舟山本岛岩质边坡植被恢复植物多样性及群落演替

通过植被演替的时空互代,在舟山本岛选取具有代表性的不同恢复时期的矿山边坡作为研究样地,考察样地内植物物种构成特征,并根据样地内植物群落特征及不同恢复年限将其划分为4个不同的植物群落(草丛、草灌丛、灌丛、乔灌丛)演替阶段,对比分析不同演替阶段的植物多样性变化及植物群落的演替规律。结果表明:随着恢复年限的增加,多样性指数呈上升趋势,但均匀度指数则略呈下降趋势,植物群落演替总体呈良性发展趋势。岩质边坡植被恢复的研究为舟山地区或其它海岛生境条件下的岩质边坡植被重建过程中的植物配置及养护管理提供理论指导。     

矿山植被保护与恢复技术的探讨

现阶段,我国已将生态加入到"五位一体"的治国方略中,说明我国已将生态环境保护纳入到国家的战略发展中,而矿山区域过度开发矿产资源,导致植被破坏严重,恢复矿山的植被和生态环境是矿山植被保护的难点,因此,文章介绍了当前矿山植被保护的现状,结合福州市矿山植被破坏对生态环境产生的影响,对恢复技术进行了深入探究。     

浅论麦格废弃矿山植被恢复治理探讨

随着清镇市麦格乡矿产资源的开发与利用,矿山原有植被受到了一定程度的破坏,剥岩废料尾矿沙等矿山废弃物压占,破坏了宝贵的土地和植被资源,矿山粉尘又污染了水源、土壤及空气,因此,为了改善矿区的生态环境,实现矿山经济的可持续发展,必须搞好以造林为主要措施的矿山植被恢复工程。     

矿山边坡植被恢复目标和方法探讨

矿山生态环境的状况和治理已经成为我国生态环境建设与发展的重要内容之一,其中,矿山边坡植被的恢复是矿山生态环境治理的主要目的。因此,本文将从植被恢复的概念着手,对矿山边坡植被恢复的目标进行阐述,并分析了如何恢复矿山边坡植被的方法,最后做出总结。     

探讨矿山植被复绿的治理方法与技术

随着我国各项建设数量不断增长,对矿产资源的需求也随之增加,对矿山的开采需求量自然也就增加起来.而在矿山开采过程中或多或少都会对矿山环境造成一定的环境破坏,因此矿山复绿工作必将迎来大量机遇和挑战,本文旨在围绕这些机遇和挑战,探讨矿山复绿的治理方法和技术,以期恢复青山绿化的生态环境.     

岩石坡面植被群落演替与物种多样性动态研究——以舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口为例

选取4个典型样地对舟山市长岗山森林公园采石宕口植被演替与恢复进行动态监测,结合丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数法研究物种多样性在坡面植被群落演替过程中的变化。研究表明:经过3年的演替时间,人工建植的草本植物已逐渐被乡土植物替代,在其他条件相同时,阴坡物种数要高于阳坡,缓坡物种数高于陡坡;随着演替的进行,边坡植物物种渐趋于多样化,物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou指数)均表现为指数函数变化规律。从整个演替过程来看,3类指数均表现为阴坡高于阳坡、缓坡高于陡坡。     

核桃在矿山植被恢复工程中的应用效果及配套栽培技术

矿山植被恢复常规的方法是生态树种绿化法,虽然生态效益良好,但是经济效益不够显著。2005年我们在铁矿剥岩废料异地填埋的土地上进行优质核桃栽培实验,建园后核桃生长结果正常,土壤理化性状得到了明显改     

Rural depopulation and recent landscape changes in a Mediterranean region: Consequences to the breeding avifauna

We studied the vegetational and avifaunistic changes following rural depopulation in an area covering 2,600 ha north of Montpellier (Southern France). The study area is covered by a mosaic of Mediterranean habitats that includes cultivation, grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands and is representative of the natural features present and of the human usage practiced so far in this part of the Mediterranean. We sampled the vegetation and the bird fauna in the same 193 census plots in 1978 and in 1992. At both the habitat and landscape scales the cover of woody plants increased significantly. Open habitats tend to disappear. As a consequence the abundance of open-habitat bird species decreased significantly whereas the abundance of forest birds increased significantly. These changes favor a pool of forest species widespread in western Europe and reduce habitat availability for open habitat and shrubland species. Many of the latter are Mediterranean species whose distribution in Western Europe could become reduced under current landscape dynamics. Our observation of more woodlands and their typical birds and of less open habitats and their associated avifauna is not consistent with the traditional worry shown by the public and the managers about the regression of forests and woodlands in the Northern Mediterranean as a consequence of fire.     

Simulated impact of sea level rise on phreatic level and vegetation of dune slacks in the Voorne dune area (The Netherlands)

Effects of sea level rise and different coastline management options on the phreatic level in a coastal dune area are calculated, using a scenario with 60 cm sea level rise in the course of the next century, resulting from global climatic changes. Changes in the phreatic level - both lowering and rising - are evaluated for their effects on the dune slack vegetation, using a newly developed interaction model hydrology-vegetation. Some indications of changes in nature conservation values are presented.     

A walk on the wild side: Perceptions of roadside vegetation beyond trees

Urban nature is of vital importance for human well-being in an increasingly urbanized world. Despite the wide variety of urban greenspaces, previous research has mostly focussed on parks and in particular presence of trees. Although streets are fundamental urban structures and offer an array of green elements beyond trees, the perception and valuation of other kinds of roadside vegetation by urban residents is understudied so far. This study explores the range of roadside vegetation and associated ecosystem services perceived by city dwellers in densely populated inner city districts of two German cities. Further, we explored how wild-grown roadside vegetation is valued by interviewees. Results confirmed the important role of trees but also demonstrated that city dwellers perceive a variety of cultivated and “wild” green components other than trees. Respondents attached a wide range of meanings and values to roadside greenery and showed a surprisingly high awareness of associated ecosystem services. Wild urban roadside vegetation met with high approval, although planted and maintained vegetation was preferred. Our study illustrated that trees and other elements of roadside vegetation fulfil important functions in the view of the public. For many respondents, ecological and economical functions of roadside vegetation were more important than orderliness. This indicates opportunities for enhancing the biodiversity of urban streetscapes. As public green spaces are in short supply in many cities, enhancing cultivated and wild roadside vegetation could help to deliver ecosystem services in the areas near where people move and live.     

Indigenous and spontaneous vegetation: their relationship to urban development in the city of Leeds, UK

The concepts of indigenous and spontaneous vegetation are considered as subsets of the broader category, semi-natural vegetation. Indigenous vegetation is conceptualised as that which has originated in a rural landscape and developed over a time period of several centuries or more, either naturally or as a result of traditional management methods, together with the environmental conditions supporting it. In contrast, spontaneous vegetation is that which has naturally colonised derelict urban sites, mainly within the last century. An investigation, using map and aerial photographic data, examined the relative proportions of potentially indigenous and spontaneous vegetation on proposed development sites in Leeds, a large industrial city in the UK. Results suggested that spontaneous vegetation occupied approximately 13% by area of the development sites while possible indigenous vegetation occupied as little as 5%. However, further analysis suggested that approximately 25% of the proposed development sites were within 0.5 km of a designated site containing indigenous vegetation. It is argued that both types of semi-natural vegetation can make positive contributions to the urban environment but that public perception of spontaneous vegetation and, in particular, the locations where it occurs, are often negative. Further research into public perceptions of semi-natural vegetation and ways of incorporating it into urban development are required.     

OUTENIQUA — A computer model to simulate succession in the mixed evergreen forests of the southern Cape,South Africa

A succession model for mixed evergreen forests of the southern Cape, South Africa, called OUTENIQUA, was developed based on one for subtropical rain forest in New South Wales, Australia. The model simulates the regeneration, growth and mortality on a 0.04 ha plot using an individual-tree based modeling approach to forest succession. The OUTENIQUA model was tested on its ability to simulate species dynamics of the forest stand used for its development, as well as on independent data from a neighboring stand and not used for the model derivation. The model is used as a research tool to summarize published and unpublished knowledge on the southern Cape forests and to highlight aspects where knowledge is insufficient. The development of the model represents a test of an individual-tree gap model as a simulation tool for use in management and directing research in subtropical and tropical forests.     

灵芝连作障碍的研究进展

分析灵芝产业发展现状,指出连作障碍是灵芝段木栽培的最大制约因素。综述引起灵芝连作障碍的主要因素有土壤微生物种群特性的变化、灵芝产物的自毒作用,以及病原菌的增殖。相应的防控技术有覆沙出芝、采用液氨熏蒸灵芝连作土壤等,提出有换土与不换土多途径协同综合防治两种措施。     

公路建设对环境的影响及防治对策研究

综述了公路建设对生态环境造成的影响,提出相应的保护措施,并指出了当前研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

Effectiveness of corridor vegetation depends on urbanization tolerance of forest birds in central Tokyo,Japan

Vegetation corridors, such as street trees in urban areas, which connect patchy woodland and mitigate habitat isolation, are expected to enhance the persistence of birds in urban landscapes. However, the effectiveness of urban corridors on birds remains equivocal because vegetation corridor is often managed for human use with little consideration of wildlife. Here we compared the effects of three major corridors of varying vegetation structures (trees with a dense understory, trees with a sparse understory, and grassy areas with sparse trees) on the species richness and abundance of birds in 21 wooded patches in the center of Tokyo, Japan, during wintering and breeding seasons. Using generalized linear models and Akaike’s information criterion, we found that the effectiveness of corridors depended on the tolerance of birds to urbanization. Urban avoider species, having low tolerance to urbanization, demonstrated lower species richness and abundance in patches close to the corridor with a sparsely vegetated understory as compared with patches close to the understory-richer corridors during winter, although such an effect disappeared during the breeding season. The corridors did not have a significant effect on suburban adapter species with a high tolerance to urbanization. Our results suggest that corridors with scarce understory vegetation may limit the persistence of birds avoiding urban areas.     

Feasibility study on the estimation of the living vegetation volume of individual street trees using terrestrial laser scanning

As an important part of urban greening, the canopy of street trees has ecological benefits, such as oxygen production, noise reduction, and dust reduction. The living vegetation volume (LVV) can reflect the spatial structure of the canopy intuitively and enables the estimation of the ecological service value of street trees. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has shown excellent performance for providing three-dimensional data of individual trees with high precision, enabling the accurate quantification of the LVV. In this study, we divided the LVV into the total living vegetation volume (tLVV) and the effective living vegetation volume (eLVV); the latter does not include branches. The eLVV of 40 ginkgo trees separated in two roads in Nanjing was calculated from TLS data. A novel method named LAIM for accurate eLVV calculation based on point cloud data was proposed. The point cloud data of individual tree was segmented along the Z-axis and image processing methods were used. With this, eLVV of each tree was obtained. The results were compared with data obtained from a clustered point cloud generated using convex hulls. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to investigate the consistency of the two methods. Furthermore, we used correlation analysis and all-subsets regression to choose the variables, and the eLVV was fitted using six models. Finally, we evaluated O₂ production, CO₂ and SO₂ absorption by the street trees based on eLVV, the ecological benefits of street trees were quantified. The results showed the following: (1) The number of layers and the dilation size of the point cloud were crucial parameters in the LAIM. (2) For ginkgo trees, the mean difference between the eLVV obtained from the LAIM and the convex hull method was − 0.53–0.19 m³, indicating that the results were highly consistent for the two methods. (3) The eLVV fitting performance was better for the exponential function model (R² =0.8523, RMSE=0.6838 m³) and linear model (R² =0.8361, RMSE=0.7224 m³). The tree height and crown width significantly affected the eLVV estimation. (4) The evaluation about ecological benefits of Zhaoyang Road was better than Cuizhu Road. The quantified ecological benefits were conducive to road ecological evaluation. This study quantified the eLVV of individual trees using TLS, highlighting the importance of live vegetation in urban greening. The results can provide technical support for estimating the ecological service value of urban street trees.     

Effects of vegetation structure and environmental characteristics on pollinator diversity in urban green spaces

With accelerating urbanization, insect pollinators in urban ecosystems face challenges such as reduced pollen sources, habitat fragmentation, and damage to the nesting environment. Urban green spaces (UGS) are essential for the stability of pollinator communities. However, little is known about the relationship between vertical layer heterogeneity and horizontal layer complexity of vegetation structure in UGS and pollinator communities. The present study aimed to assess how vegetation structure and environmental characteristics shape the insect pollinator community in UGS. To this end, this study was conducted with seven typical vegetation types which were selected according to the biotope mapping classification system (BMCS) in the ring parks around Hefei City, in Anhui province, China. A total of 11,401 pollinators belonging to 6 orders and 34 families were identified during the eight-month survey. Among the seven habitats under the BMCS, mainly successional short-cut shrub and partly open green space, trees two- or multi-layered broad-leaved mixed forest and partly closed green space, and mainly successional tall grass and partly open green space were identified as high-quality insect pollinator habitats. According to the results of the generalized linear regression, the explanatory power of the four best-fitting generalised linear models is relatively high (over 77%). In four optimal models, the effect of vegetation structure on pollinator community was greater than that of environmental characteristics. The redundancy discriminant analysis showed that the flowering abundance of nectar plants, herb richness, and shrub coverage rate were the three most important factors influencing insect pollinator communities, with a cumulative explanatory power of up to 78.8%. Pollinator abundance was positively influenced by spontaneous herbs and low-intensity management. However, high-intensity management, low diversity of plants, low nectar plant richness, ignoring seasonal nectar plant configuration, and dense tree distribution could limit pollinator reproduction and population growth. These results reflect the status of insect pollinator community in UGS in Hefei city and present a possible direction for improving urban green habitats and plant configurations.