我国新城疫病毒分离株分子生物学特性和基因型的研究

利用一步法RT-PCR技术成功扩增了37个新城疫病毒分离株的(其中2株属于鸽源病毒)F基因片段(约500bp)，通过对分离株的测序和基因分型表明，24株属于基因Ⅶ型，1株属于基因Ⅵ型，2株属于基因Ⅲ型，1株属于基因Ⅰ型，6株属于基因Ⅱ型，另外有3株从氨基酸方面分析是基因Ⅶ和Ⅵ型的杂交体，但从进化树方面，分离毒SD054和SD069属于基因Ⅵ型，SD052属于基因Ⅶ型。可以看出，我国新城疫的流行是极其复杂的，既有老基因型的威胁，又有新基因型的不断流行，同时发现有3株病毒发生了两基因型间的杂交现象。     

Virulence of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens.

The virulence of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated before and after passage in white leghorn chickens. Four isolates were defined as pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) with NDV monoclonal antibodies. The four PPMV-1 isolates were passaged four times in chickens, and the APMV-1 isolates were passaged only once. Infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized. Tissues were collected for histopathology, in situ hybridization with a NDV matrix gene digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe, and immunohistochemistry with an anti-peptide antibody to the nucleoprotein. Mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity index, and intravenous pathogenicity index tests performed before and after passage in chickens demonstrated increased virulence of the passaged PPMV-1 isolates and high virulence of the original isolates of APMV-1. Sequence analysis of the fusion protein cleavage site of all six isolates demonstrated a sequence typical of the virulent pathotype. Although the pathotyping results indicated a virulence increase of all passaged PPMV-1 isolates, clinical disease was limited to depression and some nervous signs in only some of the 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorns inoculated intraconjunctivally. However, an increased frequency of clinical signs and some mortality occurred in 2 wk olds inoculated intraconjunctivally with passaged virus. Histologically, prominent lesions in heart and brain were observed in birds among all four groups inoculated with the PPMV-1 isolates. The behavior of the two pigeon-origin APMV-1 isolates when inoculated into chickens was characteristic of velogenic viscerotropic NDVs and included necro-hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.     

用RT-PCR对新城疫病毒分离株毒力的快速鉴定

根据新城疫病毒NDV强、弱毒株在F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸组成的序列上的差异,参照有关文献,设计了三对引物A+B,A+C,A+D。引物A+B能从Lasoa,B1,I系和强毒F48E8的含毒尿囊液中扩增出362bp的核酸片段,引物A+C仅能从强毒F48E8的含毒尿囊液中扩增出254bp的片段,引物A+D仅能从Lasota,B1,I系的含毒尿囊液扩增出254bp片段。三对引物均不能从IB,IBD,AI的含毒尿囊液和正常鸡胚尿液中扩增出特异片段。从发病鸡群中分离到3株NDV毒株中均被A+C引物扩出,它们的鸡胚平均死亡时间MDT分别为51.8h、53.2h、52.6h,1日龄雏鸡脑内接种指数ICPI为1.65、1.63、1.60,证明是NDV强毒。利用RT-PCR对NDV人工感染鸡最早可于攻毒后第二天从病鸡气管中检测到NDV,其次为泄殖腔和脾、肾。利用RT-PCR对NDV毒力的鉴定与传统生物学试验对强弱毒的测定结果完全吻合。但前者可在24小时内直接对组织匀浆进行诊断,具有快速简便和敏感的特点。     

鹅新城疫病原理化特性的研究

鹅新城疫严重危害鹅 ,尤其是雏鹅 ,已经引起了养禽业的重视 ,为了更好地防制本病 ,研究了本病原的理化特性 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　种毒　鹅新城疫病毒 JG97已经笔者分离鉴定过[1 ] ,ND L a Sota N88和 ND F48E8株由扬州大学畜牧兽医学院赠。1 .2　试验胚体及其接种　所有供试鹅胚、鸭胚均来自非疫区 ,鸡胚由江苏省家禽研究所提供的非免疫胚。胚体的病料接种见笔者已发表材料 [1 ] 。1 .3　试剂　所用乙醚、氯仿、甲醛、盐酸和氢氧化钠均为分析纯制品 ,溶液的配制按有关文献介绍的方法进行。1 .4　氯仿敏感性试验　以 2 0 %…     

Pathogenesis of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens

The pathogenesis of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was investigated in chickens. Four isolates were previously defined as the variant pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV-1), and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1). Birds inoculated with PPMV-1 isolates were euthanatized, and tissue samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (DPI). Birds inoculated with APMV-1 isolates died or were euthanatized, and tissue samples were collected at 2, 4, and 5 DPI. Tissues were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the presence of NDV nucleoprotein, and in situ hybridization (ISH) for the presence of viral mRNA for the matrix gene. Spleen sections were stained by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and by IHC using an anti-active caspase-3 antibody (IHC-Casp) to detect apoptotic cells. Brain sections of PPMV-1-infected birds were examined by IHC to detect T and B lymphocytes and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Histologically, birds inoculated with PPMV-1 isolates had marked lesions in the heart and brain. Presence of viral nucleoprotein and viral mRNA in the affected tissues was confirmed by IHC and ISH, respectively. Numerous reactive astrocytes were observed in brain sections stained for GFAP Among all the isolates, the IHC-Casp demonstrated that apoptosis was very prominent in the ellipsoid-associated cells of the spleen at 2 DPI. Results of the TUNEL assay indicated that apoptotic cells were prominent at 5 DPI and were more randomly distributed. The clinical signs and gross and histopathologic changes observed in the APMV-1-infected birds were characteristic of an extensive infection with highly virulent NDV evident by IHC.     

Molecular characterisation of Victorian Newcastle disease virus isolates from 1976 to 1999

OBJECTIVE: To characterise Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained in Victoria from 1976 to 1999 and identify the diversity of FO cleavage signal. DESIGN: RT-PCR using viral RNA extracted from positive NDV allantoic fluid was performed to amplify a segment of the NDV F and HN genes. Molecular characterisation of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences within the FO cleavage site was undertaken. RESULTS: All isolates contained 'avirulent FO cleavage signal sequence of varied amino acid composition. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular characterisation of past and present NDV FO cleavage signal sequences will provide valuable epidemiological information and assist in understanding the genetic origins and relationships of outbreaks.     

3株新城疫病毒广西分离株L基因的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank登陆的新城疫病毒L基因序列,设计了3对引物(L1和L2、L3和L4、L5和L6)。用RT-PCR技术对3株新城疫病毒广西分离GX7/02、GX9/03、GX11/03的L基因进行了分段扩增和克隆,并对克隆出来的3个片段进行序列测定,用DNAstar软件比较分析后进行拼接,得到长约为6.8 kb、包含有L基因全长的核苷酸序列。L基因的RNA全长为6 704 bp,拥有一个6 615 bp的开放阅读框,推导其编码的氨基酸数为2 204个。氨基酸同源性分析表明广西分离株之间同源性为98.6%~98.7%;与ZJ1株同源性为98.8%~98.9%;与La-Sota、B1、F48E9、HB92同源性为92.0%~94.2%。     

两株新城疫病毒野毒株的免疫原性研究

本研究对两株新城疫病毒(NDV)野毒株制备的灭活疫苗的免疫原性进行了评估,结果表明NDV GM株和JM株制备的油乳剂灭活疫苗对鸡均具有良好的免疫原性。GM株和JM株油苗免疫组的抗体消长规律与Ulster2C、LaSota、Clone30株油苗免疫组无显著性差异,与Mukteswar株油苗免疫组具有显著差异。GM和JM、Ulster 2C株之间具有较好的免疫交叉保护性,使用这3个病毒株的油乳剂灭活苗进行免疫均能保护GM株强毒的攻击。但在相同HI滴度下,GM株油苗免疫组比其它两个病毒株的油苗免疫组更能够有效的抵抗强毒的攻击。     

