小流域综合治理模式综述

对福建省近年来小流域综合治理模式进行了归纳和总结,介绍了山区小流域综合治理模式、风沙区小流域综合治理模式、城郊型生态景观小流域治理模式等3种小流域治理模式。提出在进行小流域综合治理时,应结合本地区小流域治理的实践经验,合理地运用各种模式对小流域进行综合治理。     

以小流域为单元的个旧市石漠化综合治理模式探讨

个旧市以山区为主,其岩溶面积占全市国土面积的51.48%,石漠化土地面积占国土面积的27.7%,属于岩溶地区石漠化较为严重的典型代表地区。本文提出以小流域为单元的个旧市石漠化综合治理模式,然后对治理工程实施后的生态、经济和社会效益进行了评价,并提出了小流域石漠化综合治理相关建议。     

AReportontheComprehensiveManagementontheExperimentSiteofHuangjiaerchaWatershedinNingxiaHuiAutonomous

在分析国内外小流域治理研究现状和发展趋势的基础上，应用生态学原理、经济学和系统工程学理论和方法，以改善生态环境、控制水土流失、提高土地生产力、实现良好综合治理效益为目的，经过五年多努力，建立了小流域综合治理技术系和人工生态经济系统，并建成了宁夏西吉县黄家二贫小流域综合治理试验示范区．研究表明，该地区２０００年在温饱水平下流域人口承载力为１２８个／ｋｍ２．小流域治理效果显著，粮食单产比治理前增加４．５倍，人均收入增加２．５倍，林草覆盖面积由１．７％提高到６１％，土壤流失量减少９５％．     

晋西昕水河流域生态经济系统诊断

对晋西昕水河流域生态经济系统进行了诊断,认为,流域存在着生态平衡失调、产业结构不合理等问题.结合流域各类型区的土地利用现状,分析了流域土地利用结构的主要影响因素(气候、地形地貌、人口密度、综合治理程度),揭示出在流域综合治理中资源开发与环境建设相结合的重要性.     

南平西洋小流域综合治理与山区可持续发展问题探讨

生态环境恶化、资源危机迫使人类必须建立可持续发展观。山区可持续发展包含山区生态可持续性、经济可持续性和社会可持续性3个维度。本文以南平西洋小流域综合治理为例,通过小流域综合治理前后生态、经济、社会各项发展指标的分析,论证小流域综合治理是促进山区可持续发展的有效途径。     

蒙坝河上游小流域立地条件类型划分的研究

针对蒙坝河上游小流域综合治理示范区的自然特点,提出了营造水保林、水源林立地类型划分的依据和方法。根据地貌、地形、岩性、林草覆盖度、坡度和土层厚度等综合因子将示范区划分为一个类型区、4个类型亚区、10个类型组、54个立地类型。     

晋西昕水河流域生态经济系统诊断

对晋西昕水河流域生态经济系统进行了诊断，认为，流域存在着生态平衡失调、产业结构不合理等问题。结合流域各类型区的土地利用现状，分析了流域土地利用结构的主要影响因素（气候、地形地貌、人口密度、综合治理程度），揭示出在流域综合治理中资源开发与环境建设相结合的重要性。     

环江县小流域石漠化治理技术及效益分析

广西环江县是全国石漠化综合治理的试点县和重点县之一。针对环江县岩溶石漠化土地现状,选取典型小流域,分别从植被恢复、水利水保设施和畜牧发展3方面提出相应技术思路和措施,并分析评价其综合效益。     

湖北水土保持小流域综合治理理论与实验雏议

通过分析湖北省近年来小流域综合治理理论与实践的进展及国内外研究理论与实践,对小流域综合治理提出了4个方面的问题及解决途径。湖北省应在生态经济系统理论、信息论、控制论指导下,开展小流域综合治理,解决人地矛盾、森林破坏、水土流失等一系列生态问题。     

蒙坝河小流域立地类型划分与评价的研究

本文针对蒙坝河上游小流域综合治理示范区的自然特点,提出营造水保林、水源林立地类型划分的依据和方法。并根据地貌、岩性、地形、林草覆盖度、坡度和土层厚度等综合因子将示范区划分1个类型区、4个类型亚区、15个类型组、69个立地类型。并结合侵蚀性状,分别进行定性、定量评价。     

