模拟降雨下纳米碳对风沙土硝态氮迁移特征的影响

通过在神木六道沟流域开展模拟降雨试验,分别在试验小区上、中、下位置条施不同施加量的纳米碳(0.0%,0.1%,0.5%,0.7%和1.0%)研究其对硝态氮随径流、泥沙迁移及在土壤中再分布过程的影响。设计1.0m×1.0m降雨小区,前期在土壤表层以下5—10cm埋入不同施加量纳米碳,另设不施加纳米碳的小区为参照。采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,降雨强度为90mm/h,降雨历时为40min。降雨前后分别采集土壤剖面土样,降雨过程中定时收集径流及泥沙,用以研究纳米碳对于硝态氮迁移过程的影响。结果表明,在土壤中施加纳米碳,可有效减少坡面产流产沙量,且累计径流量、累计产沙量与土壤中纳米碳施加量呈现负相关关系;纳米碳的施加同样可降低径流、泥沙中硝态氮含量,随着纳米碳施加量的增加,径流和泥沙中硝态氮流失量减少,纳米碳施加量为1.0%时,可减少径流中硝态氮流失65.3%,泥沙中硝态氮流失85.7%;土壤剖面硝态氮变化对比表明,施加纳米碳处理中表层硝态氮含量明显低于对照处理,且在10—15cm出现硝态氮含量峰值,均大于对照处理。通过等效径流迁移深度分析硝态氮流失情况,无纳米碳施加处理的EDR最大,随着纳米碳施加量的增加,各处理的EDR依次减小。综上,在黄绵土中施加纳米碳,可有效减少土壤硝态氮的流失量,在黄土区土壤中施加纳米碳并提高施入纳米碳的比例,对于该地区硝态氮流失的治理具有积极作用。     

PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对降雨入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响

土壤中施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以提高降雨入渗率,减少土壤侵蚀量。PAM大多施用于土壤表面。为了研究PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对入渗率和侵蚀量的影响,对PAM(22.5kg/hm2)与保水剂(45kg/hm2)、粉煤灰(1 500kg/hm2)、腐殖酸(900kg/hm2)混合的6种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,施加了PAM的土壤调理剂均能显著提高降雨入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀量。与对照相比,施加了PAM处理的降雨入渗率较对照试验提高了1.8～2.7倍,土壤侵蚀量减少约50%～70%,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用提高降雨入渗率效果最为显著,PAM和保水剂混合施用减少土壤侵蚀量最多,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用相比单独施用PAM均没有显著性差异。综合比较结果发现,PAM与粉煤灰混合施用增加降雨入渗率和减少径流的效果最好,PAM与保水剂混合施用抗土壤侵蚀效果最好。     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对三峡库区紫色土坡面片蚀的影响

设置不同PAM施加量(0,0.4,0.8,1.6 g/m²),在不同坡度(15°,20°,25°)条件下开展不同雨强(60,90,120 mm/h)的模拟降雨试验。研究不同PAM施加量紫色土坡面片蚀产流产沙过程及其对产流产沙量的影响程度和主要因素,并分析了PAM对坡面片蚀可蚀性的影响。结果表明：坡面产流过程呈现先持续增加后趋于波动稳定的变化趋势,产沙过程则呈现先迅速减少并趋于稳定的变化趋势,PAM对片蚀的产流产沙过程变化趋势没有影响。和空白对照组相比,PAM施加量为0.4,0.8,1.6 g/m²的产流总量平均分别减小7.71%,35.16%,21.12%,产沙总量平均分别减小35.80%,49.39%,17.85%,PAM施加量为0.8 g/m²时产流总量和产沙总量最小。同种雨强下,不同施加量减流效益的大小顺序为0.8 g/m²>1.6 g/m²>0.4 g/m²,而减沙效益则受到坡度影响,在15°坡面减沙效益大小顺序是0.8 g/m     

