Detection and Analysis on Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Raw Cow Milk from Different Regions of Jinan,China

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the pollution caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in raw milk and the safety of dairy products in Jinan,and to provide a scientific basis for food safety risk analysis.[Method] A total of 130 raw milk samples were collected from different regions of Jinan,and detected for Staphylococcus aureus by referring to GB 4789.10-2010.Then,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect whether the S.aureus strains produced enterotoxins,and the enterotoxin type was identified using colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strips.[Result] Fiftyseven of the raw milk samples were polluted by S.aureus,so the detection rate of S.aureus was 43.85％;and 11 of the strains produced enterotoxins.Among the 11 enterotoxin-producing strains,seven produced SEB,only one produced SEC,and the SE type of other three strains was not identified.[Conclusion] Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strips can be used in combination to rapidly detect staphylococcal enterotoxins and identify enterotoxin type,although there are some limitations.SEB is the main type of staphylococcal enterotoxin causing pollution in milk of Shandong Province.     

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A is encoded by phage

The gene for staphylococcal enterotoxin A (entA), in two wild-type strains, is carried by related temperate bacteriophages. Hybridization analysis of DNA from entA-converting phage PS42-D and its bacterial host suggests that this phage integrates into the bacterial chromosome by circularization and reciprocal crossover (the Campbell model) and that the entA gene is located near the phage attachment site. DNA from three of eight staphylococcal strains that did not produce enterotoxin A and seven wild-type enterotoxin A-producing (EntA+) strains had extensive homology to the entA-converting phage PS42-D DNA, although there was a high degree of restriction-fragment length polymorphisms. At least one EntA+ strain did not produce detectable viable phage after induction. These data indicate that a polymorphic family of Staphylococcus aureus phages (some of which may be defective) can carry the entA gene.     

四川兔源金黄色葡萄球菌毒力检测及分子分型

【目的】研究四川部分区域兔源金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus的基因型总体结构特征、遗传变异以及毒力因子的分布情况。【方法】从四川地区分离41株兔源金黄色葡萄球菌,鉴定fem B基因特异性,进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant S.aureus,MRSA)筛选,并通过PCR法检测13种常见的毒力基因,采用多位点序列分型(Multilocus sequence typing,MLST)和脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)确定基因型特征。【结果】41株金黄色葡萄球菌中共检测出MRSA 31株,检出率为75.61%;共检出9种毒力基因,其中nuc、hla、eta和clf A在所有菌株中均存在,而sea、sec、see、hlb和PVL的阳性检出率分别为9.7%、85.4%、80.5%、90.2%和7.3%。MLST分型结果显示,41株金黄色葡萄球菌只存在2种序列型(ST398、ST3320)和1个克隆群CC398,其中ST398为优势序列型,所占比例为97.6%。PFGE将41株金黄色葡萄球菌分为18个基因型,但不同区域间的基因型条带差异较小。【结论】四川调查区域兔源金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子携带率较高,其对家兔的养殖业存在较大的安全威胁;分型分析说明四川部分区域金黄色葡萄球菌的主要流行菌株遗传变异程度小,菌株间亲缘关系较近。     

山东省牛源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药谱分析及mecA耐药基因检测

采用纸片扩散法测定金黄色葡萄球菌(以下简称金葡菌)对6种抗生素的敏感性。结果表明,在测定的121株金葡菌中,耐苯唑西林金葡菌(MRSA)为26株,占21.5%;对苯唑西林敏感菌(MSSA)为93株,占76.9%;中介菌株为2株,占1.6%。金葡菌对6种抗生素耐药率最低的是头孢噻肟为2株,占1.6%。mecA基因的PCR扩增结果显示:所有的MSSA mecA基因均阴性,中介株mecA基因阳性1株,而MRSA中mecA基因阳性株为9株。MSSA对大部分抗生素仍保持良好的敏感性,而MRSA表现为多重耐药性,PCR技术可以作为快速检测金葡菌耐药基因的有效方法。     

Identification of critical staphylococcal genes using conditional phenotypes generated by antisense RNA

Comprehensive genomic analysis of the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus was achieved by a strategy involving antisense technology in a regulatable gene expression system. In addition to known essential genes, many genes of unknown or poorly defined biological function were identified. This methodology allowed gene function to be characterized in a comprehensive, defined set of conditionally growth-defective/lethal isogenic strains. Quantitative titration of the conditional growth effect was performed either in bacterial culture or in an animal model of infection. This genomic strategy offers an approach to the identification of staphylococcal gene products that could serve as targets for antibiotic discovery.     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的分布与时序性表达

【目的】研究食源性金黄色葡萄球菌各血清型肠毒素基因的分布,并进一步分析其时序性表达规律。【方法】针对51株各类食品中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,应用PCR技术对11种葡萄球菌肠毒素进行基因分型;提取细菌总RNA,以ftsZ和ropB作为内标基因,使用反转录荧光定量PCR研究各肠毒素基因在细菌生长周期中的表达水平变化。【结果】除see、ses和set外,其余8种肠毒素基因在51株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌菌株中均有检出,且sei和seg的检出率最高（27.45%）。各肠毒素基因在mRNA水平的时序性表达规律基本一致,均在对数后期达到峰值,随后快速下降。以内标基因为参照,同一菌株中不同肠毒素基因的相对表达量以及不同菌株中同一肠毒素基因的相对表达量均差异较大。【结论】本文系统研究了肠毒素基因在食源性金黄色葡萄球菌中的分布,并探究了肠毒素基因的时序性表达规律,对金黄色葡萄球菌毒力机制研究与食品质量安全控制具有参考意义。     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌突变株的筛选、鉴定及其免疫原性的研究

 【目的】诱变牛源金黄色葡萄球菌山东分离株(zfb),筛选、鉴定弱毒性突变株,并研究其在鼠上的免疫交叉保护性。【方法】牛源金黄色葡萄球菌山东分离株zfb,经N-甲基-N'-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)化学诱变,经生长特性、回复突变、毒力检测、LD50、多种特征性酶检测、小鼠中免疫保护性等实验比较研究了突变株与亲本株的生物学特性,筛选得到遗传性状稳定β－溶血素缺失的弱毒性突变株。【结果】弱毒性突变株Hx与亲本株相比：其β－溶血性状完全缺失,生长缓慢,耐热核酸酶、血浆凝固酶等胞外蛋白的产量减少,在活体条件下可产生荚膜,半数致死量(LD50)10－1.83•mL-1远低下于亲本株的10－4.33•mL-1。亲本株保护检测,免疫接种过的鼠的半数致死量是未接种过的6—50倍。非亲本株保护检测,免疫接种过的鼠的半数致死率是未接种过的5—60倍。【结论】突变株Hx的β－溶血素缺失,毒性减弱,对金黄色葡萄球菌攻击具有较高免疫保护性。     

部分鸡场致病性葡萄球菌的分离·鉴定·药敏试验

[目的]从合肥地区部分养鸡场病鸡组织中分离葡萄球菌,并对其进行鉴定和药敏试验。[方法]从合肥地区部分养鸡场病鸡组织中分离葡萄球菌,并通过形态特征观察、溶血性试验、血浆凝固酶试验、生化试验对其进行鉴定,最后对其进行药敏试验。[结果]共分离到9株葡萄球菌。经鉴定,其中4株为金黄色葡萄球菌,在临床分离的葡萄球菌中为优势群株;在凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中2株为头状葡萄球菌,孔氏葡萄球菌、模仿葡萄球菌和沃氏葡萄球菌各1株。这说明金黄色葡萄球菌是合肥地区家禽养殖场中葡萄球菌类疾病的主要病原菌。药敏试验结果表明,所有分离菌株对12种临床常用抗生素均呈不同程度的耐药性,对青霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑和恩诺沙星有较高的耐药性。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌在抗药性方面存在差异。[结论]在用抗生素防治葡萄球菌病时需通过药敏试验进行药物筛选。该研究结果可为养鸡场用药提供参考。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌DNA环介导恒温扩增快速检测方法的建立与应用

【目的】金黄色葡萄球菌是一种人畜共患病的重要致病菌,主要经食品传播,引起食物中毒、组织及器官的化脓性炎症,建立快速、准确的检测方法对预防和控制金黄色葡萄球菌的传染具有重要意义。【方法】DNA环介导恒温扩增(loop-mediatedisothermalamplification,LAMP)是一种新颖的快速、高灵敏核酸扩增技术,本研究利用该技术建立金黄色葡萄球菌LAMP检测方法。基于金黄色葡萄球菌高度保守的Sa442基因序列,设计4条特异性LAMP扩增引物,两条外引物F3和B3及两条内引物FIP和BIP,在BstDNAPolymerase作用下,65℃恒温水浴中,对26个种类共45株细菌进行扩增,所试的20株金黄色葡萄球菌均为LAMP阳性,说明所设计的LAMP引物具有高度特异性。【结果】本LAMP方法对纯培养的金黄色葡萄球菌检测灵敏度为25CFU/mL,对污染食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测灵敏度为42CFU/g,40—60min内即可完成检测。检验检疫实践证明,利用本LAMP方法对958份肉类、蛋奶及其制品、人工污染样品等进行检测,检出115份LAMP阳性,与国标法(GB)检测结果一致。【结论】本LAMP方法操作简便、特异性强、灵敏度高,具有良好的实用性。     

