微卫星DNA在近交系小鼠遗传监测中的应用

用7对引物对5种不同品系近交系小鼠的微卫星位点进行多态性分析。结果显示,不同品系及同品系不同个体近交系小鼠的扩增产物在7个微卫星位点上均出现一清晰条带,在不同品系小鼠之间筛选出4个（D3Mit22、D6Mitl92、D6Mit36、D6Mitl49）具有多态性的位点;同品系内不同个体之间没有多态性。结果表明,所检测的小鼠符合近交系要求,筛选出的4个微卫星位点可用于国内有关近交系小鼠的遗传背景监测。     

陕西部分地区山羊毕氏肠微孢子虫多位点基因分型研究

为了阐明山羊毕氏肠微孢子虫的遗传多样性,笔者采用基于微卫星(MS1、MS3、MS7)和小卫星(MS4)位点的多位点序列分型技术首次对不同用途山羊的122个毕氏肠微孢子虫分离株进行了多位点序列分型研究。结果发现,在MS1、MS4和MS7位点的扩增效率依次为27.9%(34/122)、18.0%(22/122)、50.8%(62/122),而在MS3位点所有样品均未获得有效扩增。核苷酸序列分析表明,所有样品的MS1、MS4和MS7位点分别具有16、9和18个基因型,共形成了14个MLGs。其中,50份绒山羊阳性样品3个位点扩增效率分别为10.0%(5/50)、14.0%(7/50)和90.0%(45/50),分别具有3、3和10个基因型,共形成了5个MLGs;56份奶山羊阳性样品3个位点的扩增效率依次为28.6%(16/56)、19.6%(11/56)和8.9%(5/56),分别组成4、4、1个基因型,共组成7个不同的MLGs;16份黑山羊阳性样品在3个位点的扩增效率依次为81.3%(13/16)、25.0%(4/16)、75.0%(12/16),分别具有9、2、7个基因型,构成2个MLGs。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建gdf11基因敲除小鼠及其表型鉴定

为了探讨敲除生长分化因子11(gdf11)基因对小鼠生长性状的影响，本试验根据gdf11基因序列设计向导RNA(sgRNA)并利用规律成蔟的短间隔回文重复序列和CRISPR相关蛋白(CRISPR/Cas9)基因编辑系统对该基因进行敲除，利用显微注射的方法获得gdf11敲除型F0代小鼠，通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和测序鉴定子代小鼠基因型。繁育后观察F1代小鼠形态，并采用骨架染色方法观察不同基因型小鼠的性状。结果显示，成功构建了gdf11基因敲除小鼠，并且通过繁育得到了野生型(gdf11^+/+)、杂合型(gdf11^+/-)和纯合型(gdf11^-/-)3种基因型的小鼠；形态观察发现，与野生型小鼠相比，纯合型小鼠在围产期死亡且尾巴是截断的，骨架染色显示，野生型小鼠有13个胸椎和6个腰椎，纯合型小鼠有18个胸椎和9个腰椎。结果表明，敲除gdf11基因可能会影响小鼠胚胎和中轴骨发育从而改变小鼠的生长性状。     