PAM喷施量与施用方式对风沙土风蚀的影响

固定流沙和减少风蚀是一个世界性的难题。PAM(聚丙烯酰胺,polyacrylamide)作为一种线性高分子聚合物,喷洒在土壤表层能形成结皮,能有效抵御风蚀,但喷施PAM溶液的结皮状况及抗风蚀能力与PAM的喷施量及土壤特性等密切相关,且PAM溶液的浓度越大则黏性越强,越不易喷洒。为了探寻PAM防风固沙的适宜喷施量及简便施用方法,该研究以乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘的风沙土为试验材料,以风沙土的风干土及饱和湿土为对照,首先探讨PAM不同喷施量对风干土(风沙土)表层结皮状况、土壤含水率及土壤风蚀量的影响,以寻求PAM的适宜喷施量,然后再将适量的PAM干撒、干撒后喷水和喷施于风干土表层,探寻PAM的简便施用方法。结果表明:1)PAM不同喷施量的结皮覆盖度、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度均随PAM喷施量的增加而增加,均显著高于风干土和饱和湿土;PAM不同喷施量的土壤含水率均高于风干土,且随时间的延续均显著高于饱和湿土;喷施1、2、3和4g/m2的PAM风蚀量分别为风干土的26.83%、14.10%、13.01%和13.00%,为饱和湿土的28.78%、15.12%、14.02%和13.94%,当PAM喷施量达到2 g/m2时,PAM能有效降低风沙土的风蚀量。2)将2g/m2的PAM干撒、干撒后喷水和喷施于风干土表层,干撒PAM后喷水和喷施PAM溶液的土壤结皮覆盖度、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度均高于风干土、饱和湿土和干撒PAM,干撒PAM的土壤表层结皮覆盖度低于饱和湿土但高于风干土,结皮厚度和结皮抗剪强度高于风干土及饱和湿土,干撒PAM后喷水及喷施PAM溶液的土壤含水率高于风干土、饱和湿土及干撒PAM,干撒PAM的土壤含水率与风干土基本一致。干撒PAM、干撒PAM后喷水和喷施PAM溶液的风蚀量分别为风干土的53.13%、11.17%和6.35%,为饱和湿土的76.34%、16.05%和9.12%,干撒PAM后喷水的抗风蚀能力接近于风沙土表层喷施PAM溶液。3)由于喷施PAM溶液需消耗大量的水分及人力,建议风沙区可在降雨前将2 g/m2的PAM干撒于土壤表层或干撒后向土壤喷水,可有效减少风蚀量。     

PAM对黄土坡地水分养分迁移特性影响的室内模拟试验(简报)

为了研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在黄土区集中暴雨条件对坡地水土及养分流失的影响,采用室内降雨模拟试验方法,探讨了在暴雨(2mm/min)条件下施加PAM对黄土坡地土壤养分流失及硝态氮淋溶特征的影响.试验结果表明,与对照处理相比较,施加PAM对径流硝态氮流失的影响不明显,但显著改变了径流磷和钾浓度随时间变化过程,分别降低了径流磷和钾的流失量为82%和84%;施加PAM减少了坡地土壤流失量93%,也降低了泥沙中硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾的流失量分别为 78%,95%和95%;施加PAM影响了坡地上壤水分再分布过程,减少了上壤水分深层的渗漏,从而降低了土壤硝态氮淋失的潜在风险.     

施加PAM与CMC对土壤水分入渗与蒸发特征的影响

施加化学改良剂是改良土壤和提高农田水分有效性的重要途径,深入了解化学改良剂对土壤水分运动过程的影响是合理利用化学方法改良土壤的基础。通过开展室内土柱试验研究表施聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)2种化学改良剂,分析不同施量的化学改良剂(PAM和CMC)对土壤水分入渗和蒸发特征的影响。结果表明:随着PAM和CMC施加量的增加,不同化学改良剂均降低了土壤水分入渗过程,抑制了土面蒸发过程。综合考虑不同化学改良剂的保水、抑蒸性能,施加CMC的减渗、抑蒸作用高于施用PAM,且CMC施量为0.08%的效果最佳。同等减渗、抑蒸效果下,CMC的施用量相对PAM的施用量更少。     

聚丙烯酰铵和石膏防治土壤侵蚀

采用模拟侵蚀降雨对胡伯根(Hoberg)和布鲁塞尔(Brussels)土壤不同深度施用PAM、石膏或二者混施的土壤侵蚀进行了探索,试验结果表明施用PAM、石膏或二者混施,不同质地、不同深度的土壤延缓初始产流时间、降低径流量和冲刷量明显不同,施用20 kg/hm2 PAM溶液、40 kg/hm2 PAM溶液、20 kg/hm2 PAM溶液+5 t/hm2干石膏延缓了有机质含量≤0.15%土壤的初始产流时间,施用5 t/hm2干石膏延缓有机质含量低(0.2%)的酸性(pH=4.1)土壤的初始产流时间。施用20 kg/hm2 PAM溶液+5 t/hm2干石膏平均减少径流量25%,平均减少冲刷量47%(除有机质含量3.7%的土壤外)。各处理减少径流量和冲刷量的顺序为20 kg/hm2 PAM溶液+5 t/hm2干石膏>40 kg/hm2 PAM溶液>20 kg/hm2 PAM溶液>5 t/hm2干石膏,施用20 kg/hm2 PAM溶液+5 t/hm2干石膏效果最好。     