我国部分地区新城疫病毒分离株生物学特性的研究

从北京、昌黎、广州、长春、四平、青岛等地区采集疑似新城疫病鸡的病料，通过鸡胚接种分离出6株病毒，经血凝、血凝抑制试验和形态学观察，鉴定为新城疫病毒（NDV），分别命名为北京株、昌黎株、广州株、长春株、四平株、青岛株。测定了这6株NDV的致死鸡胚的平均时间（MDT）和脑内致病指数（ICPI），MDT分别为58．2，64．5，55．2，96。0．61．2和57．9h，ICPI分别为1．66，1．45，1．60，0．69，1．45和1．65。由这两项指标判定北京株、广州株、青岛株为强毒株，昌黎株和四平株为中强毒株，长春株为弱毒株。此外,还测定了6株NDV的血凝谱，各毒株均能凝集鸡和人（O型血）的红细胞，对猪、山羊、绵羊、牛和马的红细胞凝集作用有差异。     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolates from healthy wild birds

Wild waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir of potentially infectious agents and a source of pathogenic viruses like avian paramyxoviruses type 1 (APMV 1). In 1997, commercial poultry in Argentina had reached the status of being free from virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infections. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are actively performed to maintain this preferential sanitary condition. However, the risk of reintroduction of pathogenic viruses is always present. In this context, we conducted a study to describe the status of wild healthy birds in a geographic region relevant for the poultry industry. The presence of anti-NDV antibodies was determined in different species in all areas sampled suggesting previous contact with NDV. Seven ND viruses were isolated and characterized as apathogenic strains by biological and molecular methods. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority of the Argentinian isolates form a subgroup related to viruses of genotype II. The results presented here highlight the importance of maintaining strict biosecurity measures and vaccination programs in poultry industries in order to preserve the virulent NDV-free status for commercial flocks in the country.     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of new Newcastle disease virus isolates from the mainland of China

Seventy-nine velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from infected chicken flocks during the outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in various regions of the mainland of China in 2006. The F gene fragment (535 bp, from nt 47 to 581 of the F gene) which codes the main functional region of the F protein was obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced. All sequences obtained in this study have been submitted to GenBank. All the isolates have the motif ¹¹²R-R-Q/R-K/R-R-F¹¹⁷ at the cleavage site of the fusion protein, which is typical of velogenic NDV isolates. For genotyping, a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotides 47–435 of the F gene was constructed, and the 79 isolates could be divided into two genotypes, namely VIId and III. Most of the isolates proved to be of genotype VIId; only two isolates were of genotype III. Genotype VIId NDV has been the predominant pathogen responsible for most Newcastle disease outbreaks in China. The proportion of isolates of genotype VIId NDV shows an increasing trend, according to studies on the molecular epidemiology of NDV in China from 2002 to 2006.     

Rapid detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease virus isolates by a triple one-step RT-PCR

A triple one-step RT-PCR was developed to screen and differentiate virulent from avirulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates. Three sets of oligonucleotides were designed, each specific for amplifying NDV fusion protein gene-specific RNA from virulent, avirulent or all isolates respectively. The sensitivity of one-step RT-PCR was determined using viral RNA extracted from serially diluted NDV-infected allantoic fluid and found to be 10(-5) HA units. Application of one-step RT-PCR to various NDV samples, including wild-type virulent isolates and avirulent vaccine strains, demonstrated the potential for rapid identification (3-4 h) of NDV isolates as well as the differentiation of virulent from avirulent strains.     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of new Newcastle disease virus isolates from the mainland of China

Seventy-nine velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from infected chicken flocks during the outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) in various regions of the mainland of China in 2006. The F gene fragment (535 bp, from nt 47 to 581 of the F gene) which codes the main functional region of the F protein was obtained by RT-PCR and sequenced. All sequences obtained in this study have been submitted to GenBank. All the isolates have the motif ¹¹²R-R-Q/R-K/R-R-F¹¹⁷ at the cleavage site of the fusion protein, which is typical of velogenic NDV isolates. For genotyping, a phylogenetic tree based on nucleotides 47–435 of the F gene was constructed, and the 79 isolates could be divided into two genotypes, namely VIId and III. Most of the isolates proved to be of genotype VIId; only two isolates were of genotype III. Genotype VIId NDV has been the predominant pathogen responsible for most Newcastle disease outbreaks in China. The proportion of isolates of genotype VIId NDV shows an increasing trend, according to studies on the molecular epidemiology of NDV in China from 2002 to 2006.     

Persistence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus in litter.

Litter in a room which had housed chickens and turkeys actively infected with velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease was no longer infectious for susceptible chickens placed there 10 to 14 days later.