氮,磷,钾和镁对罗顿豆生长的影响

盆栽试验结果表明，在红砂岩发育的红壤上施用氮，磷能明显地提高罗顿豆的产量，但钾或镁肥只有与其他肥料配合施用才能明显地促进罗顿豆的生长。过量的施用磷、钾和镁均会对罗顿豆产生毒害作用，其中毒临界值分别为２４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，１８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１２６ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

云南湿热地区距瓣豆的铜、锌和锰营养

在云南省亚热带湿热地区为了探讨微量元素铜、锌和锰施用对引进优良豆科牧草距瓣豆生长的影响,开展铜、锌和锰的不同施量对距瓣豆干物质产量、种子产量影响的单因子完全随机区组试验.结果表明,施用铜1.2～2.4 kg/hm2和锰3. kg,/hm2的处理比对照距瓣豆干物质产量分别提高58.4%～88.4%和48.1%(P<0.05),种子产量分别提高295.5%～272.7%和80.4%(P<0.01);施铜还可提高距瓣豆氮、钙、硫、铜、锌和锰含量,显著增加单位面积距瓣豆对氮的需求量(P<0.01),其次是磷、钾、钙、硫、铜、镁、锌和锰的营养需求量(P＜0.05);施适量锰可增加距瓣豆的钙、锌和锰含量,显著增加单位面积距瓣豆的钙和锌产量(P＜0.01),其次是氮、磷、钾、镁、铜和锰的产量(P＜0.05).施用锌虽然对距瓣豆干物质产量和种子产量提高没有显著效果,但是可以提高距瓣豆的钙、锌和锰含量,显著提高单位面积距瓣豆的锌产量(P＜0.01),其次是氮、钾和锰的产量(P＞0.05),显著的降低距瓣豆对钙(P<0.01)和磷(P<0.05)的吸收量.综合分析,在施磷肥和其他元素肥的基础上,加施铜1.2 kg/hm2或锰3.9 kg/hm2,可获得高产、收益好的距瓣豆优质饲草,同时满足饲养牲畜生产的营养需要.     

紫花苜蓿生长年限对土壤理化性状的影响

2003～2005年在内蒙古民族大学试验农场连续3年测定了紫花苜蓿试验田土壤理化性状的变化.结果表明,随生长年限的增加,紫花苜蓿地0～30cm土层的土壤容重减小了0.026g/cm3,总孔隙度增加了1%,有机质的含量增加了0.8g/kg,碱解氮的含量增加了33.69 mg/kg,速效磷的含量下降了6.94 mg/kg,速效钾的含量下降了121.04 mg/kg.有机质的增加以10～20cm土层最为明显,碱解氮的增加在0～10cm和10～20cm两个土层均较明显,速效磷的减少在0～10cm土层最大,速效钾的减少在各土层均较为明显.说明紫花苜蓿高产栽培中必须重视磷、钾肥的施用,特别是要提高追施钾肥的水平.     

钾、钙、镁营养水平对白三叶养分吸收的影响

研究施用不同比例的钾肥和在低磷、高磷水平施用不同比例钾肥的田间小区试验,结果表明:土壤与植物中钾、钙、镁间存在相互效应。当土壤中K/（Ca+Mg）比值随施用钾肥改变时,白三叶植株中K/（Ca+Mg）比值也相应线性增加,而线性相关性和土壤中钾的初始浓度有关。低钾水平时,低量的钙、镁能促进白三叶钾的吸收,而高量的钙、镁则抑制钾的吸收。当土壤中K/（Ca+Mg）比值不变时,施磷促进植物生长时,植物中K/（Ca+Mg）比值在低磷水平,随施钾量的增加而增加。     

分析土壤养分状况提出施肥建议

通过对土壤养分的测定,了解掌握土壤中各种养分含量状况,进行科学的评价分析,提出合理施肥数量和施肥方法。结论如下:土壤有机质平均含量为16.2g/kg,比第二次普查结果 12.1 g/kg上升了4.1 g/kg,属于三级地力水平;碱解氮平均含量为115.12mg/kg,比第二次普查结果 78.9mg/kg上升了36.22mg/kg,从四等地力级别上升到三等地力级别,为中等地力;有效磷平均含量为18.65mg/kg,比第二次普查结果 8.51mg/kg上升10.14mg/kg,达到了较丰水平;速效钾平均含量为122.12mg/kg,比第二次普查结果 118.3mg/kg上升了3.82mg/kg,为中等地力,地力级别没有太大变化。根据土壤肥力高低,土壤养分丰缺程度,提出合理的施肥建议:每亩增施有机肥2000—3000kg;每亩施用氮素8—15kg;有效磷每亩施用P2O53—8kg;速效钾每亩施用K2O5—10kg。对贫磷和严重缺钾地区,要因地制宜地侧重施用磷肥和钾肥。     

磷肥用量及氮磷钾配合施用对小米草产量的影响

在江汉平原田间条件下研究了磷肥用量及氮、磷、钾肥单施和配合施用对小米草生长及产量的影响.结果表明,在氮钾肥基础上,施磷明显促进小米草株高提高,施磷(P2O5)45,90和135 kg/hm2与不施磷相比产量分别增加23.2%,38.3%和36.3%,分别获得纯利润411.7,624.6和427.9元/hm2,说明施磷明显促进小米草生长,并使产量和经济收益提高,在3个施磷水平中以施磷90 kg/hm2效果最好.不同氮钾肥配合对磷肥效果产生明显的影响,以不施氮、钾肥,仅施氮肥,仅施钾肥和氮、钾肥配合施用为基础,施磷分别提高小米草鲜草产量2 401,5 500,2 051和7 900 kg/hm2,磷与氮钾肥配合施用增产效果最显著.小米草施氮增产效果极显著,其中在磷钾肥基础上施氮的增产效果达1.79倍.在氮、磷肥基础上增施钾肥,增产显著,但若不配合施用氮、磷肥,钾肥施用没有增产效果.在试验条件下,氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对产量具有明显正交互作用,其中氮与磷(在施钾基础上)、氮与磷钾、磷与氮钾的交互值达5 000 kg/hm2以上,说明氮、磷、钾只有配合施用才能充分发挥各种养分的增产作用.     

氮、磷、钾、钙对香水百合生长及叶片养分含量的影响

以盆栽香水百合为试验材料,采用氮、磷、钾、钙四因素四水平L₁₆(4⁴)正交试验设计方法,研究了不同肥料配比对香水百合株高、叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素和叶片中氮、磷、钾、钙含量变化的影响,旨在揭示香水百合需肥规律,为其规范化栽培提供依据。结果表明,1)氮肥对株高、叶面积、叶绿素影响显著,基本呈极显著正相关,氮肥为300 mg/kg时株高、叶片数、叶面积和叶绿素均最高;磷肥、钙肥与株高、叶片数、叶面积、叶绿素呈正相关;磷肥100～150 mg/kg、钾肥150 mg/kg、钙肥120 mg/kg时叶面积、叶绿素最高。2)叶片中氮、磷、钾、钙养分含量均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,在现蕾期或初花期达到最高,现蕾期后不同处理间叶片养分含量差异显著。氮肥200～300 mg/kg、磷肥100 mg/kg、钾肥0～300 mg/kg时四者含量均最高。3)综合考虑各因素,最佳配比组合为氮300 mg/kg、磷100 mg/kg、钾150 mg/kg、钙120 mg/kg,该处理的香水百合生长状况最佳,株高增长快,叶片质量高,且叶中养分含量高,叶片磷、钾、钙积累持续时间长。     

无核黄皮叶片和果实中矿质营养分布特点及相关性

在广东郁南无核黄皮果实膨大期,对不同形态叶片和果实中矿质营养含量进行测定。结果表明,成熟叶片中氮（28.76g/kg）、钾（19.81 g/kg）、锰（275.28mg/kg）、铁（162.17 mg/kg）丰富或者极丰富,磷（1.14g/kg）、铜（6.65mg/kg）、钼（0.24 mg/kg）、锌（40.84 mg/kg）为正常范围,而钙（20.96 g/kg）、镁（2.07 g/kg）、硼（9.35mg/kg）含量处于缺乏状态;幼叶、成熟叶和老叶中氮、钙、镁、硼、锰含量显著高于果皮和果肉,磷、铜、铁、钼含量与果皮、果肉均无显著差异;果皮中硼含量和叶片中磷、钼含量极显著正相关,果皮中镁含量则与这两种元素负相关。建议施肥时应控制大量元素和锰元素,增加钙、镁、硼等中微量元素肥料,可于无核黄皮生长早期进叶面喷施,并可以在果实膨大期直接向果实喷施。     

德宏象草氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合试验

采用正交试验设计,以单次干物质产量、年总干物质产量、株高、分蘖数为指标,测定了氮、磷、钾不同组合对德宏象草Pennisetum purpureum生长的影响.分别采用极差分析法和方差分析法对试验结果进行了分析,结果表明,氮、磷、钾最佳组合为尿素(900 kg/hm2) 钙镁磷(600 kg/hm2) 硫酸钾(150 kg/hm2),各因素对产量的贡献大小顺序为氮＞钾＞磷.刈割5次时,干物质年均产量可达40.41 t/hm2.不同施肥组合之间株高、单次产量、年总干物质产量差异显著,但分蘖数差异不显著.回归分析说明,单次产量与株高之间存在显著的相关性,但分蘖数与产量之间相关性不显著.     

影响海法白三叶生长的营养元素及磷钾施用效果

取云南省广南畜牧场原生红砂壤土,在温室采用盆栽手段对指示植物海法白三叶进行矿物营养元素筛分和磷、钾施量试验.结果表明影响海法白三叶在红砂壤上生长的主要矿物元素是磷、钾,其次为钼.施用磷肥效果明显,并且施磷量与白三叶地上部分生物量间呈极显著的直线正相关Yp=0.851+9.93X(r=0.94**).初步推断以施24 kg/hm2磷、26～52 kg/hm2钾为白三叶当年定植的有效施用量.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.