降雨强度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

利用人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同降雨强度下,不同农业耕作措施坡地水土流失特征。试验设计的坡地坡度分别为5°和15°,降雨强度分别为60、90、120 mm·h^-1;耕作措施分别为等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以相同坡度的平整坡地作为对照。结果表明：（1）随着降雨强度的增大,各耕作措施坡地产流量显著增大1.51倍以上,最大增加幅度为等高耕作坡地的2.28倍。而坡地产沙量在降雨强度较小时增加不显著,当降雨强度增大到120 mm·h^-1时,坡地产沙量显著增大;（2）与平整坡地相比,等高耕作在3个降雨强度下都具有明显的减流效益,减流量均大于15%,而人工锄耕和人工掏挖却不明显;（3）在5°坡地上,等高耕作和人工掏挖在3个降雨强度的减沙效益均大于25%,而人工锄耕减沙效益不明显;在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60 mm·h^-1和90 mm·h^-1时,人工锄耕和人工掏挖减沙效益与降雨强度关系无明显规律,在降雨强度为120 mm·h^-1时,3个耕作措施都不能有效降低坡地产沙量。可见,水土保持农业耕作措施具有降低坡地产流量的作用,而对于坡地产沙的作用存在明显差异,在大坡度和大降雨强度下,不仅不能降低坡地产沙,反而加剧坡地土壤流失。     

Soil surface roughness change and its effect on runoff and erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

As an important parameter in the soil erosion model, soil surface roughness（SSR） is used to quantitatively describe the micro-relief on agricultural land. SSR has been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically; however, no studies have focused on understanding SSR on the Loess Plateau of China. This study investigated changes in SSR for three different tillage practices on the Loess Plateau of China and the effects of SSR on runoff and erosion yield during simulated rainfall. The tillage practices used were zero tillage（ZT）, shallow hoeing（SH） and contour ploughing（CP）. Two rainfall intensities were applied, and three stages of water erosion processes（splash erosion（I）, sheet erosion（II） and rill erosion（III）） were analyzed for each rainfall intensity. The chain method was used to measure changes in SSR both initially and after each stage of rainfall. A splash board was used to measure the splash erosion at stage I. Runoff and sediment data were collected continuously at 2-min intervals during rainfall erosion stages II and III. We found that SSR of the tilled surfaces ranged from 1.0% to 21.9% under the three tillage practices, and the order of the initial SSR for the three treatments was ZT〈SH〈CP. For the ZT treatment, SSR increased slightly from stage I to III, whereas for the SH and CP treatments, SSR decreased by 44.5% and 61.5% after the three water erosion stages, respectively, and the greatest reduction in SSR occurred in stage I. Regression analysis showed that the changes in SSR with increasing cumulative rainfall could be described by a power function（R2〉0.49） for the ZT, SH and CP treatments. The runoff initiation time was longer in the SH and CP treatments than in the ZT treatment. There were no significant differences in the total runoff yields among the ZT, SH and CP treatments. Sediment loss was significantly smaller（P〈0.05） in the SH and CP treatments than in the ZT treatment.     

不同降雨历时梯田和坡耕地的土壤水分入渗特征

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑第三副区庄浪县为例,研究不同降雨历时条件下坡耕地和水平梯田土壤(黄绵土)水分入渗变化特征,应用Hydrus-1D模型对不同降雨条件下的土壤水分入渗进行定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)与实测数据相比,Hydrus-1D模型模拟降雨后土壤水分的运移较合理。(2)地表层(0~40 cm)土壤含水量变异系数(CV)呈中等变异,即5 d的时间内梯田和坡耕地地表层的土壤含水量变化大,随着土层深度的增加变异系数减小,呈弱变异性。(3)在1.45 mm/min降雨强度下,在23 min时拔节期的小麦坡耕地产生径流,水平梯田在整个过程中没有产生径流。(4)降雨历时为10 min时,在土层深度为0~15 cm,梯田土壤含水量比坡耕地多0.13%~1.65%,在土层深度为30~200 cm,梯田和坡地都没有下渗。降雨历时为20min、30min时,在土层深度为0~20 cm,梯田的土壤含水量比坡耕地的分别多0.05%~2.22%、0.01%~2%。     

薄土坡耕地石坎反坡水平阶水沙调控效果

为研究石坎反坡水平阶对于薄土坡耕地的水沙调控效果,设置了两个标准天然降雨径流小区（措施小区和对照小区）分别对次降雨径流和泥沙进行了观测,结果表明：石坎反坡水平阶措施能够有效地调控坡耕地地表径流,年均径流削减率为22.5%,且在短历时、大雨强降雨条件下的调控效果好于长历时、小雨强降雨;该措施对于坡耕地泥沙调控效果显著且稳定,年均泥沙削减率95.5%,措施小区的坡面产沙量随降雨特征值变化的波动幅度远远小于对照小区;石坎反坡水平阶措施通过减少坡面侵蚀,间接提高了坡耕地作物产量,春玉米年均增产6.2%。     

农业生产活动对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地土壤水分动态的影响

通过在坡度为20°耕地和荒草坡面对降水、土壤水密集观测,结合模拟降雨实验,从降雨入渗、蒸散发等过程分析讨论了影响黄土高原丘陵沟壑区坡地土壤水分动态的主要因素。结果表明:1)降雨入渗量△S主要受控于雨强和降雨量,坡耕地的入渗量随着雨强增加而衰减的速度快于荒坡,坡耕地有利于中等雨强大雨的下渗,雨强增大时两坡面的降雨转化率逐渐接近,且植被的再分配作用凸显,甚至使短历时暴雨时坡耕地的入渗速度低于荒坡,长历时的大、暴雨或连续降雨利于深层入渗,坡面耕作或在裸地上种植冰草后降雨转化率增约50%;2)7月～10月上旬为土壤水补给期,土壤水分在枯水年及平水年处于负平衡,在丰水年获得补给,最终以蒸散发消耗;3)荒地主要耗水层在20cm,耕地土壤水分活跃层及作物主要耗水层延伸至30cm。总体上,农作物增大蒸散发量、增加土壤水分利用深度,农业生产活动对减少降雨径流、增加土壤水资源量、强化水分小循环有重要作用。     

石匣小区氮磷坡面流失特征研究

以石匣试验小区为研究对象,分析了小区特征对氮磷、泥沙流失的影响。结果表明:在不同的土地利用方式中果园产生的径流中氮磷浓度最高,林地最低,而氮磷的流失量标准小区最高,林地最低;免耕种植、梯田种植、鱼鳞坑造林等耕作方式会明显减少农田土壤的侵蚀及氮磷的流失,植被覆盖明显减少径流量和泥沙量,从而有效地控制农田氮磷污染物的流失;在其它条件相同的情况下,坡度小的小区氮磷流失量明显减小;降雨量与氮磷的流失量呈现明显的正相关;雨季径流中氮、磷主要以颗粒态存在,径流中的泥沙量与径流量有较好的线性关系(R=0.72)。     

坡耕地暴雨结皮对作物生长发育影响的实验研究

采用盆栽和小区试验的方法,经3年试验发现,坡耕地土壤结皮对作物的出苗、生长、产量和生物量等均有不同程度的影响。小麦出苗率、苗高、最大苗高、产量和生物量分别降低了22.06％、4.60％、6.86％、1.16-9.84％和0.74-6.98％;结皮虽对玉米出苗影响不大,但延长了出苗期,使产量和生物量降低了5.66—9.17％和7.17—11.25％,而且随结皮厚度、强度和地表坡度的增加,其影响更为明显。因此,通过增加地面覆盖和雨后人工耕锄以消除结皮,增加产量和保持水土。     

不同耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响

通过在山西寿阳地区设置的田间试验,分析比较秸秆还田、免耕覆盖、浅旋耕和常规耕作等4种耕作措施不同时期土壤紧实度、容重、入渗速率、土壤含水量以及土壤温度的变化情况,以了解各耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响程度。结果表明,秸秆还田措施除引起旱地农田土壤入渗速率显著降低外,其他物理特性与常规耕作基本一致;免耕覆盖措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响最大,可导致0~10 cm表层土壤紧实度和容重显著增加,土壤入渗速率在播前显著降低,但随着生育期推进与其他处理间差异逐渐减小,蓄水保墒效果显著,同时会引起土壤温度显著降低,播前较常规耕作平均降低2.0℃;浅旋耕措施则在改善表层土壤紧实度,增加土壤入渗速率方面较秸秆还田和免耕覆盖措施要好,土壤含水量显著高于其他处理,较常规耕作措施平均能提高10%,但同时会引起40~60 cm土层土壤容重增加。     

Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h^?1, 60 mm h^?1, and 80 mm h^?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments.     

保护性耕作对坡耕地粮豆草等高带状种植作物生长与水土保持效果的影响

为有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地水分利用率,选用多年生作物苜蓿及小麦、鹰嘴豆、马铃薯 等一年生作物作为供试作物,设置不同带状系统研究了各种种植方式和耕作方式对作物生长、土壤水分、WUE及 水土流失的影响。结果表明,(1)各处理保持水分的能力依次为：免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>免耕(NT)>传统(T);(2) 保护性耕作具有良好的防止土壤侵蚀能力,依次为：NTS>NT>T;(3)免耕+秸秆覆盖和免耕方式与传统耕作相比, 均能提高半干旱地区土壤水分和作物对水分的利用效率,减少土壤侵蚀量。从不同处理保持水土效应来看,从优 至劣的顺序为NTS_PL>T_PL>NTS_CL>T_CL>NTS_WL>T_WL。由此可见,免耕秸秆覆盖是提高水分利用效率及控制水土流失的有效措施,粮草豆隔带种植,结合保护性耕作措施不但具有蓄水保土,减免侵蚀的生态作用,而且还能提高土地利用的经济效益,宜结合生产推广利用。     

Effects of plant residue management on soil properties,surface runoff,and soil loss under rainfall simulation in a semi-arid region in Iran

A 5-year field study was conducted on the effect of plant residue management on soil erosion, runoff, bulk density, penetration resistance, and organic carbon. There were three treatments: burning residues on field (BR), returning residues unto the soil surface after harvesting (TR), and removing residues from soil surface (RR) (control treatment). At the end of the 5-year treatment, a rainfall simulation at 90?mm?h^?1 was applied to each plot. After rainfall simulation started, the runoff volume and soil loss amount in samples were collected at four sampling times. The results showed that the runoff volume for BR (from 145.5?±?12.2 to 190.0?±?11.8?mL) differed significantly (p?≤?0.01) from that of RR (from 32.3?±?5.5 to 67.5?±?11.1?mL) and TR (from 10.0?±?0.7 to 16.7?±?3.3?mL). A significant difference (p?≤?0.01) was also observed between RR and TR regarding runoff volume and soil loss amount in different sampling times, except for the first sampling time (2–4?min). The runoff volume in BR and TR was 215% higher and 294% lower than that of the control (RR), respectively. As compared to the control (RR), soil loss decreased by 96.5% in TR but increased by 192% in BR. The BR increased soil bulk density and penetration resistance by 4.9% and 12.4%, whereas TR reduced them by 2.1% and 15.8%, respectively, as compared to the control (RR). The results indicated that the highest (0.35) and lowest (0.03) runoff coefficients were obtained for BR and TR treatments, respectively. It is concluded that returning plant residues to soil is the best residue management practice in decreasing soil runoff volume and controlling soil erosion in semi-arid regions.     

不同秸秆还田模式冬麦田土壤水分特征比较

在陕西杨凌区布设田间试验,在冬小麦发育期间观测5种不同玉米秸秆覆盖与耕作方式相结合模式的土壤水分特征。结果表明5种覆盖耕作模式的土壤水分垂直变异系数大小排列为传统翻耕(0.1376)>浅旋覆盖(0.1360)>传统覆盖(0.1309)>深翻覆盖(0.1265)>免耕留茬(0.1167);免耕覆盖土壤水分贮存量(342 mm)最高,以浅旋覆盖(289 mm)、传统翻耕(287 mm)土壤水分贮存量相对为低,深翻覆盖(307 mm)、传统覆盖(300 mm)土壤水分贮存量相对居中。     

晋西黄土区不同土地利用类型降雨-径流关系的研究

本文以北京林业大学山西吉县科研试验场蔡家川流域为研究对象,采用对比分析法,对降雨—径流关系进行了研究。分析得出在蔡家川流域雨强是影响地表径流的主要因素;由于整地等人工措施的影响,人工林水土保持效果好;对于农地、半牧半农等人为活动频繁的小流域,弱雨强时径流系数极小,大雨强时径流系数相对较大,尤其是半农半牧流域,水土流失严重;当雨量>20mm时,无林流域初损历时小于森林流域,小尺度流域的初损历时小于大尺度流域。     

模拟降雨条件下苏南黄壤产流起始时间及影响因素研究

运用人工模拟降雨装置研究了暴雨条件下苏南典型丘陵土壤上纯草、纯灌、灌草3种经营模式下坡度、降雨强度、土壤前期含水量、植被覆盖度对开始产生径流时间的影响。研究表明:纯草模式下影响开始产流时间的最主要因子为土壤前期含水量,同时建立了3种植被组合下影响开始产流时间的多因子回归方程。通过方程,由植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤前期含水量和降雨强度四个易于获得的因子可预测不同植被组合下开始产生径流的时间。     

PAM与SAP交并施用对旱区坡耕地氮素淋溶的影响

通过在旱区坡耕地上模拟降雨试验,研究在降雨强度40 mm·h^-1和历时为3 h的条件下,7种线性水溶性高分子聚合物（PAM）和新型节水保水材料（SAP）交并施用方式对径流和氮素淋溶的影响。结果表明：与对照处理（不施用PAM和SAP）相比较,施加PAM和SAP有效减少了径流量和氮素淋溶量,减少的地表径流量达93.29%,相应地降低水中总氮淋溶量达25.58%,保水作用SAP强于PAM;同时,减少的土壤侵蚀量达91.85%,相应地降低泥沙中总氮淋溶量达37.96%;由降雨后土壤剖面养分分布可知,0~15 cm深度土壤的含氮量比对照组高50.24%。说明施加PAM和SAP增加了根系层的持水和保肥能力,降低了土壤养分随水的深层渗漏,且保土作用PAM强于SAP。在坡耕地施加PAM和SAP不但可以减少水土流失,而且能降低土壤氮素的流失,防止肥料对地下水的污染。     

晋北黄土丘陵区不同林草措施的蓄水保土和土壤水分效应研究

以设在山西省阳高县的大型径流观测场为依托,以2005-2009年的野外实测数据为依据,研究了晋北黄土丘陵区人工植被与鱼鳞坑配合的蓄水保土及土壤水分效应,并与荒坡、苜蓿地进行了对比。结果表明:在观测的5年内,柠条、沙棘、油松的蓄水保土能力随种植年限延长无明显增加趋势,但鱼鳞坑的蓄水能力和保土能力分别高达84.7%～96.0%和95.2%～99.7%;荒坡和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)第一年和第二年的蓄水保土能力较差,第三年和第四年随植被盖度增加能力急剧增强,第四年蓄水能力分别达82.8%和91.2%,保土能力达97.0%和98.0%;土壤水份分析结果表明:不同小区4～9月土壤水分变异系数为7.0%～19.1%,油松区变异系数最大,其次为沙棘、苜蓿和柠条区,荒坡区和裸坡区变异较小,不同小区土壤水分亏缺率为23.98%～52.66%,亏缺顺序为柠条区>苜蓿区>油松区>沙棘区>荒坡区>裸坡区;林草植被有效地减少了水土流失,亦增加了土壤水分的变异及亏缺程度,应注意林草植被的合理选择和配置。     

半干旱区夏闲期不同耕作方式对土壤水分及小麦水分利用效率的影响

在宁南旱平地进行了夏闲期深松、免耕及传统翻耕(对照)对土壤水分及后作冬小麦水分利用效率影响的研究结果表明,夏闲期深松和传统翻耕能有效地蓄雨保墒,提高旱平地冬小麦播前的土壤贮水量,深松和翻耕土壤蓄墒率极显著高于免耕处理,深松处理较翻耕高0.79%;夏闲期末深松处理0～200 cm土壤贮水量(310.78 mm)分别较免耕、传统翻耕高8.23 mm、1.61 mm.深松和免耕较传统翻耕显著改善了冬小麦苗期的土壤水分状况,对越冬期0～60 cm耕层土壤水分状况的改善有利于冬小麦的越冬.苗期0～200 cm土壤贮水量深松、免耕分别较传统翻耕(351.05 mm)高35.9 mm、28.8mm,不同的耕作处理对后作冬小麦苗期的土壤水分影响差异主要在80 cm以上土层.冬小麦返青期降雨主要使0～80 cm土层土壤贮水量有所增加,处理间的差异减小.夏闲期深松处理能有效地增加对降雨的蓄保能力,提高旱地冬小麦播前及整个生长阶段0～200 cm的土壤贮水量.不同耕作方式的冬小麦产量以夏闲期翻耕处理最高(3 475.9 kg/hm2),与深松处理(3 322.0 kg/hm2)无显著差异,免耕显著低于其它2种耕作处理;水分利用效率以翻耕最高[14.12 kg/(hm2·mm)],深松次之[13.62 kg/(hm2·mm)],免耕处理显著低于前二者[10.64 kg/(hm2·mm)].     

Impacts of land disturbance and restoration on runoff production and sediment yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land disturbance and land restoration are important factors influencing runoff production and sediment yield in the semi-arid loess regions of China. This study compared the runoff production and sediment yield during the early stage after land disturbance(ESLD) with those during restoring stage after land disturbance(RSLD). Grey relational analysis was used to analyse the importance of each one of the influencing factors(vegetation, rainfall, soil and topography) in affecting the runoff production and sediment yield. Our results showed that during ESLD, topography was the most critical factor controlling the runoff production, while soil was the most important factor controlling the sediment yield. During RSLD, vegetation was more important in affecting runoff production, while rainfall was more important in affecting sediment yield. In additional, this study demonstrated that both the runoff production and the sediment yield can be effectively reduced by restoring vegetation on severely-disturbed lands, thus providing an important theoretical basis for better implementations of the Grain for Green Program. Our results revealed that the vegetation types of Hippophae rhamnoides+Pinus tabulaeformis and H. rhamnoides are better plant selections for land restoration in this area, especially for relatively gentle slopes(i.e., less than 20 degrees).     

宁夏半干旱偏旱区苜蓿引进品种在不同立地及干旱胁迫下抗旱性研究

连续3年对引进的14个紫花苜蓿品种在半干旱偏旱区的缓坡耕地、台地和川旱地三种不同立地类型区,分别布设旱地组和补充灌溉组进行田间试验,对同一苜蓿品种在不同立地类型和不同水分胁迫下的苗期抗旱性生理指标进行测定分析.结果表明,苜蓿品种叶片失水速率以补充灌溉最高,旱地次之,坡耕地最低;离体叶片失水速率(RWL)与保水力(HAW)、抗旱性指教(ID)之间呈负相关,HAW与ID呈显著正相关.对主要抗旱指标进行了多元回归预测和聚类分析.     

陕西省农田土壤物理障碍评价

为了探明陕西省农田土壤物理障碍状况,2013年在全省选取了228个调查点,对1100多块地的农田土壤紧实度进行了调查,从土层厚度、土壤容重和紧实度几方面评价了农田土壤物理障碍状况。结果表明:(1)陕西省农田土壤耕层厚度平均为17.3 cm,其中陕北地区耕层较薄,平均为14.4 cm;全省犁底层平均厚度接近20 cm,其中陕北、关中和陕南犁底层厚度平均为14.5、18.1 cm和20.1 cm。(2)全省耕层土壤容重平均为1.25 g·cm-3,其中陕北耕层土壤容重平均为1.35 g·cm-3,容重偏大;全省犁底层土壤容重平均为1.49 g·cm-3,陕北、关中和陕南地区犁底层容重都明显偏大,影响作物根系生长。(3)陕西省农田耕层土壤紧实度平均为781 k Pa,犁底层紧实度平均为2901 k Pa。全省耕层土壤紧实度尚合适,但犁底层土壤紧实度过大,形成明显的障碍层。