苏北海堤主要防护林类型的防护效益研究

定位观测分析结果表明，森林植被可有效地减低地表径流量，无林地区表径流量（径流系数为21．94％）分别比柳杉，水杉和刺槐林高53．33％，43．85％和33．55％，落叶期水杉和刺槐林地表径流量比柳杉林高30％－50％，而盛叶期水杉林地表径流量和柳杉林相近，但比刺槐林地减低20％－30％，森林对地表径流过程的影响，主要表现在减洪和滞洪方面，盛叶期柳杉和杉林地表径流峰值比对照区域低70％－80％，刺槐林比对照区减低40％－50％，并能在不同程度上推迟产流的洪峰到来时间，在深入分析降水特性因子与地表径流量关系基础上，给出了各地段地表径流量回归估模型，经误差检验估计精度达80％以上。     

三里庄水库上游水源涵养林不同林分枯落物水容量研究

通过对诸城市三里庄水库上游的刺槐林、麻栎林、油松林、刺槐麻栎混交林等主要林分类型的枯落物现存量及其持水性能的研究，总结出不同林分类型的枯落物的持水特征。结果表明枯落物的积蓄量为刺槐林〉刺槐麻栎混交林〉麻栎林〉油松林，枯落物的最大持水量为刺槐林〉刺槐麻栎混交林〉麻栎林〉油松林，枯落物的有效拦蓄量为刺槐林〉刺槐麻栎混交林〉麻栎林〉油松林，研究结果还表明，枯落物的粗糙度越大，截留径流的能力也越强，枯落物的水容量越大。     

黄土丘陵区2种典型林分降雨分配特征及其主要影响因素

森林对降雨的分配是森林生态水文和生物地球化学循环中的重要过程之一。通过对黄土丘陵区2种典型林分(刺槐林和辽东栎林)生长季降雨分配过程的实地监测,探究2种林分的降雨分配特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:试验期间,刺槐林和辽东栎林降雨分配各组[JP]分均表现为穿透雨量(325.0,295.1 mm)＞冠层截留量(39.8,73.6 mm)＞树干径流量(25.8,21.9 mm),同时穿透雨率(83.2%和75.6%)＞冠层截留率(10.2%和18.8%)＞树干径流率(6.6%和5.6%)。次降雨量是影响降雨分配的关键因子,穿透雨量和树干径流量与次降雨量间呈现极显著线性关系,冠层截留量与次降雨量间呈现极显著对数函数关系;穿透雨率和树干径流率与次降雨量间呈现显著对数函数关系,冠层截留率与次降雨量间呈现极显著指数函数关系。刺槐林和辽东栎林产生穿透雨的次降雨阈值分别为1.0,1.3 mm,产生树干径流的次降雨阈值分别为5.9,5.4 mm。刺槐林产生的穿透雨量和[JP]树干径流量均大于辽东栎林,而冠层截留量小于辽东栎林。研究结果为黄土丘陵区森林生态水文过程的研究提供基础数据,对该地区植被恢复过程中植被类型的选择具有指导意义。     

不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应

 研究不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀量的坡度效应,以便为退耕还林及坡耕地水保措施提供依据。根据上舍河小流域2000年55场有效降雨资料,对不同土地利用类型(坡耕地、杉木林地)次降雨地表径流量、径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等影响因子进行相关分析。结果表明:坡耕地、杉木林地的次降雨地表径流量、地表径流侵蚀模数与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度、植被盖度等相关显著。在一定坡度范围内,坡耕地的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增大而增加,而杉木林分的次降雨地表径流量和径流侵蚀模数,随着坡度的增加而降低。     

渭北黄土丘陵区人工林类型对土壤属性的影响

为了研究渭北黄土丘陵区人工林类型对土壤属性的影响,选取位于同一坡面上的刺槐纯林、油松纯林和苹果园土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤结构稳定性,土壤有机碳、无机碳和土壤呼吸等土壤属性在3种人工林土壤剖面的变化特征,并探讨了土壤有机碳和无机碳在水稳性团聚体形成中的作用。结果表明:3种人工林土壤团聚体破碎率均较高,各团聚体水稳性指标值、土壤有机碳含量、土壤呼吸在3个样地的顺序均为油松林>刺槐林>苹果园,土壤无机碳含量的顺序为刺槐林>苹果园>油松林。土壤有机碳和无机碳含量之间呈负相关关系,且二者分别与团聚体水稳性呈正相关和负相关关系,但同时,无机碳含量存在一个阈值,当低于或高于这一阈值时,其含量与团聚体水稳性分别呈正相关或负相关关系,因此,当无机碳含量较高时,应降低其含量,并提高土壤有机碳含量,以改善土壤结构,降低土壤遭受侵蚀的风险;土壤结构稳定性各指标之间及其与土壤有机碳含量和土壤呼吸呈极显著正相关关系。可见,人工林类型显著影响各项土壤属性,油松林在提高土壤质量方面的作用大于刺槐林。     