昆明小鼠与BALB/c小鼠MHC-Ⅱ分子恒定链的序列差异分析及多克隆抗体的制备

分离昆明小鼠与BALB/c小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,经Con-A活化,提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR获得小鼠Ii分子（P31、P41）基因,DNAStar软件分析序列。将BALB/c小鼠P31/P41分子插入到pGEX-KG多克隆位点构建原核表达载体,IPTG诱导并经GST标签蛋白纯化柱纯化表达蛋白,将GST-P31/P41蛋白分别与弗氏佐剂混合乳化后免疫家兔,采集血清。测序分析显示,两品系小鼠P31、P41均分别为648、840bp,编码215个、279个氨基酸;序列比对结果表明,昆明小鼠、BALB/c小鼠P31、P41分子与GenBank已登录核苷酸序列与/或氨基酸序列均存在多个位点差异,且所克隆的两品系小鼠P31分子之间核苷酸序列同源性为98.8%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.6%;两种小鼠P41分子之间核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列同源性均为99.3%;通过与人、鸡对应Ii分子进行比较,发现与人同源性较高,核苷酸序列同源性在79.0%以上,氨基酸序列同源性在73.0%以上,而与鸡同源性相对较低,核苷酸序列同源性在55.0%以上,氨基酸序列同源性在41%以上。IPTG诱导并纯化后获得GST-P31/P41蛋白,免疫家兔后所采集的血清经ELISA、Western-blotting证实获得了兔抗P31/P41多克隆抗体。结果表示,昆明小鼠与BALB/c小鼠Ii分子间存在差异位点,并成功制备了兔抗Ii分子多克隆抗体,为开展靶向性表位疫苗研究奠定基础。     

藏猪生长激素基因核苷酸多态性分析

本文应用PC R方法,体外扩增了藏猪5个个体的生长激素(GH)基因64～2022位之间1959 bp的片段(包含完整的5个外显子和4个内含子),并进行了序列测定。结合网上下载的猪GH基因同源区段序列进行比较分析,结果表明:藏猪GH基因有较丰富的核苷酸多态性;检出的24个核苷酸突变位点中有6个发生在外显子区,外显子2内有4个突变位点,导致2个氨基酸变异,外显子3和外显子4内各有一个突变位点,特别是外显子4内这个突变位点引起了1个氨基酸变异;单核苷酸转换(21个位点)大于颠换(5个位点)。     

水牛asf1a基因克隆及高效敲除靶位点的筛选

本研究旨在对水牛anti-silence factor 1a (asf1a)基因进行克隆并行生物信息学分析,并进一步筛选基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统的高效敲除asf1a基因位点。根据NCBI公布的牛asf1a基因mRNA序列设计特异性引物,以水牛GV期卵母细胞RNA反转录后的cDNA作为模板,通过PCR技术克隆获得asf1a基因序列片段,利用生物信息学分析方法,对克隆得到的序列进行和相应翻译的蛋白质进行了分析。在克隆得到的水牛asf1a基因序列上筛选3个PAM位点,并根据PAM位点构建3个gRNA载体(g1、g2、g3)以及相应的RGS载体,将pcDNA3.1-h Cas9连同gRNA、RGS 3种质粒按照3∶1∶1比例共转293T细胞,筛选高效的CRISPR/Cas9敲除位点。试验以水牛GV期的卵母细胞RNA作为模板,通过RT-PCR技术克隆获得asf1a基因序列,并据测序结果设计靶向区域筛选高效asf1a基因敲除位点。结果发现,水牛asf1a基因CDS区全长615 bp,编码204个氨基酸;多重序列分析显示,水牛asf1a基因核苷酸序列与黄牛、绵羊、猪、人、小鼠同源性分别达到了99%,98%,97%,96%,93%;蛋白质结构预测分析发现存在ASF1-hist-chap等结构,二级结构含有9个α螺旋、12个β折叠、14个T转角、14个无规则卷曲。系统进化树分析表明,水牛和黄牛亲缘性最接近。根据水牛asf1a设计的敲除载体转染293T和成纤维细胞后,细胞基因组进行T7E1酶切的结果表明,g1位点对水牛成纤维细胞敲除效率最高,达到93.82%,同时,sanger测序表明效率达17/20。本研究成功克隆了水牛asf1a基因和分析了其生物学信息,同时筛选出了asf1a的高效敲除位点,为研究水牛asf1a基因功能奠定基础。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒广东分离株GD/JMEP的遗传演化分析

