阿替美唑对小型猪特异性麻醉剂诱导大鼠大脑皮质内Fos蛋白表达的影响

研究阿替美唑对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质Fos蛋白表达的影响,探讨阿替美唑颉颃XFM催醒大鼠与大脑皮质c-fos基因的关系。将72只SD纯种大鼠随机分为XFM对照组、XFM+阿替美唑组、XFM+生理盐水组,每组又按采脑时间点分成4个亚组。采用蛋白质印迹法检测大脑皮质内Fos蛋白表达量。结果表明:XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质内Fos蛋白表达量逐渐增加,与给药后10min比较差异显著(P<0.01或P<0.05);XFM麻醉大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,各时间点Fos蛋白表达量与对照组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);阿替美唑注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质Fos蛋白表达量减少,与XFM对照组比较差异显著(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结果提示,大脑皮质c-fos基因参与了阿替美唑颉颃XFM麻醉作用。阿替美唑抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质Fos蛋白表达,可能是阿替美唑催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一。     

纳洛酮对小型猪特异性麻醉剂麻醉大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mRNA表达的影响

研究纳洛酮对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mRNA表达的影响,探讨纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠与大脑皮质C-jun基因的关系。将78只SD纯种大鼠随机分为空白对照组、XFM对照组、XFM+纳洛酮组、XFM+生理盐水组,采用实时定量PCR技术检测大脑皮质内C-jun mRNA表达量。结果表明,腹腔注射XFM后引起大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mR-NA高效表达,各时期C-jun mRNA表达与空白对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);纳洛酮注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质C-jun mRNA表达量减少,与XFM对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01);结果提示,大脑皮质C-jun基因参与了纳洛酮颉颃XFM麻醉作用,纳洛酮抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质C-jun基因表达,可能是纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一。     

阿替美唑对舒泰/噻啦嗪诱导大鼠丘脑和大脑皮质c-fos基因表达的影响

24只SD大鼠被随机分成对照组、麻醉组和催醒组,对照组注射二甲基亚砜,麻醉组注射舒泰(13.81mg/kg)和噻啦嗪(5.21mg/kg),催醒组在给予麻醉剂10min后注射阿替美唑(0.522mg/kg),试验组大鼠分别于给药1h(即麻醉期)即刻,断头处死,冰面上分离丘脑和大脑皮质,利用免疫印记技术测定Fos蛋白表达量。结果显示,舒泰联合噻啦嗪注射后引起麻醉期大鼠丘脑和大脑皮质脑区Fos蛋白表达量显著高于对照组(P<0.01),阿替美唑注射后显著地抑制了舒泰联合噻啦嗪诱导大鼠丘脑和大脑皮质脑区Fos蛋白表达(P<0.01)。结果表明,阿替美唑可抑制舒泰联合噻啦嗪麻醉引起大鼠中枢脑区Fos蛋白的表达,对神经损伤起到一定的保护作用。     

纳洛酮对大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA表达的影响

为研究纳洛酮对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA表达的影响,探讨纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠与大脑皮质c-fos基因的关系.将78只SD纯种大鼠随机分为空白对照组、XFM对照组、XFM+纳洛酮组、XFM+生理盐水组,采用实对定量PCR技术检测大脑皮质内c-fos mRNA表达量.结果表明,腹腔注射XFM后引起大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA高效表达,各时期c-fos mRNA表达与空白对照组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01);纳洛酮注射后引起XFM麻醉大鼠大脑皮质c-fos mRNA表达量减少,与XFM对照组比较差异显著(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结果提示,大脑皮质c-fos基因参与了纳洛酮颉颃XFM的麻醉作用,纳洛酮抑制XFM诱导大鼠大脑皮质c-fos基因表达,可能是纳洛酮催醒XFM麻醉大鼠的重要机理之一.     

小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对XFM麻醉下大鼠海马c-jun基因mRNA转录的影响

本试验旨在研究小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM)麻醉下大鼠海马脑区c-jun基因mRNA转录的影响,藉以探究其催醒机制.90只成年SD大鼠被随机分成XFM麻醉组、XFM麻醉+生理盐水组、XFM麻醉+小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂组,每组分为5个不同采样时间点的亚组.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测样品中c-jun基因mRNA转录量.结果显示,XFM麻醉诱导大鼠海马脑区c-jun基因mRNA转录,各时间点海马脑区c-jun基因mRNA转录与0 min比较显著升高(P＜0.01),XFM麻醉大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水后各时间点海马脑区c-jun基因mRNA转录与XFM对照组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),注射小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂后抑制了XFM诱导大鼠海马c-jun基因mRNA的转录,与XFM对照组比较差异显著(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结果表明,小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂抑制了XFM麻醉诱导大鼠海马脑区c-jun基因mRNA的转录,这可能与小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂催醒机制相关.     

