PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF A PINE FOREST SOIL

A study was made of the qualitative and quantitative distribution of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the two mineral horizons of a developing podsol soil under Pinus. There was no significant difference in the total numbers or in the kinds of bacteria between the two horizons. In the acidic A₁ horizon (pH, 3.6) Bacillus spp. comprised 58 per cent of the population, the remainder being composed of Gram-negative rods (15 per cent), pleomorphic rods (14 per cent), Gram-positive cocci (10 per cent) and streptomycetes (3 per cent). The corresponding figures for the C horizon (pH, 8.6) were Bacillus (23 per cent), Gram-negative rods (37 per cent), pleomorphic rods (10 per cent), Gram-positive cocci (17 per cent) and streptomycetes (13 per cent). These differences in distribution could not be related to any one environmental factor. The data from this investigation lend support to the view that different soil types can be distinguished by their bacterial floras. Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus and the Gram-positive cocci were biochemically and fermentatively active and many of the streptomycetes were able to degrade complex organic molecules. The Gram-negative and pleomorphic forms were apparently metabolically inactive.     

EFFECT OF APPLIED LIME AND BORON ON THE AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN AN ACID SOIL

Productivity of resources on acid soils occupying one fourth of the total area in India is abysmally low. Lime is applied to such soils with the primary objective of increasing the productivity of crops by enhancing the availability of native and applied plant nutrients. Greenhouse pot experiments and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of lime and boron (B) on the availability of nutrients in soils and their uptake by plants. The application of lime enhanced the available nitrogen (N,), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) content in soils, which was reflected in their uptake by sunflower (Helianthus annus). On the contrary, availability of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in soil was reduced due to liming. Sunflower responded very well in terms of dry matter yield to B application to the extent of 175% and 188% under 1 and 2 mg kg^?1 applied levels of B, respectively. Dry matter yield of sunflower was reduced to the tune of 29.2 and 42.7% under 2/3 and 1 lime requirement (LR), respectively, over control. Lime application at 1/3 LR with 2 mg kg^?1 of applied B emerged as an optimum combination in acid soils.     

黄土高原不同林型对土壤腐殖质组成及胡敏酸性质影响的研究

不同林型下土壤腐殖质研究表明:(1)当年枯枝落叶及表层土壤C/N值均以油松林地最大,沙棘林地最低;表层土壤C/N值与林龄、枯枝落叶C/N呈正相关,与枯枝落叶灰分含量呈负相关。(2)剖面中腐殖酸、胡敏酸、富里酸各平均值为白桦林地>辽东栎林地>辽东栎×山杨林地>山杨林地>沙棘林地>油松林地,即阔叶乔木林地>灌木林地>针叶林地;胡敏素平均值大小顺序与此完全相反。(3)表层土壤胡敏酸芳构化程度在子午岭的为:白桦林地>辽东栎林地>辽东栎×山杨林地>山杨林地>油松林地>沙棘林地;六盘山为:山杨林地>辽东栎林地。剖面芳构化程度为:三层>二层>一层。     

ALLEVIATING THE INFERTILITY OF AN ACID SULPHATE SOIL BY USING GROUND BASALT WITH OR WITHOUT LIME AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER UNDER SUBMERGED CONDITIONS

A study was conducted into the alleviation of the infertility of an acid sulphate by using ground basalt with or without ground magnesium limestone (GML) and organic fertilizer. Fresh soils were treated with the amendments and subjected to two cycles of submergence and drying. The soil was dominated by kaolinite, mica and smectite. The untreated soil pH was <3·5 and solution Al was high. GML application at 4 t ha⁻¹ was able to increase pH and subsequently reduced Al toxicity sufficiently to allow for rice growth. After 4 months of submergence, the pH of the sample treated with 4 t ground basalt ha⁻¹ had increased from 3·61 to 3·94, with concomitant decrease of Al. In the same cycle, the soil pH increase was much higher (reaching 5·22). Ground basalt is thus comparable with GML as an acid soil ameliorant. Within the experimental period, the ground basalt had mostly disintegrated and dissolved. The solution pH had further increased (to 5·94) in the second cycle because of dissolution of more ground basalt. This means that it takes time for ground basalt to completely dissolve and consequently supply Ca, Mg, K and P to the growing crop in the field. Applying 0·25 t organic fertilizer ha⁻¹ into the soil had no significant effect on either pH or Al. This form of organic matter (compost) contains essential nutrients. It is recommended that 4 t ground basalt should be applied in combination with 0·25 t organic fertilizer ha⁻¹ a few months ahead of the growing season for maximal benefit. This study showed that ground basalt can be effectively used to ameliorate highly acidic soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE APPLICATIONS ON THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS AND AVAILABLE PHOSPHATE IN AN ACID SOIL

The apparent bulk phosphate self-diffusion coefficient, resin extractable and isotopically exchangeable phosphate were measured on an acid Cecil sandy loam soil pre-treated with calcium carbonate and monocalcium phosphate. Apparent diffusion coefficients increased four-fold with a five-fold increase in phosphate addition, but were not increased by liming. Resin extractable phosphate was greater than isotopically exchangeable after large phosphate additions. Calculated porous self-diffusion coefficients did not change as a result of phosphate additions. The contribution of solid-phase phosphate to diffusion was small and close to the limits of measurement.     

