Comparison of continuous and rotational silvopastoral systems for established walnut plantations in southwest Missouri, USA

Forty-eight Holstein steers (average weight 243 kg ± 11.8) were utilized to study the performance of cattle grazing a mature walnut stand. Steers were grazed for 56 days in either a continuous (C) or rotational (R) silvopastoral system. Four 0.81 ha pastures were assigned to either the C or R system (two replications per treatment). Initial stocking rates for both treatments were 14.8 animals/ha which was reduced at the mid-point to 7.4 animals/ha. Forage quality, yield, and plant composition were measured weekly throughout the trial. Forage quality differences were determined by neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) measurements. Forage composition was determined by separating material into four categories: grass, legume, weed and dead plant material. Tree response (diameter at breast height and height growth) was measured prior to and following the grazing period. No significant differences were observed for cattle average daily gain between treatments. Forage availability was higher (P > 0.05) for the R treatment. There were no differences for %NDF (P < 0.10) while %ADF was lower (P > 0.10) and %CP tended (P = 0.12) to be higher for R when compared to C. Rotational pastures had higher (P > 0.10) percentages of grass and legume with lower (P > 0.10) percentage dead material. There were no treatment differences (P < 0.10) for tree diameter at breast height. The average height growth for C was 1.67 m while R was 1.19 m which was only numerically different (P = 0.13). It is postulated that differences in height growth were due to increased water competition in R due to increased soil moisture loss by vegetative growth and transpiration. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

红松人工林不同间伐强度效果分析

对不同间伐强度红松人工林的林分生长状况,林下植被生物多样性以及林下土壤的养分状况进行调查研究。结果表明:极强度间伐、强度间伐能有效提高林分直径生长量,增加大径材的出材量,缩短培育大径材的时间,及早达到木材采伐标准。但间伐强度过大影响整个林分的蓄积量。强度间伐有效提高林下植被的丰富度指数和多样性指数,植被状况良好。极强度间伐区土壤的养分状况最好,维持较高的土壤肥力。间伐有利于红松人工林地的可持续利用。     

水杉人工林抚育间伐的效果比较

在１５ａ生水杉人工林内设立标准地，定量机械间伐，定期测定生长量，对抚育间伐７ａ后的效果及经济效益进行分析，结果表明：（１）不同初植密度的林分采用较小的强度ｐｎ＝２５％，３３％进行间伐，与对照林分相比，平均每公顷生长量分别提高５．９７，９．２７ｍ３，增加９．５７％，１４．８７％；采用较大强度ｐｎ＝５０％进行间伐，与对照林分相比，平均每公顷生长量下降９．７ｍ３，减少１５．５７％。（２）抚育间伐过的林分（间伐强度ｐｎ＝２５％，３３％，５０％）与对照林分相比，单位面积保留木平均生长率分别提高１．３４％，２．００％，１．９７％。（３）抚育间伐的林分与对照林分相比，平均每公顷总产值和利润分别增加６２７８，５７８４元，增长７．７％，９．５％。     

Harvesting and comparative thinning alternatives in Gmelina arborea plantations

Harvesting of Gmelina arborea presents some unique considerations due to the environments in which it is grown and to the growing characteristics of the species. On low, wet sites, soil compaction is an important consideration when planning for harvests. Gmelina root systems tend to be superficial and special care is needed when thinning to minimize root damage. Clear felling for pulpwood is done primarily with chainsaws, moving the wood to roadside with forwarders, wheel tractors and trailers or small highlead cable systems. Pulpwood needs to be manually bunched for ease of collection by forwarders. Gmelina is an increasingly important species for solid wood products, both lumber and veneer, and plantation management for sawtimber requires thinnings to improve residual tree form and to increase sawlog diameters. Precommercial thinning along with early commercial thinning can significantly increase sawlog productivity when compared with the use of commercial thinnings only. Tree-length logging will become a common method for wood extraction in final harvests where both sawlogs and pulpwood are produced. Skidders mounted with logging arches are effective for wood extraction after felling trees with chainsaws. Comparative yield calculations are presented for veneer log production with two thinning systems. Palabras Clave: Aserrío, Cable de arrastre, Fuste entero, Precomercial, Transportador Resumen. La cosecha de Gmelina arborea implica tener consideraciones especiales, debido al ambiente en donde se planta y a las características de crecimiento de la especie. La compactación del suelo es una consideración importante al planear la cosecha en sitios bajos y húmedos. Hay que tener un cuidado especial durante las entresacas con el fin de minimizar daños a las raíces, las cuales tienden a crecer en forma superficial. La tala rasa para la producción de madera para pulpa se hace principalmente con motosierras, trasladando la madera al camino con portatrozas, tractores y remolques, o por pequeños sistemas con cable de arrastre. Se deberá arrumar la madera para pulpa para facilitar su extracción por los tractores portatrozas. La gmelina es una especie que cada día se hace más importante para la producción de madera sólida, al igual que para madera aserrada, como para enchapes. Se requieren entresacas con el propósito de mejorar la forma de los árboles residuales y aumentar sus diámetros. El empleo de las entresacas precomerciales junto con entresacas comerciales tempranas pueden mejorar la productividad de madera de aserrío en forma significativa, en comparación con el empleo de entresacas comerciales, únicamente. La extracción de fustes enteros será un método común para la cosecha final, donde se produce madera para pulpa y aserrío. Los tractores articulados con arcos de arrastre montados son efectivos para la extracción después de la tala con motosierra. Se presentan cálculos de los rendimientos comparativos para madera para enchapes utilizando dos regímenes de entresacas.     

Relating growth and nutrition to site factors in young chestnut plantations established on agricultural and forest land in northern Spain

The growth and nutritional status of 97 hybrid chestnut plantations on former agricultural land and forest land were studied in relation to site conditions (climatic variables and soil properties). A single family of curves was obtained for classifying the early height growth of hybrid and sweet chestnut. Soil limitations and nutrient deficiencies were evident in the former forest land, whereas the agricultural soils were found to be generally suitable for growing chestnut. The stands with highest growth rates were characterized by high foliar concentrations of K, P and Ca. Successful growth of the plantations was always related to high summer precipitation, low elevation and absence of long periods of risk of frost. The results confirm the adaptability of chestnut to most sites where it has been planted for timber production.     

间伐对杨树人工林凋落物及养分归还量的影响

为了了解间伐对杨树大径材生长的影响,按人工林不同间伐方式和强度设计了4种间伐处理,分别为对照、30％强度的下层伐(下层30％)、50％强度的下层伐(下层50％)、50％强度的机械伐(机械50％),探讨了不同间伐处理对杨树人工林凋落物及其养分归还量的影响.结果表明,不同间伐强度显著影响林分凋落物及其养分归还量,凋落物及养分归还量均随间伐强度的增大而降低;凋落物中5种营养元素含量及归还量大小为Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞P;4种处理的凋落物及养分归还月动态变化趋势均为8-11月最多,分别占年归还总量的76.48％ ～79.68％和80.35％～90.46％.该研究结果为杨树人工林的林分结构调控提供参考.     

间伐对华北落叶松人工林凋落物和土壤理化性质的影响研究

为了了解间伐对华北落叶松人工林凋落物和土壤理化性质的影响,利用试验测定和定量统计的方法,分析比较了河北省塞罕坝机械林场间伐和未间伐华北落叶松人工林凋落物层和土壤层(0~10cm、10~20cm)的理化性质,结果显示:与未间伐林分相比,50%强度间伐6a后林分内凋落物层生物量、质量含水量、有机质含量和全氮含量分别提高了17.25%、6.05%、9.08%、31.94%;土壤层的质量含水量、土壤容重和有机质含量有所上升(0~10cm土壤层分别增加4.84%、11.11%、15.67%;10~20cm土壤层分别增加10.25%、12.50%、28.97%),而全氮含量呈下降趋势(0~10cm土壤层减少20.83%;10~20cm土壤层减少16.67%);土壤pH值亦有所下降。研究进一步证实,通过间伐能够增加地表凋落物生物量,改变有机质分解速率,从而在一定程度上影响土壤的理化特性。     

间伐对重阳木人工林土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性影响

以太仓市20年生重阳木人工林为研究对象,研究了间伐4a后的重阳木人工林土壤微生物量碳氮含量以及土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性的变化.结果表明:间伐显著降低了土壤pH值、表层土(0～10 cm)C/N、亚表层土(10 ～20 cm)可溶性碳含量,增大了亚表层土壤微生物量碳含量和微生物量碳占总碳的比例,对微生物量氮无显著改变;间伐显著减小了过氧化氢酶活性,增大了亚表层脱氢酶活性,消除了蔗糖酶活性在不同土层之间的显著差异.     

