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鸡蛋的质量既包括鸡蛋的外观质量 ,又包括鸡蛋的内部质量。提高鸡蛋质量是养鸡者增强市场竞争力的重要手段 ,也是促进蛋鸡业健康发展和获得理想养鸡效益的必由之路。1 鸡蛋的组成与质量评定指标1 1 鸡蛋的组成鸡蛋主要包括蛋壳、蛋壳膜、蛋白及蛋黄四部分。其中蛋壳和蛋壳膜的重量约占1 2 %~ 1 3% ,蛋白约占 55%~ 56 % ,蛋黄约占 32 %~ 35%。蛋壳的主要成分是碳酸钙 ,蛋壳膜的主要成分是蛋白质和少量的糖类 ,蛋白的主要成分是蛋白质 ,蛋黄的主要成分是脂肪及蛋白质。1 2 鸡蛋的质量评定指标影响鸡蛋质量的主要指标有 :蛋重、蛋比重… 相似文献
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影响蛋壳质量的营养因素 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
劣质蛋壳是造成全世界蛋鸡业经济损失的重要原因 (Keshavarz,1 999) ,破蛋发生率约为 5 %~ 8% (Washburn ,1 992 )。降低破壳蛋、软壳蛋、沙壳蛋是间接提高禽蛋业经济效益的有效手段。本文主要论述营养因素对蛋壳质量的影响。1 蛋壳结构蛋壳共有 5层结构 ,从里到外依次是蛋壳 相似文献
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蛋壳质量是衡量蛋鸡生产性能的重要指标之一,虽然对蛋壳质量的研究已持续近70年,劣质蛋壳仍然是造成蛋鸡业经济损失的一个重要原因;近30年,蛋壳质量虽然有所提高,但是一般专业户养鸡的破损率仍为2%~4.5%,有的高达10%,加之在分级、包装、运输、储藏和加工等作业环节中的损失,因蛋壳破损所造成的损失率约在6%~10%之间.美国因蛋壳质量问题给养禽业带来的经济损失达1亿多美元,我国每年因此项造成经济损失达5亿多元. 相似文献
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<正>鸡蛋是国民餐桌上不可或缺的食物,市场对鸡蛋的需求量巨大,了解鸡蛋的形成过程及其相关的影响因素,对提高蛋鸡养殖产业的经济效益十分重要。鸡蛋主要由蛋黄、蛋清、蛋壳膜和蛋壳等几部分组成。蛋壳膜可分为壳内膜和壳外膜两层,在蛋壳最外层又覆盖一层蛋白质透明薄膜,称为角质膜(胶护膜),具有重要的保护和调节功能。蛋壳膜是影响鸡蛋品质的重要因素之一, 相似文献
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蛋壳质量是蛋鸡生产者和饲料生产者普遍关注的问题 ,据估计 ,因蛋壳质量低劣造成的蛋损失约为6 %~8 %。而蛋壳着色虽然不影响蛋的营养价值 ,但能影响到消费者的消费心理 ,从而影响到鸡蛋的销售和价格。因此 ,研究影响蛋壳质量的因素 ,探索提高蛋壳质量的方法 ,对蛋鸡业发展具有十分重要的意义。一、蛋的形成蛋的形成在输卵管中完成。母鸡性成熟后 ,卵巢上有许多发育中的卵泡 ,成熟卵泡排出的卵子由输卵管伞部接纳并受精 ,卵黄 (附受精卵 )进入输卵管膨大部 ,停留约3小时 ,形成内浓、内稀、外浓、外稀四层蛋白及系带。之后在输卵管狭部形成… 相似文献
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蛋鸡养殖中把蛋壳质量归结为蛋壳重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳颜色等,在实际生产中,蛋壳质量的中心问题是蛋壳破损率(可达5%~7%)和褐壳蛋蛋壳颜色变浅的问题.许多因素影响和控制蛋壳质量,如蛋鸡的品种、日龄、环境、疾病、饲养管理、营养水平等,本文就影响蛋壳质量的原因及预防措施作以综述. 相似文献
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蛋壳质量是衡量蛋鸡生产性能的重要指标之一,虽然对蛋壳质量的研究已持续近70年,劣质蛋壳仍然是造成蛋鸡业经济损失的一个重要原因;近30年,蛋壳质量虽然有所提高,但是一般专业户养鸡的破损率仍为2%~4.5%,有的高达10%,加之在分级、包装、运输、储藏和加工等作业环节中的损失,因蛋壳破损所造成的损失率约在6%~10%之间。 相似文献
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在蛋鸡生产中,人们主要关注其产蛋后期的蛋壳质量比较差,易碎.影响蛋鸡产蛋后期蛋壳质量的主要因素是蛋鸡的年龄和日粮中的钙.NRC(1994)估测蛋鸡钙的营养需要为每天每100g摄入的日粮中含有32.5 g/kg.然而,许多专家通过试验证实,当66~78周龄蛋鸡日粮中钙的含量由24~25 g/kg提高到36~40 g/kg时可以将产蛋率从79%提高到86%,蛋壳重量可以由5.64 g提高到6.12g,壳重/壳表面积由712提高到77.4mg/cm2.日粮中钙的含量提高至48~50 g/kg并不能进一步提高产蛋率,但是可以改善蛋壳重量和蛋壳厚度.58~73周龄伊莎蛋鸡日粮中添加40 g/kg钙就可以保证其产蛋性能和蛋壳质量. 相似文献
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本文主要阐述了鸡蛋的形成、蛋壳及其内部质量的测定方法,蛋壳质量可通过蛋壳比重、蛋壳颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋壳变形(破坏性或非破坏性)、蛋壳重量、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳结构来衡量。鸡蛋的内部质量以蛋黄颜色、卵黄膜完整性和蛋白质量来衡量。蛋壳及其内部质量受蛋鸡品种、年龄、营养(如钙、磷、维生素、非淀粉多糖、酶、饲料污染)、应激、疾病、环境和饲养管理等因素的影响。因此,充分了解影响蛋壳及其内部质量的因素对后续提高鸡蛋品质至关重要。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献