From research measurements to application: Bridging the gap; Overview of practical and scientific measurements in nutrition

Research that advances the practice of poultry nutrition covers a wide range, including fundamental studies that explore mechanisms in cells or a small number of birds and applied research that determines product yield in authentic production facilities. Ultimately, the applied research informs the economic analysis necessary for implementation of novel nutritional strategies or products. Nutritional controversies arise from applied research experiments that were not designed and interpreted based on the realities learned from mechanistic work. The experimental design and measurements selected for comparing nutrient sources or setting nutrient recommendations should be informed by underlying mechanistic information, such as the relative priorities of cells and tissues for the nutrient and the shape of the dose response relationship across a wide range of added dietary levels of the nutrient. Integrating mechanistic and applied research provides more robust results that can be used across wider ranges of diets and husbandry conditions.     

动物营养研究的发展趋势与挑战

随着生命科学的进步与饲料工业的发展，动物营养研究也取得了丰硕成果，生物技术、基因工程与营养免疫等新技术和新产品广泛应用于动物营养，但同时动物营养的研究也面临着严峻的挑战。本文主要就动物营养研究的发展趋势及其所面临的挑战作一综述。     

Animals in aging research: Requirements,pitfalls and a challenge for the laboratory animal specialist

Summary

The prime goal of aging research is to gain some insight into the basic mechanisms underlying the aging process. The long lifespan and frequent mobility of humans as well as the legal and ethical constraints on human experimentation make man unsuitable for studying the aging process. Therefore animals, particularly rodents, are used in aging research. In studying the aging process in animals, one hopes to find means for the prevention or amelioration of at least some of the disabilities of old age in man. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence the outcome of animal experiments; hence an extensive monitoring program is a prerequisite in aging research. An important role in controlling the quality of the animals is reserved for the laboratory animal specialist. Since he is faced with all aspects of laboratory animal science, aging research is a challenging area for such a specialist.     

Animals in aging research: requirements, pitfalls and a challenge for the laboratory animal specialist

The prime goal of aging research is to gain some insight into the basic mechanisms underlying the aging process. The long lifespan and frequent mobility of humans as well as the legal and ethical constraints on human experimentation make man unsuitable for studying the aging process. Therefore animals, particularly rodents, are used in aging research. In studying the aging process in animals, one hopes to find means for the prevention or amelioration of at least some of the disabilities of old age in man. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence the outcome of animal experiments; hence an extensive monitoring program is a prerequisite in aging research. An important role in controlling the quality of the animals is reserved for the laboratory animal specialist. Since he is faced with all aspects of laboratory animal science, aging research is a challenging area for such a specialist.     

Veld management : A challenge to agricultural extension

Abstract

This paper discusses the problems of communicating veld management practices to farmers within the framework of the knowledge generation and diffusion system. Suggestions are made for improving the system through greater involvement of farmers in research and extension, and for expanding the range of choices in technology available to farmers through more persuasive communication strategies, including on‐farm adaptive research.     

Intra-articular drug delivery: the challenge to extend drug residence time within the joint

The rationale behind developing sustained release microsphere formulations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) administered via the intra-articular (IA) route is to minimise the systemic bioavailability and attendant side-effects associated with oral drug administration. Overall dose is reduced whilst therapeutic benefit within the joint is maintained. The potential benefits of IA therapy for osteoarthritis (OA) are not achieved using currently available medications and delivery vehicles due to the rapid clearance of therapeutic substances from the synovial space. There is a need for sustained release delivery systems if the potential of IA drug administration is to be realised. Rationally designed microspheres taken up by synovial macrophages offer a strategy to sustain drug delivery within the joint, and to deliver NSAIDs directly to pivotal inflammatory cells. The efficacy of microsphere candidates may be evaluated in large animal models of OA. The principles of IA microsphere drug delivery may also be applicable to other classes of drugs.     

面向未来接受挑战—记新昌制药厂发展战略

浙江医药股份有限公司新昌制药厂创建于195 4年 ,地处浙江东部 ,东临宁波机场 83ｋｍ ,西距杭州 15 0ｋｍ ,位于上三高速公路和 10 4国道边。新昌制药经过几十年的高速发展 ,已拥有资产 9.5 1亿元 ,2 0 0 1年实现销售收入 12 .8亿元 ,上交税金 1.2亿元。目前新昌制药厂占地 5 0万ｍ2 ,是我国维生素类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类药物的重要生产基地 ,国家级重点高新技术企业。加入ＷＴＯ以后 ,中国企业面临着空前的机遇和挑战。就医药行业来说 ,国际国内的医药市场竞争将日趋激烈 ,一是国内医药企业千方百计降低现有产品成本 ,扩大规模 ,以低价竞…     

From viruses to cancer stem cells: dissecting the pathways to malignancy

Cancer is a disease of all vertebrate species and has been well documented throughout history with fossil records indicating that dinosaurs of the Jurassic period suffered from the disease. The Greek physician, Galen is accredited with describing human tumours as having the shape of a crab, with leg like tendrils invading deep into surrounding tissues--hence the term cancer. Today cancer can be defined as any malignant growth or tumour caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division that is able to invade tissues locally and spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. This is obviously a simplistic attempt at describing a complex disease that can utilize a myriad of biological pathways to sustain growth and proliferation. Dissecting these pathways has been the challenge of cancer researchers for decades in the search for new treatment strategies. This review attempts to condense our understanding of cancer and to offer insights into an alternative theory regarding the existence of true cancer stem cells and how this will inform the development of new therapeutics.