Natural products in plant protection

Natural products can be used to control pests and diseases in crops. These products include anorganic compounds, but also a variety of plant extracts. In the beginning of this century active microbial extracts were discovered as well. Synthetic crop protection chemicals were developed from about 1940 onwards and sustained progress in modern agriculture. The first generation chemicals have aspecific modes of toxic action and are in many instances deleterious to the environment. The second generation chemicals have specific modes of action and meet modern environmental requirements. A disadvantage of these chemicals is the potency of target organisms to acquire resistance. This condition urged agrochemical industry to develop chemicals with new modes of action. Such chemicals can be developed by using natural bioactive products as leads in synthesis programmes. This paper decribes the progress that was made in the development of natural bioactive compounds in pest and disease control.     

Natural products in plant protection

Natural products can be used to control pests and diseases in crops. These products include anorganic compounds, but also a variety of plant extracts. In the beginning of this century active microbial extracts were discovered as well. Synthetic crop protection chemicals were developed from about 1940 onwards and sustained progress in modern agriculture. The first generation chemicals have aspecific modes of toxic action and are in many instances deleterious to the environment. The second generation chemicals have specific modes of action and meet modern environmental requirements. A disadvantage of these chemicals is the potency of target organisms to acquire resistance. This condition urged agrochemical industry to develop chemicals with new modes of action. Such chemicals can be developed by using natural bioactive products as leads in synthesis programmes.This paper decribes the progress that was made in the development of natural bioactive compounds in pest and disease control.     

多旋翼植保无人飞机水稻飞防中的农药飘移和施药人员暴露

为研究多旋翼植保无人飞机施药时农药雾滴飘移规律以及施药作业人员职业暴露情况,依据喷雾飘移田间测试国际标准ISO22866和人体暴露贴片测试法,对多旋翼植保无人飞机和电动背负式喷雾器在水稻田喷施氯虫苯甲酰胺和苯醚甲环唑时的农药雾滴飘移量及施药作业人员人体农药沉积量进行了对比测试和分析评价。结果表明:在本试验环境条件下,多旋翼植保无人飞机在作业速率4 m/s和作业高度1.8 m参数下施药时,在距施药区下风向边界0~30 m范围内地面均有农药飘移性沉积,30 m处氯虫苯甲酰胺飘移率为0.9%,而背负式喷雾器施药的飘移量则主要集中在距施药区0~3 m区域内,3 m以外区域飘移率均≤0.6%;背负式喷雾器在距施药区5 m以及10 m远处空中不同高度的飘移量均小于0.001 μg/cm2,多旋翼植保无人飞机在距施药区5 m远处空中的飘移量大于10 m处,并且在垂直分布上,距冠层2 m左右 (无人飞机的飞行高度) 处飘移量最多。结合两种施药机具的雾滴粒径(背负式喷雾器DV₅₀ 值为149.4 μm,多旋翼植保无人飞机DV₅₀ 值为115.3 μm) 分析,无人飞机的雾滴具有更高的飘移潜力。由于实现了人机分离,多旋翼植保无人飞机进行作业时人体暴露量很低,而背负式喷雾器施药时对作业人员身体各部位均会造成一定的暴露,其中以手前臂和腿部正面暴露最为严重,在施用苯醚甲环唑时,右前臂背面暴露量最高,达到15.19 μg/cm2。本文中针对多旋翼植保无人飞机喷雾作业时在下风向的飘移沉积研究方法和试验结果,以及对多旋翼植保无人飞机施药过程中职业暴露的研究,可为农药喷雾作业缓冲区距离确定和人员作业安全评估提供参考。     

Introduction to the efficacy evaluation of plant protection products

Specific scope

This Standard describes the overall process of efficacy evaluation of plant protection products in the registration procedure.

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2003‐09. Revision mainly to reflect zonal assessment approved in 2012‐09.     

植保施药机械喷雾雾滴飘移研究进展

中国农药产品80％以上通过喷雾方式施用,药液从喷头到靶标作物过程中产生的随风飘移和蒸发飘移是农药造成人畜健康风险、生态环境破坏的重要因素之一.随着航空施药技术的发展,解决或减少喷雾雾滴飘移的问题成为施药技术研究的重点和热点.基于此,本文分别从喷雾雾滴(尺寸分布、黏度、表面张力、蒸气压、挥发性、密度等)、喷雾模式(喷头类...     

New plant protection information system in Hungary*

Data on the occurrence and spread of pests has been supplied by the Hungarian Plant Protection Organization for over 40 years. Since the 1970s, this service has been operated by the central station and the 20 county stations of the Plant Protection Organization. Data recorded on pest occurrence and developmental stage of pests and plants has been used to run a forecasting system at local and national levels. However, because of significant staff reductions in the Plant Protection Organization and the disappearance of independent forecasting groups, the reliability of the system, which was based on very specific data, has decreased. It has become necessary to develop a more reliable and flexible computer‐aided system (Plant Protection Information System, PPIS), better adjusted to the political and economic changes that have occurred. A major element of the new system, introduced in 1997, is that excessively detailed recording was replaced by a more practical general approach with fewer subjective errors. Specialists from the county stations of the Plant Protection Organization monitor infestation levels of 73 pests in 20 crops using five qualification categories. The results obtained are input into the PPIS program, which processes them into user‐friendly charts and maps showing the plant health situation in each county and in the country as a whole, as a basis for taking decisions on plant protection measures.     

Computer aids for plant protection in Latvia*

The main agricultural crops where decision support systems (DSS) can be used via the Internet in Latvia are winter and spring cereals and potato. Two PC‐based models, forming part of a Danish DSS, were tested under the agroecological conditions of Latvia in 1999/2002: PC‐Plant Protection to control diseases in cereals and several modifications of the NegFry model for prediction of potato late blight. The results of 4 years of trials suggest that models that satisfy the needs of one pest may not fit another. The main reasons for failure to adapt PC models are differences in cultivar susceptibility, differences in pathogenicity, simultaneous action of other organisms and spatial placement of crops (forests, rivers and fallow land). For example, it is well known that, with the recent global migration of more aggressive strains and populations of Phytophthora infestans, late blight epidemics have become less predictable and, at the same time, less controllable in potato‐growing areas. For cereals, there is a different spectrum of prevailing pathogens, causing different levels of damage, requiring incorporation into models of thresholds corresponding to local conditions. Data from weekly monitoring of local fields, warnings about the local situation and meteorological information via the Internet are the most important computer‐aided elements for experts in plant protection.