不同类型水源保护林水资源保护功能的分析和评价

针对北京市密云县密云水库上游清水河流域现有水源保护林类型现状,对油松林、刺槐林、板栗林及混交林4个林分类型的截留降雨、枯枝落叶容纳雨量、林地土壤蓄水、减少地表径流及净化水质能力进行了分析、比较和评价。结果表明,在最小消耗水资源和有利于水资源积累的前提下,水源保护林中的油松水资源消耗较少,混交林次之,刺槐林、板栗林最多。因此建议水源保护林营造应加大耗水能力小和净化水质的树种比例。     

不同林分枯落物的持水性能及对表层土壤理化性状的影响

对刺槐林、麻烁林、五角枫林、黄连木林、油松林、赤松林、侧柏林、刺槐麻烁混交林的枯落物持水性能及枯落物层下的表层土壤理化性状进行了研究。结果表明：枯落物的持水性能大小顺序为刺槐林＞黄连木林＞刺槐麻烁混交林＞五角枫林＞麻烁林＞侧柏林＞赤松林＞油松林;表层土壤理化性状的优劣顺序为黄连木林＞刺槐林＞刺槐麻烁混交林＞五角枫林＞麻烁林＞侧柏林＞赤松林＞油松林。     

吉县蔡家川流域不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能

林地（枯落物层和土壤层）是森林植被水源涵养功能的主体,在水土保持中具有举足轻重的作用。根据蔡家川流域林地枯落物和土壤的分析与测定,研究比较了晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能。结果表明,不同植被类型枯落物的最大有效拦蓄量的大小为:虎榛子林（2.85 mm）>沙棘林（2.38 mm）>刺槐林（1.88 mm）>油松×刺槐林（1.31 mm）>油松林（0.77 mm）。不同植被类型0~60 cm土层的林地土壤最大拦蓄量为:虎榛子林（248.2 mm）>油松×刺槐林（241.0 mm）>刺槐林（210.2 mm）>草地（209.8 mm）>油松林（198.1 mm）。晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能研究,为该区水土保持林的合理经营与利用提供了科学依据。     

辽西5种人工林水土保持效应研究

从森林生态系统对地表径流、土壤侵蚀和养分输出3个层次对辽西半干旱地区5种人工林生态系统的水土保持功能进行了定量研究。结果表明:油松纯林、松×沙混交林、沙棘纯林、杨树纯林、杨×沙混交林在2002年雨季的月均地表径流系数分别为荒地的10.1%、6.5%、2.3%、8.6%、5.3%。在各人工林类型中,以沙棘林的地表径流量为最少,依次为沙棘林<杨×沙混交林<松×沙混交林<杨树林<油松林。在5种人工林生态系统中,沙棘林的水土保持功能最好,其次是混交林,最后是杨树和油松纯林。今后的植树造林工程一定要多栽植各种混交林,尽量少营造油松和杨树等纯林。     

华西雨屏区几种典型人工林降雨截留分配特征

以华西雨屏区几种典型森林类型为研究对象,定位监测了2011年4-12月40场降雨中大气降雨、林冠穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流和地下渗滤。结果表明:各树种林冠截留率分别为香樟林31.63%,柳杉林42.73%,混交林49.88%。当单次降雨量24mm时,截留量表现为柳杉林混交林香樟林;当单次降雨量24mm时,截留量表现为混交林柳杉林香樟林。各种林分树干茎流量少,茎流率均低于2%;地表径流量表现为香樟林柳杉林混交林,地下渗滤量表现为混交林柳杉林香樟林,表明森林植被对降雨截留分配具有显著影响。相对于单一结构的人工林,混交林林冠截留率较高,地表径流量较少,具有较高的水土保持能力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.