上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌基因分型与耐药性研究

通过对分离自上海4个规模化奶牛场的63株奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌进行基因分型和耐药性分析,研究金黄色葡萄球菌基因型在上海地区的分布情况及其耐药情况,并分析基因型和耐药性两者之间的相关性。结果显示,利用RAPD技术对63株金黄色葡萄球菌进行基因分型,共分为9个基因型,其中以Ⅵ型为主,占总数的47.62%。各个奶牛场的基因型分布差异显著,Z奶牛场和D奶牛场基因型分布较平均,而W奶牛场和X奶牛场基因型分布较集中。63株金黄色葡萄球菌对各种常用抗生素均产生不同程度的耐药性,尤其对氨苄西林和阿莫西林已完全耐药,各个奶牛场的菌株对不同抗生素的耐药性差异较大。对金黄色葡萄球菌的基因型和耐药性进行比较发现两者之间没有显著的相关性。     

金钮扣提取物体外抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]研究金钮扣提取物的体外抑菌活性。[方法]采用药敏纸片扩散法及2倍稀释法测定金钮扣提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌等10种细菌的抑菌效果。[结果]①对金黄色葡萄球菌、柠檬色葡萄球菌、微球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、痢疾杆菌、白色葡萄球菌6种供试菌有抑制作用。②及③对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、柠檬色葡萄球菌、微球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、痢疾杆菌6种供试菌有较强的抑制作用。②及④对白色葡萄球菌有较弱的抑菌作用。[结论]金钮扣不同提取物对供试菌抑菌效果不同;②的抑菌效果优于①;而③及④是主要活性成分,具有抑菌作用。     

珙桐产黄酮内生真菌的分离和鉴定

采用珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)组织分离产活性物质的内生真菌,以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌为测试细菌进行内生真菌代谢物对细菌的抑制实验,用高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)分析内生真菌的活性物质成分。结果表明,从珙桐枝、叶中分离到126株内生真菌,其产物对3种细菌的抑菌率分别为65%、71%、25%,其中D37菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强。经HPLC分析证明,菌株D37的次生代谢产物中含有槲皮素、山奈酚2种黄酮类物质,每100 g干菌丝可产黄酮31.9 mg。根据菌株D37的形态学特征,结合核糖体基因居间序列(Internaltranscribed spacer,ITS)的分析结果,确定菌株D37为曲霉属,烟曲霉种(Aspergillus fumigatus)。从珙桐分离的产黄酮内生真菌D37可作为生产黄酮类药物的候选菌株,也为抗生素药物的筛选奠定了基础。     

拉萨市牦牛肉源金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定及其耐药性分析

[目的]明确西藏拉萨市牦牛肉源金黄色葡萄球菌常见肠毒素(SEs)基因分布特征及其多重耐药性,为牦牛肉源产SEs金黄色葡萄球菌的快速鉴定及其防控提供科学依据.[方法]通过Baird-Parker显色培养筛选及Nuc基因扩增鉴定从拉萨市牦牛肉样品中分离获得金黄色葡萄球菌,利用PCR鉴定分析金黄色葡萄球菌中9种常见SEs基因的分布特征,并采用K-B纸片扩散法对产SEs金黄色葡萄球菌进行多重耐药性分析.[结果]从100份牦牛肉样品中分离获得29株金黄色葡萄球菌,其SEs基因鉴定结果表明,9种SEs基因检测出6种(SEB、SEC、SEE、SEG、SHE和SEI),有3种(SEA、SED和SEJ)未检出.其中,SEG基因检出率79.31%,SEC和SEI基因检出率均为68.97%,SEB基因检出率55.17%,SHE基因检出率51.72%,SEE基因检出率3.45%.29株金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素(P)、氨苄西林(AMP)、克拉霉素(CLR)、红霉素(E)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)的耐药率较高,分别为79.31%、65.52%、58.62%、51.73%和31.04%;对阿米卡星(AK)、替卡西林(TIM)、苯唑西林(OX)、环丙沙星(CIP)和四环素(TE)的耐药率较低,分别为10.35%、6.90%、3.45%、3.45%和3.45%;对头孢西丁(FOX)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、头孢噻肟(CTX)、庆大霉素(CN)和氯霉素(C)尚未产生耐药性.29株金黄色葡萄球菌共表现出13种耐药谱,多重耐药率高达93.1%(27/29),其优势耐药谱为AMP/P、SMZ/CLR/E和AMP/P/CLR/E.[结论]西藏拉萨市牦牛肉源金黄色葡萄球菌含有SEG、SEC、SEI、SEB、SEH和SEE等多种SEs基因,且对青霉素类、大环内酯类和磺胺类等多种抗菌药物已产生较强的耐药性.     

