不同月份对互叶白千层精油得油率及主要化学成分含量的影响

为探究互叶白千层(Melaleuca alternifolia)无性系植株精油的品质,选择合适的收获时间,连续15个月取2年生互叶白千层无性系植株带叶枝条,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析不同月份精油得油率及主要化学成分含量的变化。结果表明,该无性系植株为4-松油醇型优良品系,4-松油醇平均含量高达38.39%,1,8-桉叶素含量仅为1.05%。随砍伐时间间隔的延长,得油率、4-松油醇、γ-松油烯和α-松油烯含量呈上升趋势,1,8-桉叶素含量则呈下降趋势,间隔5个月后各成分指标均符合ISO 4730:2017标准,因此建议砍伐间隔至少保持5个月以上。得油率和主要化学成分含量受收获时间影响,9月至次年2月得油率较高,尤其是次年1-2月,此时4-松油醇含量高,1,8-桉叶素含量低,所得油的品质最佳。     

Potential for genetic improvement of oil production in Melaleuca alternifolia and M. linariifolia

Variation in oil yields from plantations and natural stands of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel indicates considerable potential for improving plantation production through breeding. Some populations of the more widely distributed species, M. linariifolia Sm., produce a similar leaf oil and may provide opportunities to expand the genetic base of plantations. Growth and oil traits were assessed for 60 half-sib families, representing three chemical forms of Melaleuca alternifolia, and 10 half-sib families of the terpinen-4-ol rich chemical form of M. linariifolia, in a provenance/progeny trial in northern New South Wales, Australia. Differences in oil composition and coppicing between the terpinen-4-ol rich forms of the two species were significant (P < 0.05), while differences in growth traits and leaf oil yield were not significant. The difference in oil composition between northern and southern populations of M. linariifolia was as great as differences between the two species, suggesting the two regions should be considered distinct races for breeding purposes.Narrow-sense heritabilities in M. alternifolia of 0.67 for oil yield, 0.25 for plant dry weight, and 0.27 for coppice indicate substantial improvement would follow selection for single traits. However, negative genetic correlations between oil yield and plant dry weight indicate it is not possible to simultaneously achieve major gains in the two traits. Using combined index selection with a restriction on plant dry weight, expected gains of 17% in oil yield and 14% in coppicing are predicted from one generation of selection at an intensity of one tree in ten.     

Composition and biological activity of essential oil of Achillea ligustica All. (Asteraceae) naturalized in central Italy: Ideal candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations

Essential oil from flowers (FL) and vegetative parts (VP) of Achillea ligustica (Asteraceae), naturalized after cultivation in central Italy, was investigated by GC–FID and GC–MS. The most abundant components were linalool, viridiflorol, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol. The antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and β-carotene bleaching test) demonstrated a moderate activity of essential oils. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth micro-dilution method on 6 microbial strains and showed to be quite strong against the cariogenic Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans, suggesting that this essential oil could be a valid candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations. Moderate cytotoxic activity was observed in assays on four tumour cell lines by MTT assay.     

Genetic parameters and expected gains from selection for monoterpene yields in Petford Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Genetic parameters were estimated for yield of 1,8-cineole and total monoterpenes as a fraction of leaf weight in nineteen open-pollinated families of Petford origin at 3.75 years in two progeny/provenance trials of E. camaldulensis in Zimbabwe. Both traits appear to be highly heritable and, as expected, were strongly genetically correlated, with narrow-sense individual heritabilities near 0.50. Expected gain in the first generation following individual selection in the trials of one tree in 10 for either trait is about 25–32%.Genetic correlations between growth traits and 1,8-cineole yield were small. This indicates that both traits might be improved concurrently thus enhancing the economics of growing Petford E. camaldulensis for wood and medicinal oil. However, the presence of moderate and unfavourable genetic correlations between growth traits and total yield of monoterpenes warrants further study. It was not possible to gauge the significance of apparent family × site interaction for 1,8-cineole yield in this study. However, a test of rank correlation showed an association (Ip<0.01) between family rankings on each site and the highest-yielding trees on both sites came from the same families. This raises the possibility of being able to select individuals for cloning that yield well over a range of site conditions.     