The long-term effects of thinning and mixing on species and structural diversity of Chinese fir plantations

New Forests - Plantations are playing an increasingly important role in providing forest products and improving the ecological environment, but they also face many challenges, such as low...     

杉木人工林降位间伐的综合经营效果分析

对杉木人工林降位间伐的综合经营效果进行分析,结果表明:在不增加森林资源消耗的情况下,降位间伐可增加出材率,增加材积为2.3547 m3·hm-2;有较好的经济效益,扣除投入成本,实际可增益1177元·hm-2;降位间伐与传统间伐一样能促进保留木的生长,有利于培育中、大径材。降位间伐与不间伐比,保留木平均胸径生长量增加51.0%,差异达显著水平,平均树高生长量增加15.5%,有差异,但未达显著水平。此外,降位间伐还能抑制伐桩萌芽,促进伐桩腐烂。因此,降位间伐在杉木人工林间伐时可大力推广应用。     

间伐对杉木和马尾松人工林生长及植物多样性的影响

以秦淮河流域溧水林场间伐10年的杉木和马尾松人工林为研究对象,分析了间伐对林分生长及林下植物多样性的影响.结果表明:间伐促进了杉木和马尾松林分胸径、树高和冠幅的生长,间伐后杉木胸径、树高、冠幅比未间伐的增长率分别为11%、23.4%和26.7%;马尾松分别为23.5%、6.4%和39.2%.间伐10年的杉木林和马尾松林单株材积均明显增大,增长量分别为0.009 6 m3和0.031 1 m3,两个林分总蓄积量表现出不同的变化规律:杉木林的蓄积量减少了0.5 m3,而马尾松林分则增加了8.3 m3.杉木和马尾松间伐样地的枯损蓄积和株数枯损率明显降低.杉木和马尾松间伐后枯损蓄积分别降低了0.331 m2和0.098 m2;株数枯损率分别降低了21.8%和4.1%. 两种林分间伐后林下灌木和草本植物多样性都明显增加,杉木林下植物种类由16种增加至23种,马尾松林下植物种类由20种增加至23种.     

胡桃楸落叶松纯林与混交林中根际土壤的养分特征(英文)

与非根际土壤相比较,研究了胡桃楸落叶松纯林与混交林中根际土壤pH值、有机质及氮 、磷、钾等养分元素的特征。结果表明：各林分中,除胡桃楸纯林外,根际土壤的pH值均不 同程度低于非根际土壤;除混交林中落叶松根际土有机质含量略低于非根际土外,根际土壤 有机质含量均高于非根际土壤;根际土壤存在氮的相对累积,磷和钾在根际则具有一定的亏 缺趋势,其程度与树种相关;各林分下,氮、磷、钾在根际中均得以活化,表现为根际土壤 速效氮、磷、钾含量偏高;混交林中落叶松根际速效氮含量明显高于其纯林,而混交林中胡 桃楸根际速效磷、钾含量明显高于其纯林。     

塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林立地质量评价

以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于塞罕坝机械林场2012年森林资源二类调查数据,选取立地因子(坡向和土层厚度)和林分因子(树高和林龄),应用统计学方法划分立地类型,利用理查德(Richard)函数拟合立地指数,构建华北落叶松树高曲线,编制地位指数表,并对该区不同林龄(幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林)华北落叶松的6种立地类型进行立地质量评价,结果表明:阳坡中层土和阴坡厚层土立地质量为Ⅰ级,平均立地指数分别为12.15m、11.55m;阳坡厚层土和阴坡中层土立地质量为Ⅱ级,平均立地指数分别为11.39m、11.16m;阴坡薄层土和阳坡薄层土立地质量分别为Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,平均立地指数分别为10.85m、9.87m。     

塞罕坝林区低密度经营对华北落叶松林分生长的影响

为了给坝上塞罕坝林区低密度经营提供依据,以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对不同林分密度条件下(150株/hm~2、225株/hm~2、300株/hm~2和375株/hm~2)华北落叶松林分的生长情况进行分析,研究低密度经营对华北落叶松生长的影响,提出培育华北落叶松大径级用材林的技术体系。结果表明:林分密度对胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量都有一定程度的影响,影响程度按照胸径、单株材积、树高顺序递减;林分密度过大或过小均影响华北落叶松林分的生长,林分密度控制在225~300株/hm~2时,华北落叶松胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量最大。     

Impact of seedling type on early growth of poplar plantations on forest and agricultural land

Today, most poplar plantations in the temperate region are established on abandoned marginal agricultural land, but there is great potential for planting poplars on forest land as the available area is large and does not compete with food production. The objective of this study was to examine how different planting types (un-rooted cuttings, bare-rooted and containerized plants) affect the establishment and early growth of poplar plants on forest and agricultural sites. Our results suggest that on the agricultural site, survival and growth during the first two years are not influenced by plant type. However, at the forest sites, survival of rooted plants was superior compared to un-rooted cuttings. The height and biomass (stem and root) increment of bare-rooted plants was low; greater height and biomass growth was found for containerized plants. Container sizes had no effect on height growth, but leaf and stem biomasses were higher if the largest containers were used. When using the largest containers, concentrations of macronutrients (N, P) were increased compared to bare-rooted plants. Thus, these results suggest that practices for establishing poplar plantations of agricultural land include planting of un-rooted cutting, but on forest land, a plant grown in a container of 470?ml should be used. Together, this can reduce the cost of establishment, increase the available area for poplar plantations and have an impact on poplar plantation economics in Sweden.     

Nitrogen fertilization of poplar plantations on agricultural land: effects on diameter increments and leaching

Fast-growing poplar plantations on agricultural land require intensive management activities, often involving fertilization. The present paper aims at investigating the effect of fertilization on growth and on groundwater quality, by examining four trials established in commercial poplar plantations in central and south Sweden. The treatments consisted of nitrogen applications (Urea N46, Tot. N: 46%) in two different dosages, 75 and 150?kg?ha^?1 for two years, and a control, in three replicates (plot size: 20?×?20?m) following a randomized block design. Diameters were measured at each plot at the end of each growing season for the period 2012–2015. At the same time, groundwater pipes were installed in the center of each plot, at ca. 1.5?m depth. Samples were regularly collected and analyzed for NO₃-N and PO₄-P. The results show a large variation in the diameter growth response to nitrogen fertilization and the leaching of poplar plantations after canopy closure. In young plantations, the effect on growth was clear with moderate fertilization rates although it was not observed on sandy soils with already good growth, leading to high nitrogen leaching.     

Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) plantations established from seedlings of non-native genetic lineages

In order to examine whether seedlings of non-native genetic lineages had been planted, we compared chloroplast DNA haplotypes in plantations and neighboring natural populations of Fagus crenata in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. This region was chosen for study because there are abundant natural F. crenata populations with different haplotypes, and because the species is also frequently used for afforestation in the area. We sampled 159 trees from 30 populations of the species across most of its natural range in the region, and 136 trees from 20 plantations of the species, ranging in age from 3 to 17 years. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms and four insertions/deletions in two chloroplast DNA regions (trnL–trnF and trnK) were analyzed in each of the sampled individuals in order to determine their haplotypes. Four haplotypes (B, D, E and F) were detected in the natural populations, and these exhibited a clear geographical structure; in contrast, only two haplotypes (A and B) were found in the plantations. We found that 15 out of the 20 plantations—located in central and southern areas on the Pacific side of Honshu, where the natural populations contain haplotypes D, E, and F, and where the climate is characterized by dry, cold winters—had been established using seedlings with haplotypes A and B derived from the Sea of Japan side of the Japanese Islands, where it snows heavily. The risks associated with planting seedlings of inappropriate lineages are discussed.     

A positive growth response to NaCl applications in Eucalyptus plantations established on K-deficient soils

Contrasting responses of Eucalyptus trees to K fertilizer applications have been reported on soils with low K contents. A complete randomized block experiment was set up in Brazil to test the hypothesis that large atmospheric deposits of NaCl in coastal regions might lead to a partial substitution of K by Na in Eucalyptus physiology and enhance tree growth. Treatments with application of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 kmol K ha⁻¹ (K_1.5, K_3.0, K_4.5, respectively) as KCl, 3.0 kmol K ha⁻¹ applied as K₂SO₄, 3.0 kmol Na ha⁻¹ (Na_3.0) as NaCl commercialized for cattle feeding, and a mixture of 1.5 kmol K + 1.5 kmol Na ha⁻¹ (K_1.5 + Na_1.5) were compared to a control treatment (C) with no K and Na applications. All the plots were fertilized with large amounts of the other nutrients.