不同供氮水平对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究不同施氮水平对甘蔗产量和品质的影响.试验结果表明,适量施N肥具有明显的增产效果,但不同施N水平间差异不显著.不同施氯水平中,以处理2(每千克土壤施纯N量75 mg)的出汁率、蔗糖分、锤度最高,纤维分最低.     

不同施氮水平下甘蔗内源激素、产量和糖分的变化特征

桂糖42号是我国甘蔗推广面积最大的自育品种,探讨该品种的氮肥需求特性,可以为指导该品种在蔗区科学管理提供理论依据。以桂糖42号为供试材料,在分蘖前施用不同水平的氮肥（CK：尿素0 kg/hm ²;低水平：尿素150、300 kg/hm ²;中水平：尿素450 kg/hm ²;高水平：尿素600、750 kg/hm ²）,研究不同氮肥水平甘蔗内源激素含量（GA、CTK、BR和ABA）、产量和糖分的变化特征。结果表明,不同施肥水平下甘蔗产量顺序为150 kg/hm ²>300 kg/hm ²> 0 kg/hm ²>450 kg/hm ²>600 kg/hm ²>750 kg/hm ²,其中150 kg/hm ²和300 kg/hm ²分别比对照提高了5.40%和2.54%（P<0.01）,超过300 kg/hm ²施肥量后甘蔗产量呈下降趋势;不同施肥量下的每公顷含糖量从大到小顺序与产量顺序相同,但施氮肥多少不同不会对糖分产生影响;经济效益顺序为150 kg/hm ²>0 kg/hm ²>300 kg/hm ²>450 kg/hm ²> 600 kg/hm ²>750 kg/hm ²;不同施氮肥水平下GA含量和BR含量的表现一致,在150 kg/hm ²施肥条件下达到最高值,随后随施氮肥量的增加而呈下降趋势;ABA则呈相反趋势,即含量随着施肥量的增加而增加;而CTK则呈先升高后下降再升高的趋势。     

氮素形态与吡虫啉对甘蔗根系和地上部生长的影响

本研究通过水培的方式,探究不同形态氮素以及不同形态氮素和新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉（IMI）处理对甘蔗生长、根系伤流强度和根系形态的影响。研究结果显示：与缺氮（CK）相比,添加铵态氮（A）、硝态氮（N）或铵态硝态氮（AN）能够显著提高甘蔗植株的株高和茎径（P<0.05）,其中株高增高了大约3倍,茎径增粗2~3倍,与硝态氮相比,铵态氮能促进甘蔗茎径变粗、鲜重增加以及侧根和不定根的形成;硝态氮为氮源可促进甘蔗根系的纵向生长;铵态氮和硝态氮共存时甘蔗根系总长、根表面积、根系体积以及伤流液强度大于单一氮源处理。添加吡虫啉促进了缺氮条件下甘蔗的生长;与对应的氮素处理组相比,吡虫啉和氮素共处理组甘蔗的鲜重均增加,其中A+IMI处理比A处理增加17.69%,N+IMI处理比N处理增加46.19%,AN+IMI处理比AN处理增加29.43%,在硝态氮存在时差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;此外,吡虫啉和硝态氮共存显著提高了甘蔗根系总长、根表面积和伤流液强度（P<0.05）。结果表明铵态氮和吡虫啉共施对甘蔗整体的生长最为有利,吡虫啉和硝态氮共施可促进甘蔗鲜重增加以及根系的生长。本研究为甘蔗氮肥施用以及吡虫啉和氮肥在甘蔗中的共施提供重要的理论依据,同时,为“药肥一体化”技术在甘蔗上的应用提供借鉴。     

甘蔗生长中后期螟害对甘蔗品质的影响

通过对3个甘蔗品种不同虫节率蔗茎与健康蔗茎,全虫节段与无虫节段的螟害甘蔗的甘蔗蔗糖分和蔗汁品质分析表明,螟害蔗茎的甘蔗蔗糖分随着虫节率的增加而降低,呈直线回归关系.螟害蔗茎的蔗汁品质比健康蔗茎的低.全虫节段比无虫节段甘蔗蔗糖分降低了1.46～2.90个百分点,重力纯度降低了1.74～4.28个百分点.螟害蔗茎为甘蔗生长中后期受螟虫危害所致.防治甘蔗生长中、后期螟害是一项提高甘蔗蔗糖分和改善蔗汁品质,提高甘蔗产量和甘蔗综合利用率的有效措施.     