长江三角洲新构造运动与土壤形成及发展的关系

新构造运动是第三纪末以来的地壳运动,它与土壤的形成、分布有密切关系,作者有过一些论述^[3,4]。近年来在长江三角洲的野外考察中,又看到很多较复杂的土壤剖面,感到用一般的土壤发育观点很难解释,但如联系地壳运动的概念,则可得到较恰当的说明。由此,我们整理本文提出分析成土因素必须有地壳运动的概念,方能阐明其本质。对苏联道库查耶夫提出的五大成土因素学说,我们曾作过评论^[4],认为他的贡献虽大,但未能就更具综合性的地球内力作用方面进行分析,似还有不足之处。本文也是再次提出一些评论的根据。     

薪炭林水土保持效益的研究

根据试验小区观测资料,本文分析了降雨量,雨强,土壤渗透及植物对水土流失的影响,结果表明:雨强是影响径流强度的主导因子,雨量是决定径流量的关键。建立植被,增强土壤入渗能力是防止水土流失的有效途径。     

北京潮土NO3—N在土体中的移动特点及其淋失动态

利用养分渗滤池研究了北京潮土地区春小麦夏玉米连作期间NO3N在土壤剖面中移动的时空动态。结果表明,NO3N的移动同降雨、灌水以及整个土壤系统中的水分状况密切相关。在春小麦期间只有个别处理在020cm和20-40cm中有显著移动,而夏玉米期间在0130cm的土体中NO3N发生了波浪式的移动。淋失量同当时的降雨量线性相关。130cm深处NO3N含量在淋失高峰期可达10mgN.L-1以上。此外,NO3N的移动同尿素施用量的多少有着密切关系,而尿素、硝铵和硫铵等肥料品种之间差异则不明显。15N示踪结果表明,在春小麦前期尿素中的酰胺态氮或NH4N在0-20cm土层中直接移动,而来自肥料的NO3N在4060cm处移动;夏玉米生长期间,在60cm以下深处有大量来自尿素和硝铵等残留标记氮的NO3N移动。     

白鹿原人工果树林地土壤和农耕地土壤微形态对比研究

选择白鹿原人工果树林地土壤和耕地土壤为研究对象,用偏光显微镜和Qwin软件对土壤微形态进行了观察和定量分析。结果表明:两种土壤和土壤粗颗粒的矿物组合基本一致,主要由石英和长石组成,但颗粒的形态和粒径有一定差别;林地土壤中主要是孔道和填充孔隙,孔隙壁较光滑,剖面中微形态连续变化,而耕地土壤的孔隙形态复杂,孔隙壁相对较粗糙,从上向下微结构明显变化,其中20 cm和35 cm是两个重要转折点;大量隐晶方解石反映土壤环境频繁变化,大量针状方解石出现在犁底层中下部并指示一种短期稳定的土壤环境,大量细晶方解石反映长期稳定的土壤环境。     

试论新构造运动在土壤形成演化中的作用

新构造运动通常是指上新世晚期以来的地壳构造运动,它对土壤的形成演化有着一定的影响,在近来的一些文献中有所反映^[12,13].但有些文章过份地强调了新构造运动在土壤形成中的作用,并试图修改和补充目前所流行的五大成土因素学说,这是值得商榷的.     

细砂质紧砂土水盐上升运行的初步研究

土壤水盐运行规律的研究,特别是水盐上升运行,对于防治土壤盐漬化具有极重要的意义。土壤水盐上升运行受到土壤的质地、结构、蒸发、地下水以及土壤湿度、温度和盐分浓度三种梯度的影响。华北平原的土壤不仅在质地上有水平分布和剖面层次的差异,而且土壤类型和盐漬化程度也各有不同,自然和人为因素也很复杂。     

SOIL LIMING AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION FOR ROOT NODULATION AND GROWTH OF FABA BEANS IN AN ACID SOIL IN TUNISIA

Faba beans (Vicia faba L) are grown in northern Tunisia where annual rainfall approaches 1200 mm and where the soil acidity is the most limiting factor for plant growth. Aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) toxicities provide a hostile environment to root growth. To alleviate such a problem, farmers use selected acid-tolerant species. However, crop yields remain far below their optimal levels. Liming, a practice to eliminate acidity, has never been tried in this area before. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of lime and mineral fertilizers on root nodulation, plant uptake and yield of faba beans using a pot experiment. Treatments were combinations of two rates of calcium carbonate with three rates of superphosphate and three rates of potassium sulfate. Liming produced significantly higher number and weight of nodules on roots as well as higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents in plant tissue. Liming also increased shoot growth and bean yield.     