聚丙烯酰胺对扰动红壤可蚀性及临界剪切力的影响

为了利用化学措施防治工程水土流失,研究了聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对扰动红壤土壤可蚀性及临界剪切力的影响。采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,探讨了5o、10o、15o、20o、25o 5种坡度,0.8、1.1、1.4 mm/min 3种雨强下不同土壤处理后坡面水动力学参数、径流输沙率与流量、土壤可蚀性及临界剪切力的变化关系。试验结果表明,在相同的径流流量下,对照的输沙率是施加PAM后的300倍;施加PAM后,红壤扰动土的可蚀性由13.223 g/(min·N)降低到0.2693 g/(min·N),径流的临界剪切力大小由0.77 N/(m2·min)增加到1.47 N/(m2·min)。施加PAM可显著降低土壤可蚀性,增加径流临界剪切力。研究成果为PAM应用于工程水土流失防治提供了一定的理论依据。     

施加PAM和PG对坡地产流产沙的影响研究

在人工降雨条件下,研究吕梁地区混合施加不同量的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和磷石膏(PG)对坡地产流和产沙的影响,结果表明:单独施加PAM可以明显减少产流量和产沙量,施加1、2 g/m~2PAM处理分别比CK总产流量减少58.6%和21.2%,总产沙量减少41.7%和54.1%;单独施加PG对产流量影响不明显,而且产沙量会增加,施加100、200 g/m~2PG处理比CK总产沙量增加7.8%和10.3%;PAM与PG混施可提高土壤的稳定入渗率,具有比单独施加等量PAM更佳的减流效果,但产沙量会有所增加;1 g/m~2PAM和200 g/m~2PG混施具有最优的减流、减沙综合效果,相比CK总产流量减少71.2%、总产沙量减少33.2%。实践中建议采用1 g/m~2PAM和200 g/m~2PG混施以达到最佳的蓄水减沙效果。     

施加PAM的坡地降雨入渗过程及其模型研究

作为一种新型高效的土壤结构改良剂 PAM,在一定条件下能显著地提高土壤入渗能力 ,减小坡面径流。采用室内人工模拟降雨试验 ,研究了不同 PAM覆盖度下降雨产流随时间的动态变化及其与雨强、坡度的关系 ,以及入渗率随时间的变化规律 ,分析了 PAM、坡度、雨强对入渗率的影响。结果表明 ,地表施加 PAM后土壤的入渗率及稳定入渗率都比未施 PAM显著提高。通过对比施加 PAM后 Kostiakov入渗模型与 Horton入渗模型的显著性 ,表明 Horton入渗公式的适用性更好     

陡坡耕地施加PAM侵蚀产沙规律及临界坡长的试验研究

PAM(聚丙烯酰胺 )作为一种土壤结构改良剂施用于地表 ,能显著的减小径流和土壤侵蚀量。本研究设计了一系列人工降雨模拟试验 ,定量研究了坡度、坡长、PAM覆盖度、雨强对陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀产沙的影响。试验采用三种雨强 :5 0mmh- 1 、10 0mmh- 1 、15 0mmh- 1 ,四种坡度 :5°、10°、2 0°、2 5° (8 74%、17 63 %、3 6 4%、46 63 % ) ,四种当量坡长 :8m、16m、2 4m、40m ,五种地表处理 :对照、麦草覆盖、三种PAM覆盖度A、B、C(A 相似文献   

An evaluation of three wood shred blends for post-fire erosion control using indoor simulated rain events on small plots

The assessment teams who make post-fire stabilization and treatment decisions are under pressure to employ more effective and economic post-fire treatments, as wild fire activity and severity has increased in recent years across the western United States. Use of forest-native wood-based materials for hillslope mulching has been on the rise due to potential environmental, erosion control efficacy, and economic incentives. One concern regarding use of woody materials prepared on or near burned sites is the wide range in the size distribution of the shredded materials. We tested three blends of shredded woody materials, each blend containing different amounts of fine (less than 2.5 cm in length) woody particles. The blends (AS IS with 24% fines, MIX with 18% fines, and REDUCED with 2% fines) were applied at 50 and 70% ground cover to 5-m² plots containing burned soil placed at 40% slope and evaluated through simulated rain events which consisted of a rain only, a rain plus low flow, and a rain plus high flow period. The REDUCED blend was the optimum for both runoff and sediment concentration reduction under conditions of rainfall and rainfall plus concentrated flow. There was no difference between application rates of 50 and 70% for either of the rainfall plus concentrated flows tested. Our recommendation was that 50% ground cover of the REDUCED blend was adequate for both rainfall and sediment reduction compared to a bare soil. The other two blends were effective in reducing runoff but not sediment concentration compared to a bare soil. The wood shred manufacturing and blending process resulted in two statistically different relationships between application rate and ground cover; relationships were controlled by the amount of fines.     