Photosynthetic response and nitrogen use efficiency of sugarcane under drought stress conditions with different nitrogen application levels

Drought stress which often occurs during early growth stage is one constraint in sugarcane production. In this study, the response of sugarcane to drought and nitrogen application for physiological and agronomical characteristics was investigated. Two water regimes (well-watered and drought stress from 60 to 120 day after transplanting) and four nitrogen levels (0, 4.4, 8.8 and 13.2 g pot^?1 equivalent to 0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha^?1, respectively) were assigned in a Split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that photosynthetic responses to light intensity and intercellular CO₂ concentrations of sugarcane were different between fertilized and non-fertilized treatments. Photosynthetic rates of 180 and 270 N treatments, normally, were significantly higher than that of 90 N, but not significant at drought conditions. Photosynthetic rates of 0 N treatment were the lowest under both conditions. Higher nitrogen application supported higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content because of higher nitrogen concentration accumulated into the leaf. Drought significantly reduced the potential photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, SPAD, leaf area, and biomass production. Higher nitrogen applications with larger root system could support higher photosynthetic activities to accumulate more dry mass. Strong positive coefficient between photosynthetic and biomass nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerance index may suggest that higher nitrogen use efficiency could help plants have higher ability to tolerate drought stress.     

生物有机肥料在甘蔗上肥效试验初报

对两种生物菌有机肥料在旱地甘蔗上和甘蔗专用肥进行了比较试验.结果表明,它们有一定增产增糖增收效果,蔗茎产量分别比对照增产5400kg/hm2和12750kg/hm2,增产5.12%和11.09%;含糖量分别比对照增加11.70%和2.13%;农业收入分别比对照增值858元/hm2和3292元/hm2,增值3.3%和12.6%;工业产值分别比对照CK增值为282、2289元/hm2,增值0.7%、5.9%[1].     

The effect of physiological age and planting date on the response of potatoes to applied nitrogen and on levels of residual nitrogen post-harvest

Summary Experiments were conducted on sandy and deep silty soils to assess the effect of physiological age of seed tubers and planting date on the response of potatoes to nitrogen fertiliser. Nitrogen optima commonly had large standard errors which made interpretation of the data difficult. On the sandy soil with cv. Record, early planting increased yield in two years but had no effect on mean N optimum (303 kg ha⁻¹, NOpt). Mean NOpt was less on the silty soil where the cv. Pentland Squire was grown, and was reduced from 273 kg ha⁻¹ to 241 kg ha⁻¹ when planting was delayed by 4 weeks. Physiological age had no effect on NOpt. On the sandy soil, residual soil mineral nitrogen (RSMN) increased by 0.05 kg ha⁻¹ per kg N fertiliser applied; on the silty soil the increase was four times as large. RSMN was larger following the late planted crop on the silty soil in one year.     

新植蔗生长中后期微喷灌对翌年宿根蔗发株及生长的影响

广西秋、冬旱常年发生,蔗地土壤水分不足是影响翌年宿根蔗发株及生长的主要原因之一。本试验采用对比法设计,在秋季干旱条件下,对生长中后期的新植蔗进行微喷灌处理,并以不喷灌为对照（CK）,探讨微喷灌处理对翌年宿根蔗发株和生长的影响。研究结果表明,微喷灌处理具有促进翌年宿根蔗地上部生长的作用,表现为发株早、发株数多、发株率高,同时株高、假茎粗、单株干重极显地著优于CK;微喷灌处理对宿根蔗根系生长的影响表现为促进粗根形成和提高蔗根含水量,但根长较CK短,根系的纵向生长不及CK,对根条数的影响不明显。研究中还发现,微喷灌处理的蔗株粗细较一致,株高生长个体间差异则较大。     