新疆牛源金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌素敏感性调查

[目的]了解新疆奶牛乳房炎中金黄色葡萄球菌的药物敏感性情况,为该病治疗的临床用药提供参考。[方法]2009年以来对乌鲁木齐市、昌吉、呼图壁、奎屯、伊犁和库尔勒6地区16个奶牛养殖场乳房炎奶样分离金黄色葡萄球菌,用纸片扩散法进行抗菌素敏感性检测。[结果]共分离143株金黄色葡萄球菌,临床药敏试验显示,新疆70%以上分离株对红霉素、青霉素、复方新诺明、多西环素、四环素耐药,40%的菌株对氯霉素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素耐药;并且67.1%菌株同时对5种以上抗菌素耐药,10.5%的菌株对所测试的10种抗菌素耐药。此外,发现了19.6%的牛源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。[结论]新疆奶牛乳房炎病例中的金黄色葡萄球菌对当前临床上允许使用的多种类型的抗菌素呈现严重的多重耐药,使用抗菌素进行奶牛乳房炎的防治难以取得理想的疗效。这类菌株的存在和蔓延将对新疆奶牛养殖业的健康发展和奶制品的安全构成威胁,建议在选择奶牛乳房炎治疗的抗生素时,应以流行菌株的耐药性为依据。     

INCREASED SYNTHESIS OF p-AMINOBENZOIC ACID ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SULFONAMIDE RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Sulfonamide-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus produce greater amounts of p-aminobenzoic acid than do their parent strains. This synthesis occurs both in the absence and in the presence of sulfonamides. The quantity of p-aminobenzoic acid synthesized by resistant strains appears sufficient to account for their resistance to sulfonamide drugs. On the basis of this evidence, it is suggested that the development of ability to synthesize p-aminobenzoic acid in excess of the normal metabolic requirements, as a result of continued exposure to sulfonamides, explains the phenomenon of sulfonamide fastness in Staphylococcus aureus.     

Iron-source preference of Staphylococcus aureus infections

Although bacteria use different iron compounds in vitGro, the possibility that microbes distinguish between these iron sources during infection has hitherto not been examined. We applied stable isotope labeling to detect source-specific iron by mass spectrometry and show that Staphylococcus aureus preferentially imports heme iron over transferrin iron. By combining this approach with computational genome analysis, we identified hts (heme transport system), a gene cluster that promotes preferred heme iron import by S. aureus. Heme iron scavenging by means of hts is required for staphylococcal pathogenesis in animal hosts, indicating that heme iron is the preferred iron source during the initiation of infection.     

侗族传统腌鱼中葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与生物学特性

为进一步探明葡萄球菌在鱼制品生产发酵过程中的作用,采用传统微生物分离方法对侗族传统发酵腌鱼中葡萄球菌进行分离,结合生理生化鉴定结果,对样品中分离出的部分菌株进行16Sr DNA基因序列分析,并构建系统发生树。结果表明:共从腌鱼成品中纯化获得葡萄球菌疑似菌株14株,经生理生化初步鉴定,7株为木糖葡萄球菌,4株为松鼠葡萄球菌,3株为肉糖葡萄球菌;样品中分离得到的ZYS-1、CYS1-1和CYS2-3分别为Staphylococcus xylosus、Staphylococcus sciuri和Staphylococcus carnosus,均具有良好的生长性能以及较好的耐盐性;木糖葡萄球菌拥有较好的蛋白酶以及脂肪酶活性,而松鼠葡萄球菌和肉糖葡萄球菌具有较好的蛋白酶活性以及较弱的脂肪酶活性。     

无花果内生真菌的抑菌活性筛选

以金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）为测试菌种,对无花果根、茎、叶中分离出的87株内生真菌进行活菌筛选,结果表明：无花果87株内生真菌中有36株对1种或多种指示菌有拮抗作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌作用的有18株,对枯草芽孢杆菌有抑菌作用的有11株,对大肠杆菌有抑菌作用的有7株;活性菌株抗菌活性多以中等活性为主,高活性和低活性的菌株较少。从36株有活性的菌株中选出具有代表性的20株内生真菌的代谢产物进行抗菌活性筛选,结果表明20株菌株的代谢产物至少对1种供试菌株具有抑菌活性。     

Toxic shock syndrome and lysogeny in Staphylococcus aureus

Lysogeny, or the presence of temperate bacteriophage, was demonstrated, by means of two Staphylococcus aureus indicator strains, in 11 of 12 strains of S. aureus isolated from patients with toxic shock syndrome. Only 1 of 18 strains of S. aureus that were not associated with toxic shock syndrome showed the presence of bacteriophage. A laboratory strain of S. aureus was lysogenized by bacteriophage from two of the toxic shock-associated strains. These results add support to the theory that lysogeny by one or more bacteriophage in certain strains of S. aureus may be responsible for the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome.