肾上腺与肾脏交感神经低级中枢及外周神经元定位研究进展

交感神经是植物性神经系统的重要组成部分。人们采用不同的研究方法,如染质溶解法、HRP法,对交感神经低级中枢位置即交感节前神经元定位和交感神经的外周神经元即交感节后神经元定位进行了广泛和深入的研究。结果表明,交感节前神经元位于胸腰段脊髓中间带区的不同核团内,支配不同器管的交感节前神经元在脊髓内有一定的分布节段;交感节后神经元位于外周植物性神经节内,如交感干神经节、腹腔神经节、肠系膜前神经节、主动脉肾神经节,支配不同器官的交感节后神经元在不同交感干神经节内有一定的分布节段。     

HRP追踪法对鸡颈交感干节后纤维的研究

本研究对17只成年母鸡颈交感干的节后纤维进行了研究。将颈交感干节间索断端浸泡于30%的HRP 溶液申以引入酶,存活2—4天后,经心室灌流固定,取交感干神经节制成50μm 厚的连续冰冻切片。TMB 反应,明视野镜检。标记细胞出现在酶引入之节间索之后的1—3个交感干神经节。酶引入节间索之前的交感干神经节内未见有标记细胞。     

兔减压神经的纤维成分—HRP法

艇ＨＲＰ法对兔减压神经进行了研究，标记的传入神经元绝大多数位于迷走神经结状节尾侧半部偏一侧，少数见于颈静脉神经节，其中枢突标记终末见于延髓闩以上的孤束核内侧部，腹侧部以及迷背核内。在颈前节也出现标记细胞，表明减压神经中也含有起源于 前节的交感节后纤维成分。主动脉压力感受器有经减压神经来的感觉神经交感节后神经纤维支配。提示减压神经是含有一般内脏传入和一般内脏传出纤维的混合神经，为研究心血管生理提供了     

鸡盲肠传出神经元分布的研究

将100～150mL/L HRP水溶液注入成年母鸡左侧盲肠的浆膜下，研究鸡盲肠传出神经元的分布。结果表明：支配盲肠的交感节后神经元位于T3-LS1交感干神经节(占64．7％)，峰值位于T5-T6交感干神经节，少数位于肾上腺神经节(占17．8％)和内脏神经节(占17．5％)；在肠神经内有大量标记细胞；在延脑迷走神经核中未出现标记的神经元；在盆神经内未看到被标记的支配盲肠的副交感节后神经元。     

催产素受体在雌性山羊颈胸神经节的分布

为探讨催产素(OT)是否可以影响雌性山羊颈胸神经节的活动.采用免疫组化SP法观察催产素受体在雌性山 羊颈胸神经节的分布特点.催产素受体在颈胸神经节分布广泛,节内的神经细胞、卫星细胞和过路纤维均有OTR 免疫阳性产物分布;OTR主要在神经细胞中表达,相对表达量与其他非神经结构相比差异性显著(P＜0.05);在神经 细胞中,OTR免疫阳性产物主要存在于胞膜、胞质、核仁,核膜不着色.雌性山羊颈胸神经节神经元对OT具有反应 性,提示OT可能通过影响颈胸神经节神经元的活动,从而经其发出的交感节后神经这一途径调节其所支配的靶器 官如心血管、汗腺、呼吸等的生理活动.     

催产素受体在雌性山羊腹腔肠系膜前神经节的分布

本研究旨在探讨催产素(OT)是否可以影响雌性山羊腹腔肠系膜前神经节的活动。采用免疫组化SP法观察催产素受体(OTR)在雌性山羊腹腔肠系膜前神经节的分布特点。结果显示,催产素受体在腹腔肠系膜前神经节分布广泛,节内的神经细胞、支持细胞和过路纤维均有OTR免疫阳性产物分布;OTR主要在神经细胞中表达,相对表达量与其他非神经结构相比差异性极显著(P<0.01);在神经细胞中,OTR免疫阳性产物主要存在于胞膜和胞质,核不着色。雌性山羊腹腔肠系膜前神经节神经元对OT具有反应性,提示OT可能通过影响腹腔肠系膜前神经节神经元的活动,从而经其发出的交感节后神经这一途径调节胃肠的生理活动。     

北京鸭胃的交感神经节后神经元定位——HRP法研究

将HRP(Horseradish peroxidase)蒸馏水溶液注入北京鸭前胃和肌胃的肌层及浆膜下,取两侧颈十五(C_(15))到腰二(L_2)交感干神经节、两侧内脏神经节和肠系膜前神经节,经BDHC法成色,明视野下观察。前胃注射区,在两侧胸1-8(T_(1-8))交感干神经节、两侧内脏神经节及肠系膜前神经节内存在有酶标细胞。在交感干神经节,酶标细胞集中在T_(1-5)各节出现,T_(1-2)节出现最多。标记细胞总数,交感干神经节内最多(占59.06％),内脏神经节次之(占37.36％),肠系膜前神经节内最少(占3.48％)。肌胃注射区,在交感干神经节、内脏神经节及肠系膜前神经节内均观察到酶细胞。标记细胞总数,内脏神经节内最多(占73.85％),交感干神经节内次之(占19.08％),肠系膜前神经节内最少(占7.07％)。在交感干神经节,标记细胞出规范围是T_(1-9)。前背薄肌集中出现在T_(1-5),后背厚肌、前腹厚肌及后腹薄肌集中存在于T_(2-6),在T_(3-4)分布最多。     