小型猪复合麻醉剂特异性颉颃剂对小型猪各项血液指标的影响

小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)是东北农业大学外科教研室研制开发的一种小型猪专用复合麻醉剂,主要成分为噻环乙胺、噻拉嗪、强痛灵等[1]。现在已经完成了XFM对小型猪呼吸、循环系统的影响,肝     

小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)对小型猪肝肾功能的影响

小型猪复合麻醉剂是由噻环乙胺、隆朋、强痛灵等药物组成的新型高效小型猪专用复合麻醉制剂。试验旨在研究小型猪复合麻醉剂对小型猪肝肾功能的影响,以评价此合剂的临床应用安全性,为兽医临床合理进行麻醉提供理论依据。试验按体重0．15mL／kg肌肉注射小型猪复合麻醉剂麻醉小型猪,观察麻醉前及麻醉后0．5,1,4,8,24,48,72,168小时不同时间点小型猪血清中谷丙转氨酶（GOT）、谷草转氨酶（GPT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的活性和肌酐（CR）、尿素氮（BUN）含量的变化。结果发现：用小型猪复合麻醉剂麻醉后,不同时间点小型猪血清中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和肌酐、尿素氮含量与麻醉前相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,在试验过程中各项监测指标均在生理范围内。因此,临床剂量的小型猪复合麻醉剂对小型猪肝肾功能无明显影响,该合剂组方合理,可安全地应用于小型猪的麻醉。     

小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂对小型猪脑电影响的试验

为研究小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂对小型猪脑电图的影响,本试验采用14头中国实验用小型猪,用XFM制作麻醉模型,小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂不同时间点分组给药,通过脑电图仪监测脑电波变化.结果表明,脑电波节律、频率和振幅呈现了相应的规律性变化,并在麻醉时间上实现了可控性,说明小型猪特异性麻醉复合颉颃剂对XFM表现出了良好的颉颃效果.     

小型猪复合麻醉剂对大鼠不同脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录和p-LKB1蛋白表达的影响

旨在研究小型猪复合麻醉剂(XFM)对大鼠不同脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录和p-LKB1蛋白表达的影响。将30只SD大鼠随机分成XFM组(M组)和生理盐水对照组(C组),M组又按照时间点的不同分为4个亚组。各组大鼠到达试验设计时间点后分别采取脑组织并分离各脑区,采用PCR和Western blot技术,分别检测各试验组中大鼠不同脑区LKB1基因mRNA的相对表达量和p-LKB1蛋白表达量。结果显示:在试验的麻醉早期阶段(即M1和M2),各脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录与对照组相比均未出现显著变化(P0.05);大脑皮层、海马及小脑p-LKB1蛋白表达与对照组比较并无显著变化(P0.05),而丘脑与脑干p-LKB1蛋白表达与对照组比较则明显升高,且丘脑差异显著(P0.05),脑干差异极显著(P0.01)。而在麻醉后期阶段(即M3和M4)各脑区LKB1基因mRNA转录表达明显上升,尤以M4突出,差异极显著(P0.01),其中丘脑和脑干变化最为明显;大脑皮层、海马及小脑p-LKB1蛋白表达与对照组比较均无明显变化(P0.05),但丘脑和脑干p-LKB1蛋白表达呈现显著升高(P0.05)。研究表明,XFM麻醉作用可能影响大鼠中枢神经系统中LKB1基因mRNA的转录和p-LKB1蛋白的表达。     

阿替美唑药理特性及其在动物麻醉中的应用

阿替关唑是一种α2-肾上腺素能受体颉颃剂,可快速逆转α2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂引起的镇静和麻醉,普遍地被国外兽医应用于α2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂诱导动物镇静和麻醉后的苏醒,或与多种麻醉剂联合应用。本文从阿替美唑的药理特性及在动物麻醉方面的应用进行阐述,旨在为该药物在国内兽医临床的合理应用提供参考。     

高盐促进肉鸡肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA的表达

本试验旨在研究高盐诱发肉鸡腹水综合征（AS）过程中肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA表达的规律，初步探讨肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA表达在AS发生过程中的可能作用。将100只1日龄商品代AA雄性肉仔鸡常规育雏，8日龄起随机分为对照组和高盐组（饮水中添加0．30％氯化钠）。分别在15、22、29、36、43、50日龄时每组随机取6只鸡的肺组织制备切片，以原位杂交法结合图像分析法测定肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA的表达。结果表明：对照组肉鸡生长发育过程中肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA表达呈现动态变化，22日龄是其表达高峰。15、29、36日龄时高盐组各级肺小动脉壁c-jun mRNA相对含量极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。43、50日龄时高盐组仅外径20～50μm肺小动脉壁c-jun mRNA相对含量极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。提示高盐促进了肉鸡肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA表达，尤其是在外径20～50μm的肺小动脉壁。肺小动脉壁癌基因c-jun mRNA的过度表达可能参与了高盐诱发AS的过程。     

Recommended doses of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol with atipamezole for preventing hypothermia in mice

A non-narcotic anesthetic combination (Me/Mi/Bu) of medetomidine (Me), midazolam (Mi), and butorphanol (Bu) has been recommended as the injectable anesthesia in mice. An original dose of Me/Mi/Bu (0.3/4.0/5.0 mg/kg) has provided sufficient anesthetic duration of 40–50 min in mice. In addition, atipamezole is available for reversal of Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia. As an adverse effect of Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia, however, severe hypothermia has been also observed in mice. In the present study, we investigated 1) the main agent in Me/Mi/Bu to cause of hypothermia, 2) the effects of the differential doses of atipamezole on hypothermia induced by Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia and on the plasma levels of creatinine phosphokinase and transaminases, and 3) those recommended doses for preventing hypothermia induced by Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia in mice. The results suggested that 1) the α₂-agonist medetomidine is most likely to induce hypothermia in mice under Me/Mi/Bu anesthesia, 2) the antagonism of atipamezole within proper dose range is effective in promoting the recovery from Me/Mi/Bu-induced hypothermia, and 3) Me/Mi/Bu at the recommended dose of 0.2/6.0/10.0 mg/kg enable to provide anesthetic effects for 40 min and is more considerable to prevent the hypothermia than that at the original dose of 0.3/4.0/5.0 mg/kg.     

Food intake and rumen motility in dwarf goats. Effects of atipamezole on the inhibitory effects induced by detomidine,medetomidine and romifidine

The effects of some ₂-adrenoceptor agonists and of the ₂-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole on food intake and ruminal contractions were studied in dwarf goats. Detomidine, 0.2 µg/kg per min for 10 min, failed to modify food intake during either the first or second observation period (0–30 min and 180–210 min after drug infusion, respectively). Given at a higher dose rate (0.4 µg/kg per min for 10 min), the drug inhibited food consumption during the first observation period, but stimulated food intake during the second period. A similar pattern was observed after IV infusion with medetomidine (0.2 µg/kg per min for 10 min), romifidine (0.4 µg/kg per min for 10 min) or xylazine (1 µg/kg per min for 10 min). The ₂-antagonist atipamezole (2 µg/kg per min for 10 min) failed to modify food intake during either the first or second observation period. After treatment with atipamezole, the effects of ₂-agonists on feeding behaviour were completely antagonized.The ₂-agonists administered at similar dose rates to those used in the food intake experiments induced bradycardia, decreases in body temperature and inhibition of ruminal contractions. The inhibition of ruminal contractions induced by romifidine was partly antagonized by atipamezole pre-treatment. These findings demonstrate that the ₂-agonist-induced changes in ruminal contractions do not simply cause changes in feeding behaviour. The drop in body temperature induced by ₂-agonists was prevented by atipamezole pre-treatment, whereas the induced bradycardia was not modified by this ₂-antagonist.Abbreviations IV intravenous - SEM standard error of the mean     

禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒PCR及RT-PCR检测方法的研究和p30主要抗原域的原核表达

根据MONA M．ALY发表的一对引物，5’-CATACTGGAGCCAATGGTGTAAA GGGCAG A-3’（上游引物），5’-AATGTTGTAGCGAAGTACT-3’（下游引物），上游引物位于REV—SNV毒株LTR序列上游237bp到267bp，下游引物在499bp到517bp之间，扩增产物总长为281bp。以REV—T株感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞DNA作为PCR扩增模板，进行PCR扩增，提取病毒RNA进行RT—PCR，这两种方法均获得了禽网状内皮增生症T株的部分LTR序列，将其克隆入pGEM—TEasy克隆载体中，经测序，证实为禽网状内皮增生症T株的部分LTR序列，初步建立了REV的PCR和RT-PCR检测方法。人工合成了REVp30的主要抗原域，用构建成功的表达禽网状内皮增生症p30主要抗原域的原核表达载体pET—p30，转化大肠杆菌BL21，挑取阳性克隆培养，IPTG诱导后裂解菌体作SDS—PAGE分析，出现大小约25Ku的表达产物即融合蛋白TrxA—p30主要抗原域，经Western blot验证融合蛋白具有REV特异的反应原性。采用常规表达条件：LB培养基，37℃培养，待菌生长至OD600为0．4h～0．6h。用终浓度为0．2mmol／L～0．8mmol／L的IPTG进行诱导，于37℃振荡培养4h～5h，均能高效表达。本研究为建立REV抗体的ELISA检测方法打下基础。     

A preliminary trial of the sedation induced by intranasal administration of midazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine and reversal by atipamezole for a short‐term immobilization in pigeons

ObjectiveTo assess the sedative and immobilization effect of intranasal administration (INS) of midazolam (MID) without or with INS dexmedetomidine (DXM), and some physiological changes induced by the drugs. The ability of INS atipamezole to reverse the DXM component was also assessed.Study designProspective ‘blinded’ experimental study.AnimalsIn total, 15 pigeons.MethodsPigeons were sedated by INS MID alone at a dose of 5 mg kg⁻¹ (group MID, n = 6) or in combination with INS DXM at a dose 80 μg kg⁻¹ (group MID-DXM, n = 6). Measurements were made of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R) and cloacal temperature (CT). The degree of sedation was assessed at 15 minutes prior to, immediately after, and at intervals until 100 minutes after drug administrations. Following MID-DXM, INS atipamezole (250 μg kg⁻¹) was administered and the same indices measured 5 and 10 minutes later.ResultsMID had no effect on HR and f_R, and although CT decreased, it remained within physiological range. MID-DXM caused significant falls in HR, f_R and CT that persisted until the end of sedation. Atipamezole antagonized sedation and cardiorespiratory side effects of MID-DXM within 10 minutes of application. In addition, for MID compared to MID-DXM, the lowest sedation scores [10 (7–14) and 10.5 (5–14) versus 2 (1–4) and 2 (1–5)] were achieved in the 10th and 20th minute versus the 20th and 30th minute of the sedation, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMID alone, given INS had minimal side effects on vital functions but caused inadequate immobilization of pigeons for restraint in dorsal recumbency. MID-DXM caused an effective degree of immobilization from 20 to 30 minutes after administration, at which time birds tolerated postural changes without resistance. Atipamezole antagonized both side effects and sedation, but complete recovery had not occurred within 10 minutes after its application.     

Evaluation of the anaesthetic effects of medetomidine and ketamine in rats and their reversal with atipamezole

ObjectivesTo compare the anaesthetic effects of varying doses of medetomidine (MED) combined with ketamine (KET) in rats, and to determine the efficacy of atipamezole (ATI) in the reversal of these effects using electroencephalogram (EEG) and assessment of clinical parameters.Study designProspective, randomized experimental trial.AnimalsTwenty-one male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 300–398 g and aged 8–11 weeks old.MethodsThree groups received intraperitoneal injections of MED (0.2, 0.4 or 0.8 mg kg^?1) with KET (60 mg kg^?1) (MED-200, MED-400 and MED-800). Atipamezole, at doses five times higher than the previous dose of MED, was then administered intraperitoneally 70 minutes after MED-KET injection. The EEG band powers and spectral edge frequencies (SEFs), respiratory rates, reflex scores to toe-web clamping and behavioural changes were measured. Correlations between EEG parameters and reflex scores were also evaluated.ResultsThe duration of surgical anaesthesia was directly proportional to the dose of MED. Lower frequency bands (δ1 to α2) increased in all groups, and these changes were reversed by ATI. Minimal changes were observed in the higher frequency bands (β1 to γ), but their powers were increased by ATI. The SEFs were decreased in all groups, and they were reversed by ATI. While α1 band power and SEF95 showed strong correlations with the depth of anaesthesia, their changes appeared before the measured decreases in reflex score. Recovery from anaesthesia was extended by increasing the dose of MED.Conclusions and clinical relevanceSpectral EEG parameters may not accurately predict the depth of surgical anaesthesia because they had already changed during the induction of surgical anaesthesia. The ATI dose used in the present study may not be enough for complete reversal of anaesthesia induced by MED-KET.