23 min,视泡发育成视杯;受精后35 h 44 min,原始视网膜和晶状体形成;受精后60h 15 min,角膜在视网膜前缘处形成,由单一的立方上皮构成;2日龄仔鱼,巩膜分化完成,由软骨组织和弹力纤维构成,脉络膜出现;3日龄仔鱼,虹膜出现,视网膜分化完全,由外向内的色素层、视觉细胞层、外界膜、外核层、外网膜层、内核层、内网膜层、视神经节细胞层、视神经纤维层和内界膜10层构成,此时视觉细胞层中视杆细胞出现;14日龄仔鱼,角膜分化完全,由自外向内的复层扁平上皮、前弹性层、基质层、后弹性层和内皮层5层构成;22日龄仔鱼,脉络膜腺出现;26日龄稚鱼脉络膜分化完全,由外向内依次为银膜层、血管层和色素层,虹膜也完全分化,由外向内依次为虹膜内皮层、前缘层、基质层、后缘层和色素层;45日龄幼鱼,视网膜内核层分化成两层水平细胞.此时美洲鲥眼睛的各个结构均发育完善.     

美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)眼睛早期发育的组织学观察

应用石蜡切片及HE染色的方法对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)早期发育过程中眼睛的发生、分化和形成过程进行了系统的观察。结果显示,受精后21 h 13 min,视泡出现;受精后26 h 23 min,视泡发育成视杯;受精后35 h 44 min,原始视网膜和晶状体形成;受精后60 h 15 min,角膜在视网膜前缘处形成,由单一的立方上皮构成;2日龄仔鱼,巩膜分化完成,由软骨组织和弹力纤维构成,脉络膜出现;3日龄仔鱼,虹膜出现,视网膜分化完全,由外向内的色素层、视觉细胞层、外界膜、外核层、外网膜层、内核层、内网膜层、视神经节细胞层、视神经纤维层和内界膜10层构成,此时视觉细胞层中视杆细胞出现;14日龄仔鱼,角膜分化完全,由自外向内的复层扁平上皮、前弹性层、基质层、后弹性层和内皮层5层构成;22日龄仔鱼,脉络膜腺出现;26日龄稚鱼脉络膜分化完全,由外向内依次为银膜层、血管层和色素层,虹膜也完全分化,由外向内依次为虹膜内皮层、前缘层、基质层、后缘层和色素层;45日龄幼鱼,视网膜内核层分化成两层水平细胞。此时美洲鲥眼睛的各个结构均发育完善。     

施氏鲟的胚胎及胚后发育研究

施氏鲟的成熟卵为典型的多黄卵,受精后胚血隆起不明显,卵裂为特殊的辐射裂,与多数硬骨鱼类有明显差别,与两栖类卵裂相似,且卵裂方式有明显的硬骨鱼类盘状卵裂的痕迹,施氏鲟的胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、卵黄栓期、神经胚期、视泡形成期、心基层表动期和孵出期;胚后发育则分为卵黄囊期仔鱼、晚期仔鱼和稚鱼期。水温１７～１９℃时,施氏鲟胚胎发育历时９５～１０４ｈ,总积温需用１７１０～１８７２℃．ｈ。     

施氏鲟鱼苗驯养试验

为提高施氏鲟的开食率和苗种成活率,在流水条件下,选取刚孵化出膜、体质健壮的施氏鲟仔鱼1000尾,投喂人工配合饲料进行强化开口试验,观察其摄食习性、生长与形态发育变化。结果表明：在16—25℃水温条件下,经100d饲养,平均全长达28．3cm,平均体重达69．7g,并获得了的86．7％开口成活率和73．4％的最终成活率。     

施氏鲟的性腺分化及养殖水温对其性腺分化的影响

利用组织学方法观察了养殖施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的起源、迁移和原始生殖腺的形成及分化。结果表明,施氏鲟PGC最早出现于1.5 dph(days post-hatching)的仔鱼中肾管(又称吴尔夫氏管)原基一侧的中胚层中。3~7 dph,PGCs数目增多,并聚集成细胞索,17~31 dph,PGCs沿肠系膜向肾管区下方迁移,并与生殖嵴细胞一起形成原始性腺;40～60 dph时成群的小细胞团由肾区向原始性腺迁移,原始性腺上皮细胞柱状;90~120 dph,原始性腺中出现生殖上皮和性细胞,脂肪细胞和血管增多。180 dph以后,施氏鲟幼鱼性腺在组织学水平上出现光滑型(精巢)和褶皱型(卵巢)2种性腺组织结构,标志施氏鲟幼鱼性腺在解剖学水平上已经分化。本实验结果表明,孵化后31～180 d为其性腺分化的关键期。将孵化后56 d的仔鱼分别在不同的水温(27℃±0.5℃、24℃±0.5℃、21℃±0.5℃、18℃±0.5℃和15℃±0.5℃)中培育至210 d,组织学观察其性腺的发育和分化,结果发现,温度可影响施氏鲟幼鱼性腺分化的时间,但不影响其性腺分化的方向。高温(24℃和27℃)可使施氏鲟幼鱼提前性腺分化,其中27℃组较对照组(21℃)提前50 d,24℃组提前30 d;低温(15℃组)则延长幼鱼性腺分化的时间。施氏鲟幼鱼的性别分化不属于温度依赖型。     