史密斯桉无性系桉叶出油率及成分分析

本文对7个史密斯桉无性系桉叶的出油率进行了测定,对其精油成份进行了分析。结果表明：在7个史密斯桉无性系中,出油率在3．0％以上的有17号、2号、8号,出油率分别达到3．67％、3．61％、3．20％,出油率分别超过史密斯桉实生苗91．43％、88．62％、67．39％,分别超过蓝桉实生苗131．97％、128．18％、102．29％,具有较高的精油得率;精油成份分析表明：在7个史密斯桉无性系中1,8-枝叶素含量在80％以上的有4号、8号、7号、1号无性系,分别为82．85％、80.31％、80．26％、80．05％;以1,8-桉叶素产量为首选指标的综合分析表明,出油率是1,8-桉叶素产量的关键因素,出油率与1,8-桉叶素产量呈正相关。     

Toxicity of essential oil compounds against diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella,and their impact on detoxification enzyme activities

Essential oils are by-products of plant metabolism that are now known to interfere with basic metabolic, physiological and behavioral functions of insects, thereby having promise for use as pest control agents. Accordingly, four essential oil compounds, thymol, 1,8-cineole, linalool and pulegone, were evaluated against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), to determine their acute toxicity. Thymol and 1,8-cineole were highly toxic to third instars with a LD₅₀ of 0.22 and 0.41 μg/larva, respectively. Linalool and pulegone were moderately active against this insect species, exhibiting <45 % mortality in up to 15 μg/larva. However, in biorational mixtures pulegone was synergistic to both thymol and 1,8-cineole where the increase in activity was almost twofold. Thymol and 1,8-cineole, though active individually against P. xylostella larvae, were antagonistic as biorational mixtures. Linalool was antagonistic in all combinations. In various assays with detoxification enzymes in treated conditions, there was a significant increase in enzyme levels both in vivo and in vitro. Thymol and 1,8-cineole were the active toxicants against P. xylostella, with significant potential to control this pest as biorational mixtures in a synergistic combination with pulegone. Induction in enzyme levels by these compounds suggests possibilities of resistance, which at present remains a speculation, but cannot be summarily ignored because the induction of enzymes due to involvement of detoxification enzymes in the metabolism of a broad range of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites in plants is well known.     

多花红千层挥发油的化学成分分析

应用水蒸气蒸馏法从多花红千层（Callistemon speciosus）叶提取挥发油,利用气质联用仪（GC-MS）分离鉴定,采用GC峰面积归一法确定其相对含量。挥发油得率为1．34％;分离出29个组分,鉴定了其中的21种化合物,占色谱总馏出峰面积的90．303％,其主要成分是1,8-桉叶素（31．987％）、α-松油醇（14．059％）、3-硝基乙醇（13．264％）、瓜菊醇酮（9．246％）、松油醇-4（6．038％）等。     

Post-emergent herbicidal activity of cineole derivatives

Essential oils are being investigated as potential herbicides or to provide leads to new environmentally and socially acceptable herbicides. Novel hydroxy and ester derivatives of 1,8-cineole and 1,4-cineole were synthesised, by chemical and biological methods, and have shown pre-emergence herbicidal activity against annual ryegrass and radish. Effects on post-emergence activity of these derivatives, as well as 1,8-cineole, eucalyptus oil and the carboxylic acids from which the esters were derived, against annual ryegrass and radish, are reported here. Results suggest that reduced root and shoot growth observed in pre-emergence herbicidal bioassays were due to post-emergence activity rather than delayed germination. All tested substances had a dose-dependent, post-emergence herbicidal activity against annual ryegrass and radish with many derivatives showing improved activity relative to 1,8-cineole and high-cineole eucalyptus oil. However, results do not support the postulate that cineole esters would be more active than their respective carboxylic acid and the hydroxy cineole. Phytotoxicity of ester derivatives may be due to metabolic cleavage of the esters to the hydroxy cineole and carboxylic acid within the plant.     