Uptake and balance of fertilizer nitrogen applied to sugarcane

During the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 cropping seasons, a study was conducted at the Tanganyika Planting Company (TPC) estate in Tanzania, to investigate the uptake and balance of mineral N applied as urea (60 kg ha⁻¹) and ammonium sulphate (AS) (40 kg ha⁻¹) on a saline (pH 8.8) and a non-saline (pH 7.8) soil. Both fertilizers were labelled with 10 at.% ¹⁵N excess. The results showed high recoveries (>90%) in the sugarcane plant growing on a non-saline soil for N applied as both urea and ammonium sulphate. On a saline soil, recoveries were lower but depended on the form of N, being lower (∼34%) with urea than with ammonium sulphate (∼77%). These lower recoveries of N in the plant were also associated with lower recoveries in the soil–plant system and imply that there were significant losses of N to the environment in this soil. Possible causes for the losses were discussed.     

氮素对油菜角果生长及结角层结构的影响

对4个甘蓝型油菜品种在不同氮素水平下的结角情况进行了研究，结果表明，施氮使根、茎的干物质分配比例下降，叶和分枝的干物质分配比例上升，而角果的变化不大，但不同品种有差异。4个品种的单株角果数随氮肥水平的提高而不断增加，特别是从低氮到中氮水平，各产量性状指标都有显著的提高，但高氮水平下每角粒重开始下降。增施氮肥明显提高各品种下部分枝的结角起止点，并使各种结角层厚度增加。     

The effect of date of primary growth harvest and levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the dry matter production of timothy (Phleum pratense)

Scots timothy was harvested three times a year for 3 years under four harvesting patterns and at all combinations of three levels of application of nitrogen and four of potassium. Harvesting patterns, H1, H2, H3 and H4, comprised cutting primary growth on 27–29 May or 14, 28 or 42 d later followed by cutting a first regrowth 8 weeks afterwards and a second regrowth on 15–16 October. N treatments, N0, N1 and N2, involved annual totals of 0,108 and 216 kg ha^-1 N in three equal doses. K treatments, K0, K1, K2 and K4, involved annual totals of 0, 54, 108 and 216 kg ha^-1 K also in three equal doses. Mean herbage DM yields in successive years were 8·90, 9·54 and 9·61 t ha^-1 containing92·4%, 93·1% and 94·5% timothy, respectively. Systems H3 and H4 had 24% higher yields than H1 and H2. The superiority of the late systems derived from higher yields of primary growth. Mean response to 108 kg ha^-1 N at 36·7 kg DM per kg N was significantly higher than the response to an additional 108 kg ha^-1 N. Response in primary growth to successive increments of 36 kg ha^-1 N averaged 53·9 and 27·5 kg DM per kg N. The first regrowth gave linear responses up to 72 kg ha^-1 N. The possibility is discussed of more effective use of N by increasing the proportion applied to regrowth. Response to K was low except in the third year when there was a marked response at N2. It was calculated that to maintain soil potash it is necessary to apply 23·9, 47·7 and 86·6 kg ha^-1 fertilizer K for each harvest at N0, N1 and N2 respectively.     

外源褪黑素对高氮下大豆氮代谢及生长发育的影响

过量的氮素供应会对大豆体内氮代谢及生长发育水平产生一系列的不良影响。因此,探索相应的补救措施具有十分重要的科学与实践意义。为此,本试验针对外源褪黑素对高氮环境下大豆氮代谢活动及整体生长发育的调控作用开展相关研究,分别采用7.5 mmol·L-1（对照组）和15 mmol·L-1（高氮组）的铵态氮作为唯一氮源,于大豆V3期进行100 μmol·L-1褪黑素的喷施处理。研究结果表明,外源褪黑素提高了高氮环境下大豆根系及根瘤的发育水平,并通过增强氮同化过程中谷氨酰胺合成酶等关键酶的活性,提高了氮代谢水平。此外,褪黑素还诱导了叶肉细胞内抗氧化酶活性的进一步升高,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,使光合等碳代谢能力也得到了相应的缓解。因此,褪黑素的施用有利于高氮环境下大豆碳、氮代谢平衡的恢复,进而促进各部分干物质的积累,缓解高氮对大豆生长发育的不利影响。