Analysis of Sediment Source of Watershed in Western Shanxi of the Loess Plateau

1 INTRODUCTIONThe Loess Plateau is the most drastic soil erosion regionin China, with the most severe water erosion. Thedistribution of types and intensity of erosion not onlyhave regional diversity but also have perpendicularvariation. In the small watershed, there are differencesin erosion characters among its upper, middle and lowerreaches. It is very significant for taking rationalmeasures of soil and water conservation and forpreventing soil and water loss to analyze the relationbe…     

长江上游部分地区土壤侵蚀规律的研究

通过调查，定位与半定位观测，研究了长江上游不同地貌类型区的土壤侵蚀空间分布格局，以及各影响因子与土壤侵蚀间的关系。揭示了泥沙运行机制和水土流失规律，提出了小流域沙运输的输移比：流域面积小于５ｋｍ＾２用０．６－０．７作为泥沙输移比，流域面积小于３０ｋｍ＾２用０．３作为泥沙输移比，推算流域水土流失量，并建立了坡面和小流域土壤流失预报模型。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区林木生长状况调查

通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型代表区的安塞县高桥乡3个小流域不同立地条件林木的生长情况进行调查分析，提出了当地适宜在沟谷、阴坡地进行造林，其它立地条件适宜栽植灌草植被，探讨了不同立地条件植被的配置原则。     

The Application of GIS in Small Watershed Classification in Loess Plateau

ＴｈｅＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＧＩｓｉｎＳｍａｌｌＷａｔｅｒｓｈｅｄＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎＬｏｅｓｓＰｌａｔｅａｕＺｈｕＪｉｎｚｈａｏ，ＷｕＢｉｎ，ＢｉＨｕａｘｉｎｇ，ＺｈｏｕＣｈａｎｇｑｉｎｇＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＳｏｉｌａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＣ...     

白皮松分布区的气候区划

白皮松（ＰｉｎｕｓｂｕｎｇｅａｎａＺｕｃ．ｅｘＥｎｄｌ．）分布在２９°５５′～３８°２５′Ｎ和１０３°３６′～１１５°１７′Ｅ的范围内,在我国山西、陕西、甘肃、河南、四川、湖北及湖南北部７个省区均有分布,分布区横跨暖温带、北亚热带及中亚热带３个气候带...     

黄土高原和六盘山区森林面积增加对产水量的影响

[目的]定量评价黄土高原地区造林对流域产水量的影响,指导林水协调的林业发展和森林管理。[方法]综合分析多年在黄土高原、泾河流域、六盘山区开展的森林产流影响的多尺度研究结果。[结果]在黄土高原区域尺度,林地平均年径流(16 mm)比非林地(39 mm)减少59%;在典型流域尺度(泾河干流上游流域),森林年均产水量(76 mm)比自然草地减少51%,其中,半湿润土石山区的森林年均产水量(88.8 mm)比自然草地减少58%;在典型小流域尺度(半湿润的香水河小流域),完全覆盖森林后的年均产流比无森林覆盖情景减少59%。森林增加导致的年产流减幅在干旱地区和干旱年份会更大,并可能超过100%,如年降水量低于450 mm的黄土流域、半干旱的泾河上游黄土区的林地及半干旱的叠叠沟小流域的坡面乔木林分样地,其年产水量常为零或负值,即需消耗土壤水分和坡上汇入径流等维持生存。低度间伐不能显著减少森林蒸散耗水。[结论]在黄土高原研究的小流域、流域和区域空间尺度内,造林减少年产流量的平均幅度都在50%~60%以上,且随干旱程度的增加可达到100%,并因消耗降水外的其他水源而出现负产流。需依据水分承载力合理选择待恢复植被类型和确定森林覆盖率,这是保障区域供水安全和实现林水协调管理的基本途径。     

APEX model simulation of runoff and sediment losses for grazed pasture watersheds with agroforestry buffers

Buffers have been found to reduce non-point source pollution (NPSP) from watersheds. Hydrologic simulation models assist in predicting the effects of buffers on runoff and sediment losses from small watersheds. The objective of this study was to calibrate, validate and simulate runoff and sediment losses and compare buffer effects on NPSP losses relative to control watersheds (no buffer) for seven years. The experimental design consists of four watersheds under pasture management which were monitored from 2002 through 2008; two with agroforestry buffers (AgB 100 and AgB 300) and two control watersheds (CW 400 and CW 600). Pasture areas included red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and lespedeza (Kummerowia stipulacea Maxim.) planted into fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) while the agroforestry buffer area included Eastern cottonwood trees (Populus deltoids Bortr. ex Marsh.) planted into fescue. The APEX model was calibrated from 2002 to 2005 and was validated from 2006 to 2008. The r ² and NSE values for the calibration and validation periods of the runoff varied from 0.52 to 0.78 and 0.50 to 0.74, respectively. The model did not predict sediment loss very well probably due to insufficient number of measured events and low measured sediment loss. The measured runoff was 57% higher for CW watersheds compared to AgB watersheds. The measured sediment loss was 95% higher for CW watersheds compared to AgB watersheds. After calibrating and validating the model, it was run for long-term scenario analyses for 10 years from 1999 to 2008. Simulated buffer width had a significant influence on runoff. Simulated runoff decreased by 24% when the buffer width was doubled compared to losses associated with the measured buffer width. Simulated runoff from the CW watersheds was 11% higher with double stocking density (relative to measured density) compared to AgB watersheds with double stocking density. With half stocking density (relative to measured density), the AgB watershed had 18% lower runoff compared to CW. Results from this study imply that establishment of agroforestry buffers on grazed pasture watersheds reduce runoff and sediment losses compared to control watersheds without buffers.     

Effect of clear-felling on runoff in two small watersheds in Central Sweden

Small watersheds were used in a study of the effect of clear-felling on runoff from coniferous forest areas in Central Sweden. After a 3-year calibration period, two watersheds were clear-felled (on one of them the slash was left and on the other slash was removed) and a third was left as a reference.Runoff under forested conditions was 271 and 246 mm year^?1, respectively for the treated watersheds, while the precipitation measured 732 mm year^?1 as a mean for the investigated period. Clear-felling resulted in an increase in runoff of 119 and 75% (371 and 215 mm per year), respectively. The increase occurred during the period of snowmelt (April–May) and the period without snow (June–October). During winter (November–March) a very small increase in runoff was noted. The effect of clear-felling on runoff appears to be greater than has been reported from most other Scandinavian investigations.The increase in runoff during snowmelt is probably due to an increased snow accumulation in the clear-felled area as compared to the forest. The increased runoff for the period without snow is explained by reduced transpiration from the vegetation and reduced evaporation caused by an increased aerodynamic resistance.No effects of slash removal could be detected, probably because of the natural variation between the two treated watersheds.     

Response of vegetation, shade and stream temperature to debris torrents in two western Oregon watersheds

This study examines watershed patterns of riparian vegetation, shade, and stream temperature eight years after extreme storm events triggered numerous debris torrents throughout the Pacific Northwest. We examined twelve impacted streams in two western Oregon watersheds: the Calapooia River in the western Cascades and the Williams River in the Coast Range. Red alder (Alnus rubra) and willow (Salix spp.) were the dominant species on debris torrented areas in both watersheds. Post-disturbance vegetation recovery was significant in both watersheds, impacting shade and stream temperatures. However, red alder density, basal area, and height were significantly greater along streams in the Williams River watershed than along streams in the Calapooia River watershed. Willow density, basal area and height were similar between the watersheds. Stream shading levels mirrored red alder growth, with greater average shading in the Williams River watershed. The greater shade translated into lower summer maximum stream temperatures and maximum diurnal stream temperature fluctuations in the Williams River as compared to the Calapooia River watershed. Minimum stream temperatures were not different between the two watersheds. The rapid re-growth of red alder along the Williams River watershed ultimately lead to a rapid decline in maximum summer stream temperatures for that watershed compared to the Calapooia River watershed. The location where the disturbance occurred had an important role in determining the rate and pathway of stream recovery.