The influence of ontogeny on essential oil traits when micropropagating Eucalyptus polybractea

Eucalyptus polybractea (blue mallee) is the key species used in the commercial production of pharmaceutical-grade (>70% 1,8-cineole) eucalyptus oil in Australia. The establishment of plantations based on clones of selected, elite oil-producing plants has been recognized as the best means by which to increase oil and cineole yields. Blue mallee can be micropropagated using axillary bud proliferation of explants collected from the coppicing lignotubers of decapitated plants. To date, this has been successful for ortets from three different ontogenetic stages: 8-month-old ‘seedlings’, 4-year-old ‘saplings’ and ‘mature’, biannually harvested plants of indeterminate age. The issue of ontogenetic control of oil quality and quantity is an important consideration when selecting ortets for cloning and also when examining the success of a cloning programme. Our aim is to examine if clones derived from ortets of the three different ages reflect their respective ortets, in terms of oil quantity and quality (cineole proportion), and to appraise at what age the clones best reflect the ortets for these traits. Our results suggest that the age of ortets prior to explant collection does not influence micropropagation success or clonal consistency, and that clones generally exhibit the leaf oil traits of their respective ortets. Leaf oil quantity accumulation in ramets followed the ontogenetic trajectory of a relatively rapid increase to a maximum between 3 and 9 months, followed by a period of relative constancy for at least 12 months before beginning to gradually decrease after 21 months. Although oil quality of ramets reflected their corresponding ortets relatively well after 9 months, apparent ontogenetic constraints to cineole accumulation suggest that harvesting at a time between 9 and 21 months may better reflect the ortets for both traits. It appears likely that the proliferation of selected blue mallee genotypes using micropropagation will result in selection gains for key oil traits, thus potentially increasing cineole yields in future plantations.     

龙脑型阴香叶片精油及其主要化学成分含量动态变化研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取龙脑型阴香叶片精油,并用气质联用法检测分析 2018 全年各月含油率 及主要化学成分的含量变化。研究结果发现,全年各月精油所含化学成分主要为次生代谢产物,有 30-40 种,主要为萜烯类、萜醇类和酯类化合物;不同月份精油及右旋龙脑含量分别达极显著和显著差异;而 不同季度中精油含量达极显著差异,右旋龙脑含量无显著差异,表明选择合适的月份 / 季节采收枝叶,可 以显著提高精油和右旋龙脑的产量。多重比较显示 10-12 月（冬季）精油含量最高,右旋龙脑含量在 7-9 月（秋季）最高。综合精油和右旋龙脑含量两个因素测算,建议在冬季（即 10-12 月）进行枝叶采收可以 提高经济效益。精油中非右旋龙脑成分含量年度内在 44.27%~71.00% 之间,具有相当的比重,含量较高 的化学成分如桉树脑等均是医药、日化和化工产品的重要原料,综合开发利用桉树脑等重要成分,可提 高收益。     

Antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of the essential oil of Hyptis fruticosa in mice

The essential oil of the Hyptis fruticosa leaves was analyzed by GC/MS and evaluated for antinociceptive property as well as acute toxicity in mice. The essential oil, at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (s.c.), produced significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing, but did not manifest a significant effect in hot-plate test. There was no acute toxicity at doses up to 5 g/kg. Bicyclogermacrene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, and beta-caryophyllene were the major compounds detected in the essential oil.     

Tropical red gums — a source of 1,8-cineole-rich Eucalyptus oil

Tropical provenances of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and E. tereticornis Smith were studied, in their natural habitat in Australia and in a 3.75-year-old progeny trial in Zimbabwe, for their potential to produce medicinal-grade essential oils. Substantial interand intra-specific variation in the contents of five prominent monoterpenes, 1,8-cineole, -pinene, -pinene, limonene and p-cymene was found. Plantations of E. camaldulensis established in the wet/dry tropics using seed from Petford in northern Queensland offer immediate potential for oil production. Other widely-planted Queensland provenances with oil potential are Gilbert River Bridge E. camaldulensis and, after some genetic improvement, E. tereticonis from Morehead and Kennedy Rivers. Select individual trees at Petford provide oil of enhanced quality, at about double the yield of average trees.     

不同工艺生产茶树油产品质量的研究

以ISO 4730-1996为标准对工业化生产和小型芳香油生产装置(乡村适用的)两种工艺制得的茶树油的理化指标和主要成分含量进行对比分析,发现利用小型芳香油装置生产的茶树油重组分小于 5 %.初步探讨认为重组分沸点高,常压难蒸出.     

Physicochemical properties and chemical compositions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melaleuca leucadendron</Emphasis> leaf oils taken from the plantations in Java,Indonesia

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. leaf oils from Gunung Kidul, Gundih and Sukun, Java, Indonesia, at tree ages of 5, 10, and 15 years were analyzed to elucidate their qualities and chemical compositions. These oils gave yields from 0.61% to 1.59%. The samples from Gundih produced the highest yields (1.42–1.59%) compared to those from Gunung Kidul and Sukun. These oils were colorless with an odor typical of Melaleuca oils. The specific gravity of essential oils in this study ranged from 0.870 to 0.912. The samples from Gunung Kidul were the highest in specific gravity (0.905–0.912). The refractive index values of oil samples ranged from 1.468 to 1.470, optical rotation ranged from (−)2.47° to (−)0.98°, and ratio miscibility of oils in 70% ethanol ranged from 1:1 to 1:9.67. The organoleptic profiles and physicochemical properties of M. leucadendron Linn. leaf oils in this study were evaluated based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 06-3954-2006 for standard quality of Melaleuca essential oils; only a few specific gravity values were below the standard. GC-MS spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of 26 compounds. Among them, 1,8-cineole (44.76–60.19%), α-terpineol (5.93–12.45%), d(+)-limonene (4.45–8.85%), and β-caryophyllene (3.78–7.64%) were the major components. Samples from each site tended to decrease in 1,8-cineole content and increase in β-caryophyllene content as plant age increased. α-Terpineol was highest at plant age 10 years, and d(+)-limonene varied according to plant site and age.     

Effect of essential oils of some medicinal plants on phytonematodes

The essential oils of four medicinal plants belonging to Lamiaceae were explored for phytonematode control. The four oils inhibited (P<0.05) nematode motility butMentba spicata was generally more effective in reducing the numbers of active nematodes followed byThymus vulgaris, Majorana bortensis andMentba longifolia. The main corresponding compound of each oil, determined by GLC analysis, was carvone (58.14%), P-cymene (40.5%), terpinen-4-ol (41.6%) and carvone (70.36%). Soil stages of the reniform nematode were more affected by the oil than those of the ring and lance nematodes. When transferred to water, the total nematodes that regained their activeness ranged from 12% forT. vulgaris to 60% forM. longifolia. The four 0.1 oil solutions inhibited more than to about 3.5% at the control. The content of oxygenated compounds in these oils ranged from 45.79% to 96.5% and may be partially responsible for the nematicidal effects.     

望春玉兰精油化学成分研究

采用水中蒸馏法蒸取木兰科植物望春玉兰的花蕾（辛夷）和鲜花的精油，用ＧＣ面积归一化法和ＧＣ／ＭＳ定性法进行其化学成分的定性和定量研究。结果表明：望春玉兰花蕾含油量高达３．１％，有独特香气，主含α－蒎烯、桧烯、柠檬烯、桉叶油素、松油醇、依兰油烯和桉叶醇等成分，总量占全油９３％以上。鲜花含油量约０．２％，香气宜人，主含α－蒎烯、桧烯、月桂烯、桉叶油素、松油醇、乙酸松油酯和依兰油烯等成分，总量占全油９５％     

Composition and antitermite activities of essential oils from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melaleuca</Emphasis> species

 The composition and antitermite activities of nine essential oils from two Melaleuca species, gelam and cajuputi, were compared using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and bioassays. Gelam oils were rich in compounds whose boiling points were high, and they were separated into the elemene-rich type and the γ-terpinene- and terpinolene-rich type. Cajuputi oils in this experiment were categorized into three chemotypes according to their 1,8-cineole content: high, low, none. In the termiticidal activity test, gelam oils were stronger than most cajuputi oils in the contact condition. The elemene-rich gelam lost its activity in the noncontact condition, whereas another type of gelam kept its termiticidal activity. The authentic sample of elemene showed the same result as the elemene-rich gelam, indicating that the termiticidal activity of gelam was caused by at least two types of compound: elemene and “others.” 1,8-Cineole exhibited the same tendency as elemene, but it was weak. Hence the 1,8-cineole content of cajuputi was irrelevant to termiticidal activity of samples that exhibited strong activity under both conditions despite their high content. The appearances of gelam and cajuputi leaves are easily confused, a problem that has not yet been solved. Other scientific methods, such as genetic analysis, are required to identify gelam. The difference in the compositions and antitermite activities, however, were charified in this experiment. Received: November 30, 2001 / Accepted: June 5, 2002 Correspondence to:M. Yatagai     

Anticholinesterase and pediculicidal activities of monoterpenoids

The repetitive and inadequate application of pediculicidal products frequently results in the development of resistance to these compounds. Essential oils are a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides, although their mode of action remains to be explored. It has been proposed that one possible target of the essential oils is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The role of monoterpenoids as possible AChE inhibitors and their relationship with the toxicity was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of electric eel AChE activity showed that the most effective inhibitor was 1,8-cineole with IC(50) 6 x 10(-3) M. The inhibition of AChE activity of head louse homogenate by 1,8-cineole showed IC(50) 7.7 x 10(-2) M. The intoxication symptoms of head lice exposed to vapors of 1,8-cineole was recorded before the in vivo head louse AChE inhibition assay. No correlation was found between neurotoxic symptoms and inhibition of AChE activity.     

Antimicrobial activity of Artemisia douglasiana leaf essential oil

Artemisia douglasiana leaf has been shown to be efficacious complementary herbal treatment for chronic bladder infection in a paraplegic youth. The leaf oil has been analyzed by GC-MS and the major components found to be camphor (29%), artemisia ketone (26%), artemisia alcohol (13%), alpha-thujone (10%), 1,8-cineole (8%), and hexanal (5%). The leaf oil and the major components have been tested for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The essential oil shows limited antimicrobial activity in vitro, so it is unclear if the oil exerts a direct antimicrobial effect in vivo, or plays some role in stimulation of host defenses.     

Genetic variation of wood tracheid traits and their relationships with growth and wood density in clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus tabuliformis</Emphasis>

To improve wood quality for pulpwood industries, it is important to examine not only wood density but also its components, especially tracheid characteristics. We studied genetic variations in the following tracheid traits by earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW): tracheid length (TL), double wall thickness (WT), radial lumen diameter (R_D1), tangential lumen diameter (T_D1), radial central diameter (R_D2), and tangential central diameter (T_D2). We also studied the relationship with the following growth traits: diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), crown breadth south-north axis (NSC), crown breadth east–west axis (EWC), ring width (RW), latewood percentage (LWP), and wood density (WD). All sample materials were collected from a 33-year old clonal seed orchard of Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Genetic variation among clones was moderate for all tracheid traits, 9.49–26.03%. Clones significantly affected WT, R_D1, R_D2, T_D1, T_D2, and the two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 in EW but had no effects in LW. Clones significantly affected TL in LW but had no effects in EW. \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in LW (0.50) than in EW (0.20) for TL, while \( H\frac{2}{C} \) was higher in EW (0.27–0.46) for other tracheid traits and the two ratios (TL/T_D2 and WT/R_D1) than in EW (0.06–0.22). WD and TL were significantly positively correlated, but WT and TL were negatively correlated both at individual and clone levels; all tracheid diameters and the four ratio values (EW_WT/R_D1, LW_WT/R_D1, EW_TL/T_D2 and LW_TL/T_D2), were strongly positively correlated with DBH, H, NSC, WEC and RW, and strongly negatively correlated with WD both at individual and clone levels. The most important variables for predicting WD were LW_TL, EW_WT and R_D1 in both EW and LW (r² = 0.22). Selecting the top 10% of the clones by DBH would improve DBH growth by 12.19% (wood density was reduced by 0.14%) and produced similar responses between EW and LW for all tracheid traits: a reduction of 0.94 and 3.69% in tracheid length and increases in tracheid diameters (from 0.36 to 5.24%) and double wall thickness (0.07 and 0.87%). The two ratios WT/R_D1 and TL/T_D2 across tissues (EW and LW) declined 0.59 and 4.56%, respectively. The decreased tracheid length and the ratio between tracheid length and diameter is disadvantageous for pulp production. The unfavorable relationship of tracheid traits with wood density indicate that multiple trait selection using optimal economic weights and optimal breeding strategies are recommended for the current long-term breeding program for P. tabuliformis.