为了解广东地区猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的流行现状,对广东地区猪场进行了PEDV流行株的分离,分离得到1株猪流行性腹泻病毒,对分离毒株的S、N、M及ORF3基因进行遗传演化分析。结果表明:检测的PEDV毒株GD/JMEP与经典的CV777毒株亲缘关系较远,与近几年广东地区流行的PEDV毒株处于一个群,亲缘关系较近;通过ORF3序列分析发现,未有核苷酸的缺失;N、M基因核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析发现,GD/JMEP与EAS1等经典毒株的同源性相对较低,与2013—2015年中国、美国、韩国等流行毒株的同源性较高;相比于经典传统毒株CV777,GD/JMEP的N基因存在9个氨基酸的差异,M基因存在11个核苷酸位点的变异和3个氨基酸的改变S基因存在几个位点核苷酸的缺失或者插入;与目前流行毒株比较,M、N基因存在核苷酸位点的改变,S基因在406位点存在新的突变;通过氨基酸比对分析,GD/JMEP发生了6个新的氨基酸位点突变,表明本试验所检测的PEDV为目前广东流行毒株。     

梅花鹿成纤维细胞因子受体2基因多态性及其与茸重性状的关联分析

【目的】探索梅花鹿成纤维细胞因子受体2(fibroblast growth factor receptor 2,FGFR2)基因多态性及其对茸重性状的影响。【方法】应用直接测序法对梅花鹿FGFR2基因的全部外显子进行测序分析,通过MassARRAY^® SNP分型技术对314头24月龄梅花鹿进行基因分型和单倍型分析,分析FGFR2基因不同基因型和单倍型与茸重的关联性。【结果】在梅花鹿FGFR2基因中共发现12个多态性位点,其中5个位于外显子区域,且突变均未引起氨基酸改变,属于同义突变,其余7个位点均存在于内含子区域。分型结果显示,g.80975864 T>G位点未分型成功,后续对其余11个位点进行了分析,g.80943673 T>C、g.80943683 C>A及g.80938352 C>T 3个位点属于中度多态位点(0.25＜P＜0.5),其余位点均属于低度多态位点(P＜0.25)。χ²检验结果表明,g.80998742 G>A和g.80987708 G>A 2个位点偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P＜0.05),其他9个位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P＞0.05)。关联分析结果表明,11个多态性位点各基因型之间的茸重差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。单倍型结果显示,FGFR2基因存在5种单倍型,不同单倍型间梅花鹿茸重差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。【结论】FGFR2基因的11个突变位点可能不是影响梅花鹿茸重性状的关键位点。     

蓝狐和貉WT1基因第8内含子(GAAA)n微卫星序列的克隆及分析

微卫星又称简单序列重复(SSR)或短串联重复(STR),其核心序列一般由1～6个核苷酸组成[1],例如(CA)n、(GAAA)n或(AG)n。由于微卫星序列广泛分布于真核生物的基因组中,且具有多态性高、呈共显性遗传等特点,因而自M.Litt等[2]首次报道微卫星基因分型以来,很快被广泛应用到遗传图谱构建、数量性状基因座(QTL)定位、遗传多样性分析、亲     

番鸭微卫星标记的开发

为获得一批番鸭微卫星,并建立微卫星挑选标准,在番鸭中对北京鸭微卫星进行扩增,基因型用丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测。结果显示:在33个微卫星中,有29个位点被成功扩增,6个位点具有多态,7个位点检出番鸭特有基因型,9个位点未检出多态,7个位点在北京鸭中成功扩增,但在番鸭中扩增失败。重复单元长度(Len)2 bp的微卫星扩增特异性显著优于Len≤2 bp的位点(P=0.0003),但多态检出率差异不显著(P=0.35)。重复次数(RN)≤16的微卫星多态检出率高于RN16的微卫星(P=0.27),但扩增特异性二者无明显差异(P=0.69)。在番鸭中发现的6个多态、7个番鸭特有基因型位点对基因定位、染色体装配、群体遗传学、进化生物学研究和鸭蛋的种属鉴定具有一定应用价值,并且Len2 bp、RN16的微卫星分型的准确性更高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -