简述海南坡鹿资源保护研究现状

海南坡鹿是珍稀的热带鹿种,仅分布于我国海南岛,属国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物.保护海南坡鹿,对于保护我国鹿种资源具有重要的意义.本文概述了海南坡鹿的起源与进化、栖息地选择、保护与管理方式等方面的研究工作,以期为海南坡鹿科学、有效保护提供参考.     

影响大田保护区海南坡鹿种群发展的主要因子及保护对策

海南坡鹿是中国特有的国家一级重点保护动物。大田保护区经过实施一系列保护措施,海南坡鹿种群取得稳定发展,目前坡鹿种群数量已经发展到300余头,但是影响海南坡鹿的一些因素依然存在。该文从人类活动、坡鹿栖息地、蟒蛇捕食坡鹿、坡鹿遗传多样性及坡鹿的疾病等5个问题进行探讨,并针对问题提出保护对策,为保护海南坡鹿提供科学依据和建议,使海南坡鹿种群能够健康发展。     

海南坡鹿的现状及保护对策

通过对海南坡鹿资源、保护管理现状的论述,提出海南坡鹿的保护对策。     

海南坡鹿一般临床性检查及防治对策

掌握海南坡鹿一般临床性检查,是开展疾病防治诊断的重要前提工作,只有掌握了临床检查,才能准确的了解坡鹿的健康状况。根据多年的实践经验与观察,该文阐述了海南坡鹿一般临床性检查:体温的检查;呼吸频率的检查;采食与反刍的检查;胃肠道的检查;心搏频率的检查;排粪及粪便检查;排尿及尿液的检查。不同年龄、性别的坡鹿个体各种指标的检查结果有所差异;坡鹿在静止或者是运动状态下各种指标的检查结果也不相同。文章提出了相应的临床性检查与保护建议。     

桑园国家级自然保护区大熊猫种群及其栖息地保护对策

本文对桑园自然保护区和周边地区大熊猫栖息地的分布状况,大熊猫种群的保护现状和存在问题进行了分析归类,针对存在的各类问题,提出了解决问题的对策和方案,为进一步保护好现有的大熊猫栖息地,扩大和联接周边栖息地范围,促进大熊猫种群发展提供了科学依据。     

坡鹿保护三十年

坡鹿,一种仅生活在我国海南岛、和大熊猫一样珍贵的热带濒危鹿种,上世纪70年代曾一度从我们的视野里消失。海南大田国家级自然保护区几代护鹿人历经30年的艰苦努力,硬把一个仅存26只的极度濒危物种从灭绝线上拉了回来。     

海南坡鹿在广州地区的饲养与繁殖

1999年广州动物园从海南引进一对海南坡鹿进行饲养和繁殖,至今已繁殖5胎,成活4头,成活率达80％。海南坡鹿在广州地区的发情期为每年12月至翌年3月,发情高峰期为1～2月,妊娠期237—240天。海南坡鹿的精饲料以正大康地公司出口的奶牛D19颗粒料为主,辅以黄豆、苹果、番薯,草料以象草和苜蓿草为主。海南坡鹿引种到广州地区进行繁育是可行的。     

对安徽省原麝种群和栖息地恢复的研究

随着森林生态环境的不断恶化，以及受人为活动的随意性干扰等因素的影响，安徽省原麝的生栖环境已日趋恶劣，其种群数量呈现下降态势，个体特性也发生着显的变化。因此，着重对安徽省原麝种群和栖息地恢复进行了研究，并提出对策。     

四川省广元市鸳鸯繁殖种群与栖息地观察初报

鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)为雁形目、鸭科的中型鸭类,属国家二级重点保护野生动物,其国内主要繁殖地在东北地区。2018年12月—2019年6月,在四川省广元市剑阁县观察到一鸳鸯种群留居及繁殖情况。此鸳鸯种群共23只(12♂,11♀)。分别对两个洞穴巢和1号巢中的4枚卵行了测量。卵为椭圆形,色白,平均重量37.92 g,平均长、短径为52×38 mm。由于鸮类的入侵,导致1号巢鸳鸯卵失孵而繁殖失败。此前在四川省还未有对野外环境下鸳鸯繁殖的研究报道,这为鸳鸯种群在南方省份的留居与繁殖地增加了新的纪录     