鸡胆囊交感节后神经元的定位研究

为了找出支配鸡胆囊交感节后神经元的分布规律,选用体重1.5 kg～2.5 kg的成年母鸡6只,将CT-HRP溶液注入胆囊壁,动物存活3 d～4 d后,经左心室灌流固定,取内脏神经节、肾上腺神经节以及双侧胸、腰和荐段交感干神经节,制成50 μm的连续冰冻切片,TMB法呈色反应,置明视野显微镜下观片统计.结果发现,支配鸡胆囊的交感传出神经元胞体位于内脏神经节(占41.1%)、肾上腺神经节(占40.5%)和T2～T7交感干神经节(占18.4%),在交感干神经节中标记细胞的峰值位于T5、T6交感干神经节.所有的标记细胞以位于右侧的占优势.     

应用辣根过氧化物酶法对鸡胃的交感节后神经元定位的研究

用体重１．０－２．５ｋｇ的成年母鸡９只，将辣根过氧化物酶分别注入腺胃和肌胃，２－４ｄ后，经心室灌流固定，取双侧颈、胸、腰段交感于神经节，内脏神经节、肾上腺神经节和腹腔神经节，制成５０μ厚的连续冰冻切片，四甲基联苯胺法反应呈色，明视野显微镜观察。结果发现，腺胃的交感节后神经元标记细胞主要位于交感干神经节的内脏神经节次之，肾上腺神经节又次之，位于腹腔神经节的最少。     

猪的迷走神经解剖

对北京和通辽地区杂种仔猪11头的解剖,描述了迷走神经的构成、位置、行程和主要分支,分布情况。 猪的迷走神经由内,外侧支组成,内侧支通过颈静脉神经节和结状神经节,外侧支只有极少部分纤维通过这两个神经节。迷走神经起自延髓侧面,同副神经、舌咽神经由破裂孔出颅腔,可分成额、胸、腹三段。在颈段分出咽支、喉前神经和心支;在胸段分出返神经-喉后神经,并有支向食管、支气管、淋巴结等处。左、右侧迷走神经构成食管背、腹侧干、经食管裂孔进入腹腔。背侧干分成肠支、胃支。肠支大部分纤维不进入腹腔神经节和肠系膜前神经节、而直接沿肠系膜前动脉分布在肠管。胃支组成神经丛,分布在胃的脏面。腹侧干组成神经丛分布在食管末端、胃的隔面、肝、胰和十二指肠起始端。     

Location of autonomic cell bodies projecting to the extrathoracic smooth muscle of the canine trachea

A study of the origin of the sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating the trachealis muscle of the dog was carried out using horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde neuronal marker. It was demonstrated that this technique is not fruitful in adult dogs, but in 12 puppies demonstrated that these neurons arise from the cervicothoracic, middle cervical and cranial cervical ganglia. Contributions of nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the vagus nerve and the distal ganglion of the vagus nerve to innervation of the trachealis muscle were also demonstrated.     

The cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the yak (Bos grunniens)

The heads and necks of 10 yaks were dissected to study the shape, location, arrangement, and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion. The ganglion was a greyish fusiform structure, mean length 19.72 mm, width 7.65 mm and depth 4.55 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of the m. longus capitis. Approximately 25% of the ganglion was covered by the tympanic bulla, the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal and external carotid nerves, sympathetic trunk and the branches connecting with the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves. In one animal the right cranial cervical ganglia was a greyish pyramidal structure 10 mm long, 8 mm wide and 5 mm thick but the left ganglion was similar to those found in the other specimens examined.     

The cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the White yak (Bos grunniens)

The heads of 12 White yaks (four castrated, four male and four female, 3-8 years old) were dissected to study the shape, location and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion macroscopically. The ganglion was a greyish arciform structure, with a mean length of 17.3 mm, a width of 8.0 mm and a thickness of 3.9 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of m. longus capitis. Approximately 5% of the ganglion was covered laterally by the tympanic bulla and the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. The branches of the cranial cervical ganglion included the internal and external carotid nerves, the sympathetic trunk and communicating branches to the glossopharyngeal nerve, the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve and the hypoglossal nerve. In one specimen, the left cranial cervical ganglion was fusiform and only covered by the m. stylohyoideus. Gender differences of the cranial cervical ganglion in the White yak were not observed.     

Distribution of sympathetic and afferent neurones innervating the submandibular gland in the sheep

The distribution of sympathetic and sensory neurones innervating the submandibular gland (SMG) in sheep was studied using retrograde tracing technique. The retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was unilaterally injected into the SMG in five juvenile male sheep under general anaesthesia. After a 4-week survival period, all the animals were reanaesthetized, perfused transcardially with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde and ganglia, which could be considered as a potential sources of sympathetic, and afferent innervation of the gland were bilaterally collected. The FB-labelled sympathetic neurones were found in the ipsilateral superior and middle cervical ganglion. Many labelled neurones were distributed in the ipsilateral jugular and nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve and smaller numbers of the nerve cells were also found in ipsilateral C1-C3 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). No labelled neurones were observed in the ipsilateral stellate ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, C4-C8 DRG and in all contralateral ganglia. The present study revealed that the majority of sympathetic neurones projecting to the sheep SMG are found in the superior cervical ganglion but some of them are also distributed in the middle cervical ganglion. Most of the afferent neurones are located in the jugular and nodose ganglia of vagus nerve but C1-C3 DRG also comprise some of these nerve cells.     

Localization of sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory neurons innervating the heart of the Beijing duck by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory neurons were labeled by injections of horseradish peroxidase into various regions of the heart in 33 Beijing ducks. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the heart were located in the paravertebral ganglia C15 (C16 is the last cervical segment in the duck) to T3, especially in the ganglion T1. The coronary sulcus and ventricle were more abundantly innervated by sympathetic neurons than the atrium. The left side of the heart was preferentially innervated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons in the left side of paravertebral ganglia but the right side of the heart were equally supplied from the right and left ganglia. Within the medulla oblongata, the number of labeled vagal preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus was much greater than that in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Labeled neurons of the nucleus ambiguus were found in many ducks injected into the coronary sulcus. Cardiac sensory neurons were observed in the dorsal root ganglia C15 to T2 (highest in the ganglion T1) and in the nodose and jugular ganglia of the vagus nerve. These labeled neurons probably form the afferent and efferent limbs of cardiac reflexes and control circulation in the Beijing duck.     

肾俞穴,后三里穴与子宫相关的神经基础

应用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）法和荧光素双标记法，研究了家兔子宫与肾俞穴、后三里穴的外周神经联系。结果显示，支配子宫与肾俞穴、后三里穴的初级传入神经元及交感节后神经元分布节段部分重叠，在腰１（Ｌ１）脊神经节有少量的荧光素双标记细胞，约占该节荧光素标记细胞总数的２．６％，表明Ｌ１脊神经节有一些初级传入神经元，其周围突分支分布于肾俞穴和子宫，提示子宫与肾俞穴除通过中枢途径联系外，还可通过外周突分支投射的感觉神经元直接相联系；在胸１２～荐３（Ｔ１２～Ｓ３）交感神经节出现大量分别支配子宫和后三里穴的标记细胞，这两种细胞紧密相邻，提示支配子宫和后三里穴的交感节后神经元之间，可能还存在直接或间接联系。上述结果为穴位－内脏相关机理提供了形态学证据。     

牦牛颈上神经节对其生境适应的形态学机制

本研究旨在研究牦牛颈上神经节(SCG)对其生境适应的形态学特征,以探讨高原动物交感神经系统对青藏高原生态环境适应的形态学机制.运用常规HE及尼氏染色法,并采用形态计量学和SPSS16.0统计软件,对成年牦牛和黄牛SCG的形态学特征进行比较研究.结果表明:牦牛SCG的长、宽和厚度均显著地小于黄牛的相应数据(P＜0.01);牦牛的SCG主要由表面被膜、神经节单元、神经纤维、血管及结缔组织组成,被膜较黄牛的薄,结缔组织所占比例较黄牛的少,但节内组织较黄牛的致密;牦牛的神经节单元主要包含神经节细胞、卫星细胞、成纤维细胞、毛细血管和神经纤维,该组成特征与黄牛的相似;其神经节单元单个视野内节细胞、卫星细胞及成纤维等细胞与黄牛的基本相同(P=1),但牦牛节细胞间的神经纤维较黄牛的少,而血管数显著多于黄牛的(P＜0.01);牦牛SCG的头部以神经节单元为主,尾部以神经纤维为主,其特征与黄牛的相似.结果提示,在青藏高原高寒、低氧的极端生态环境中,牦牛在半放野、全年放牧的状态下,其SCG经长期进化形成了体积较小,神经节细胞、卫星细胞及其细胞间神经纤维较少,但血管十分丰富等形态学特征以适应极端生境.     

Pathogenesis of ovine pseudorabies (Aujeszky''s disease) following intratracheal inoculation.

Pseudorabies virus was inoculated intratracheally into sheep to investigate the pathogenesis of pseudorabies virus infection. Clinical signs of pyrexia, depression, frequent swallowing, facial fasciculations, chorea, excessive salivation, mild tympanites, labored breathing and focal pruritus were followed by death Macroscopic lesions were severe focal facial trauma, petechiae in cervicothoracic ganglia and dilated esophaguses. The medulla oblongata and the trigeminal, cranial cervical, cervicothoracic and parabronchial ganglia contained pseudorabies virus and pronounced nonsuppurative inflammatory changes. The neural distribution of lesions and virus suggests that the virus travelled from the respiratory mucosa to the central and sympathetic nervous system by two routes: 1) in the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the medulla oblongata and 2) in the postganglionic fibers to the sympathetic ganglia. The presence of virus in the nasal mucus indicated that horizontal transmission of pseudorabies virus may occur among sheep.