THE EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION AND MOVEMENT OF SOLUTIONS ON THE SWELLING, DISPERSION, AND MOVEMENT OF CLAY IN SALINE AND ALKALI SOILS

Changes in permeability of a soil containing montmorillonite, and the swelling of orientated aggregates of extracted clay have been measured for a range of exchangeable sodium percentages and electrolyte concentrations. The concentrations at which clay moved out of the soil in the percolates have been found and compared with the concentrations at which aggregates dispersed in stationary solutions, and the concentrations at which soil suspensions dispersed when shaken. The results indicate that: (a) permeability begins to decrease at the same concentration as the clay begins to swell, (b) the changes in permeability are directly controlled by the swelling of clay until clay dispersion and movement begins, (c) the concentration at which clay disperses depends on the mechanical stress applied, (d) when small mechanical stresses are applied, the proportion of the clay which swells and disperses depends directly on the exchangeable sodium percentage, and (e) large mechanical stresses may disperse most of the clay even at low exchangeable sodium percentages.     

降解菌HD接种和非接种根围土壤中丁草胺的降解动力学研究

测定了小麦、棉花、水稻和玉米根围土壤和非根围土壤中丁草胺的降解特征和降解菌变化动态。结果表明,种植作物丰富了土壤微生物,根围土壤丰富的微生物对丁草胺的降解具有显著的促进作用。根围土壤中丁草胺的降解是非根围土壤的1.63～2.34倍,相应的半衰期缩短为非根围土壤的 42.2％～72.8％。根围土壤接种处理后这种促进作用得到进一步加强,其降解速率是非根围土壤的1.68～2.83倍,半衰期为非根围土壤的34.4％～59.4％。试验结果表明,作物根围是丁草胺残留快速降解的微环境,作物根围接种处理可以强化丁草胺残留的微生物降解。     

陕西(土娄)土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素

利用不同深度的渗漏池研究了陕西(土娄)土中NO₃-N运移特点及影响因素。结果表明,NO₃-N淋失量与土壤深度呈指数曲线关系,与施N量呈线性相关;NO₃-N淋移深度随地而接水量(降水量加灌水量)的增加而增大;NO₃-N在土壤剖面中的分布大部分都集中在0～60cm,含量高峰一般出现在20～40cm;不同施N方法对NO₃-N的淋失和在土壤中的积累都有明显的影响。     

陕西(土娄)土中硝态氮运移特点及影响因素

利用不同深度的渗漏池研究了陕西(土娄)土中NO3-N运移特点及影响因素。结果表明,NO3-N淋失量与土壤深度呈指数曲线关系,与施N量呈线性相关;NO3-N淋移深度随地而接水量(降水量加灌水量)的增加而增大;NO3-N在土壤剖面中的分布大部分都集中在0～60cm,含量高峰一般出现在20～40cm;不同施N方法对NO3-N的淋失和在土壤中的积累都有明显的影响。     

红树林湿地土壤CH4产生率及其土壤理化因素影响的研究

本文对海南东塞港和厦门西港的两个红树林（白骨壤群落）的土壤ＣＨ４产生率及其土壤理化因子的影响进行了研究。海南红树林和厦门红树林的土壤ＣＨ４产生率平均值分别为３．５９和１１．５９ｎｇ／ｇｄ,高于海岸光滩的值不（１．６２ｎｇ／ｋｇ）而低于红树林伐迹地的值（４８．９６ｎｇ／ｇｄ）,说明红树林植对显地ＣＨ４的产生有促进作用,且这种促进作用主要是通过根系腐解来实现的。相隔约５个纬度的两个红树林的土壤ＣＨ４产     

黄土高原水土保持型薪炭林建立途径的研究

农村能源是当今世界上面临的重大问题之一。我国农村能源严重短缺,黄土高原地区农村能源尤为突出,而发展薪炭林则是解决我国农村能源最现实、最经济、最有效的途径。通过试验提出建立水土保持型薪炭林的系列技术及提高其生产力的有效措施,可为黄土高原水土流失严重地区发展和建造薪炭林提供依据。