海南坡鹿采食植物初步研究

1997~2001年,对甘什保护区半散放坡鹿的食性进行野外观察,记录到坡鹿采食植物共有64科、175属、233种。并对采食植物的区系及坡鹿对植物的喜食程度进行分析,为坡鹿迁地保护选择栖息生境提供参考。     

Feeding habits of Hainan eldi’s deer

Hainan eldi’s deer is a precious species of deer in the tropic zone, it is regarded as the first-class animal under protection in China. Based on all-year-round observation on the deer’s feeding habit in the reserve from 1985 to 1988, we discovered that Hainan eldi’s deer is a euryphangous herbivore. They take various herbs as their main food and have fairly strong selectivity for woody plants, especially tending to cat the tender parts of plants and some fruits and flowers. Like other species of deer, they also like to lick the alkaline soil. This paper reports the research and evaluation on the feeding and choosing food characteristics of Hainan eldi’s deer, and on the palatability of the main plants in the reserve.     

Wintering habitat evaluation of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) in forest area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance, snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows: the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands. According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Dailing Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades. This subject is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Predicting the population dynamics of three understory broad-leaved evergreen species under the influence of Sika deer in primary and secondary forests of mid-western Japan

We examined the population dynamics of three broad-leaved tree species with different susceptibilities to deer predation. Simulation analysis was conducted using a size-structured matrix model for a primary forest plot (PP) and a secondary forest plot (SP) with 56% and 12% evergreen conifer composition in the canopy, respectively. In both plots, populations of Neolitsea sericea, a species that is susceptible to deer predation, initially declined significantly but eventually leveled off. The number of small stems decreased, while that of larger stems increased, indicating that the population dynamics of N. sericea are strongly affected by browsing pressure and that the number of large trees is important for population maintenance. When we examined two deer-resistant species, Pieris japonica and Illicium anisatum, the population of P. japonica increased in the SP and decreased in the PP, whereas that of I. anisatum increased in both plots, likely because mortality tends to increase in persistently dark environments. No significant difference was observed between the present and predicted size distributions of resistant species in the PP. Competition for resources is expected to intensify in the SP as a result of the predicted increase in large stems of the resistant species I. anisatum. Therefore, a specific conservation and management strategy for tree species should be considered for each forest type under the influence of Sika deer.     

Male Kirtland's Warblers’ patch-level response to landscape structure during periods of varying population size and habitat amounts

Forest planners must evaluate how spatiotemporal changes in habitat amount and configuration across the landscape as a result of timber management will affect species’ persistence. However, there are few long-term programs available for evaluation. We investigated the response of male Kirtland's Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) to 26 years of changing patch and landscape structure during a large, 26-year forestry-habitat restoration program within the warbler's primary breeding range. We found that the average density of male Kirtland's Warblers was related to a different combination of patch and landscape attributes depending on the species’ regional population level and habitat amounts on the landscape (early succession jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests; 15–42% habitat cover). Specifically, patch age and habitat regeneration type were important at low male population and total habitat amounts, while patch age and distance to an occupied patch were important at relatively high population and habitat amounts. Patch age and size were more important at increasing population levels and an intermediate amount of habitat. The importance of patch age to average male density during all periods reflects the temporal buildup and decline of male numbers as habitat suitability within the patch changed with succession. Habitat selection (i.e., preference for wildfire-regenerated habitat) and availability may explain the importance of habitat type and patch size during lower population and habitat levels. The relationship between male density and distance when there was the most habitat on the landscape and the male population was large and still increasing may be explained by the widening spatial dispersion of the increasing male population at the regional scale. Because creating or preserving habitat is not a random process, management efforts would benefit from more investigations of managed population responses to changes in spatial structure that occur through habitat gain rather than habitat loss to further our empirical understanding of general principles of the fragmentation process and habitat cover threshold effects within dynamic landscapes.     

运用Cytb 和12s rRNA 基因鉴别梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)和马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的研究

本研究介绍了运用细胞色素b基因和12s核糖体RNA基因部分序列的系统学和核甘酸距离分析来鉴别降解的梅花鹿和马鹿样品。采用PCR和直接测序技术获得了8份嫌疑样品402bp细胞色素b基因序列,并与来自GenBank数据库27份同源的细胞色素b基因序列进行比对。3份嫌疑样品与梅花鹿的核甘酸距离值相同(0.026±0.006),小于梅花鹿与东部马鹿间最小的核甘酸距离值(0.036)。并且梅花鹿和马鹿的系统学分析表明这些样品与梅花鹿聚为一枝,因此可以推测它们来源于梅花鹿。同样的方法得出另3份嫌疑样品来源于马鹿。该结果被387bp12s核糖体RNA基因序列的系统学和核甘酸距离分析进一步证实。该方法是有效的,花费的时间少,能帮助减少同类野生动物案件的发生。图2表1参13。     

海南佳西自然保护区珍稀濒危植物初报

对佳西自然保护区的珍稀濒危植物进行野外调查表明,共有野生珍稀濒危植物140种,隶属于49科105属。其中属于1987年国家一级保护植物2种;国家二级保护植物22种。佳西自然保护区珍稀濒危植物面临的威胁主要有毁林开荒、盗伐、盗挖和偷猎。针对珍稀濒危植物的现状和受到的威胁,提出了应加强保护的对策和建议,供保护管理部门参考。     

海南五指山洞穴蝙蝠对夏季栖息地的选择

为探讨五指山地区洞穴型蝙蝠夏季栖息地的特点和资源状况,于2007年7-8月在五指山地区对13个洞穴进行调查。共采集到蝙蝠14种,其中褐扁颅蝠Tvlonvcteris robustula为海南蝙蝠新纪录,犬蝠Cynopterus sphinx等7种为五指山地区蝙蝠新纪录,洞穴型蝙蝠10种,占海南岛已知洞穴型蝙蝠18种的55.56%。主成分分析的结果提示：多数洞穴型蝙蝠分布于低海拔（0-400 m）区域,倾向于高温高湿度的洞穴作为夏季栖息场所,物种分布型的热带性随海拔升高而降低,不同种类的蝙蝠多度和频度差异较大。最后,根据蝙蝠的栖息地特点和濒危状况提出了相应的保护建议。     

Species-specific responses of woodland birds to stand-level habitat characteristics: The dual importance of forest structure and floristics

Several species of woodland birds have recently declined in Britain and there is a need to understand better how species are distributed across a wide spectrum of habitat types in order to develop appropriate conservation management strategies. To assess habitat associations of 28 woodland species, a large-scale study was carried out across Great Britain. A total of 2668 stands embedded in 825 woodland sites were surveyed. The number of species recorded in each stand and the occurrence of each species was examined in relation to the unique (or marginal) effects of gross structural characteristics of stands (growth stage and understorey structure), plant species composition (floristics) expressed in terms of dominant tree, shrub layer and field layer species and both sets of variables considered together whilst controlling for the spatial distribution of sites and site identity. The number of species recorded was independently related to growth stage, understorey structure, tree composition and field layer type. Eighteen species showed at least one significant relationship in models containing structure variables only. Thirteen species showed at least one significant relationship in models containing floristic variables only. In models containing both structure and floristic variables; 14 species showed at least one significant relationship with a structure variable, 9 species with at least one floristic variable and 8 species with both at least one structure and at least one floristic variable. Different bird species showed individualistic patterns of association with habitat variables. Results suggest that structure and floristics have complex and inter-related effects on bird distribution across woodland stands. Some of the apparent relationships with structure were a consequence of between-stand differences in floristics and vice versa whilst in two cases relationships with structure variables became apparent after controlling for the masking effects of floristic variables. Both vegetation structure and floristics appear to be important determinants of composition in bird assemblages in British woodland, though gross structural factors have previously received most emphasis. The existence of species-specific responses to habitat variation suggests that habitat heterogeneity, embracing structure and floristics, should be a key element in conservation planning within forests especially in the light of uncertainty about future regional species pools due to climate change. We discuss how responses of birds to habitat variation at the level of stands can form a basis for developing large-scale conservation strategies within managed forests.