全人工饲料培育施氏鲟苗种试验

为提高施氏鲟的开食率和苗种成活率,在流水条件下,选取刚孵化出膜、体质健壮的施氏鲟仔鱼1000尾,投喂人工配合饲料进行强化开口试验,观察其摄食习性、生长与形态发育变化。结果表明:在16～25℃水温条件下,经100d饲养,平均全长达28.3cm,平均体重达69.7g,并获得了的86.7%开口成活率和73.4%的最终成活率。     

施氏鲟全人工饲料苗种培育试验

试验在流水条件下,选取体质健壮的初孵施氏鲟仔鱼1500尾,投喂人工配合饲料进行强化开口试验,同时观察其摄食习性、生长与形态发育变化。结果表明：在16～25℃水温条件下,经100d饲养,施氏鲟平均全长达28．3cm,平均体重达69．7g,并获得96％开口成活率和90％的最终成活率。     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗视网膜组织结构与视觉特性

采用石蜡连续切片技术研究了初孵至50日龄大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗的视网膜结构及视觉特性。测定了鱼苗发育过程中视网膜横切面上视锥细胞(CC)、外核层细胞核(ONN)和神经节细胞(GC)的数量变化,以及鱼苗经明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的变化。结果显示,2日龄仔鱼视网膜上出现色素层和视锥细胞层,为仔鱼开口摄食提供了视觉基础。5日龄仔鱼的视网膜没有运动反应。鱼苗从16日龄发育到30日龄,明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的差值显著升高(P0.01),表明视网膜出现了显著的运动反应。16–39日龄,鱼苗视网膜上CC、GC数量显著减少(P0.01),ONN数量显著增多(P0.01),39–50日龄,视网膜上CC、GC和ONN数量没有出现显著差异(P0.05)。大菱鲆鱼苗变态前视网膜视敏度高,光敏性低,变态后视敏度降低,光敏性增强,视网膜逐步适应感受弱光的刺激,这与大菱鲆鱼苗变态后从浮游到底栖的生活习性相适应。变态后的大菱鲆光感受系统不发达。     

大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗视网膜组织结构与视觉特性

采用石蜡连续切片技术研究了初孵至50日龄大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)鱼苗的视网膜结构及视觉特性.测定了鱼苗发育过程中视网膜横切面上视锥细胞(CC)、外核层细胞核(ONN)和神经节细胞(GC)的数量变化,以及鱼苗经明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的变化.结果显示,2日龄仔鱼视网膜上出现色素层和视锥细胞层,为仔鱼开口摄食提供了视觉基础.5日龄仔鱼的视网膜没有运动反应.鱼苗从16日龄发育到30日龄,明暗适应后视网膜色素指数的差值显著升高(P＜0.01),表明视网膜出现了显著的运动反应.16-39日龄,鱼苗视网膜上CC、GC数量显著减少(P＜0.01),ONN数量显著增多(P＜0.01),39-50日龄,视网膜上CC、GC和ONN数量没有出现显著差异(P＞0.05).大菱鲆鱼苗变态前视网膜视敏度高,光敏性低,变态后视敏度降低,光敏性增强,视网膜逐步适应感受弱光的刺激,这与大菱鲆鱼苗变态后从浮游到底栖的生活习性相适应.变态后的大菱鲆光感受系统不发达.     

施氏鲟皮肤的组织学观察

利用石蜡切片和HE染色技术,观察了体质量50～100 g 1龄施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii头部、下颌部、背部和腹部皮肤的组织结构.结果 显示:施氏鲟各部位皮肤组织结构基本相似,均由表皮层和真皮层组成.表皮层主要由腺层和生发层组成,真皮层由疏松层和致密层组成.不同部位皮肤厚度不同,下颌部表皮层和真皮层最...     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.