聚丙烯酰胺调控地表氮素流失最佳管理措施研究

养分流失造成水体的富营养化,致使水体恶化已是不争的事实,寻找有效的氮素源头控制方案对于改善水环境具有重要意义。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)被认为是最有潜力的土壤改良剂,尤其是在调控土壤养分流失,维持良好生态方面受到高度关注。通过室内人工降雨模拟试验方法,设定不同雨强和不同PAM施用水平,了解PAM影响产流产沙水平及调控土壤氮素流失效应。试验结果表明,PAM的施用可以降低地表氮素流失水平,而其主要原因在于影响地表产流产沙水平。     

Plant‐compositional effects on surface runoff and sediment yield in subalpine grassland

Soil erosion such as sheet erosion is frequently encountered in subalpine grassland in the Urseren Valley (Swiss Central Alps). Erosion damages have increased enormously in this region during the last 50 y, most likely due to changes in land‐use practices and due to the impact of climatic changes. In order to estimate the effect of vegetation characteristics on surface runoff and sediment loss, we irrigated 22 pasture plots of 1 m² during 1 h at an intense rain rate of 50 mm h^–1 in two field campaigns using a portable rain simulator. The rain‐simulation plots differed in plant composition (herb versus grass dominance) and land‐use intensity but not in plant cover (>90%) nor in soil conditions. Prior to the second rain‐simulation campaign, aboveground vegetation was clipped in order to simulate intense grazing. The generated surface runoffs, sediment loss, relative water retention in the aboveground vegetation, and changes in soil moisture were quantified. Runoff coefficient varied between 0.1% and 25%, and sediment loss ranged between 0 and 0.053 g m^–2. Thus, high infiltration rates and full vegetation cover resulted in very low erosion rates even under such extreme rain events. Surface runoff did not differ significantly between herb‐ and grass‐dominated plots. However, clipping had a notable effect on surface runoff in the test plots under different land‐use intensity. In plots without or with intensive use, surface runoff decreased after clipping whereas in extensively used plots, surface runoff increased after the clipping. This opposite effect was mainly explained by higher necromass and litter presence at the extensively used plots after the clipping treatment. The results obtained here contribute to a better understanding of the importance of vegetation characteristics on surface‐runoff formation, thus, on soil‐erosion control. Overall, we delineate vegetation parameters to be crucial in soil‐erosion control which are directly modified by the land‐use management.     

东北黑土区不同坡段等间距植物篱减流减沙特征

植物篱作为一种有效的水土保持措施,带间距是其配置的关键参数,当前大部分植物篱布设时采用等间距设计,但不同坡段等间距植物篱的作用效果如何尚不明确。以东北黑土区不同坡段等间距植物篱为研究对象,通过含沙径流冲刷试验,模拟不同坡段等间距植物篱在坡度5°,雨强100 mm/h降雨条件下的产流产沙过程。结果表明:与裸地对照相比,各坡段植物篱能够阻延坡面径流,且随坡段的下移,滞后时间逐渐缩短;各坡段植物篱产流、产沙速率在时间尺度上表现基本一致,在上、中坡段植物篱坡面相对平稳,下坡段植物篱坡面后期呈明显波动,其变化趋势与坡面侵蚀形态密切相关,且整体均小于对照坡面;不同坡段植物篱减流效益为5.40%～10.16%、减沙效益为51.90%～75.72%,尽管有较好的减沙作用,但下坡段植物篱坡面的侵蚀模数已达到259.96 t/km~2,超过东北黑土区允许土壤流失量。可见,等间距植物篱需设计改进后,方可应用于东北黑土区。研究结果为东北黑土区植物篱设计提供重要科学依据。     

湘中低山丘陵区坡面产流输沙对降雨、土壤类型及水保措施的综合响应特征

针对湘中低山丘陵区地形地貌条件多样、水土流失影响机制复杂的问题,选取湖南省中部井头(黄壤)、秋波(紫色土)以及莲荷(红壤)3个径流场不同水土保持措施径流小区,综合探究湘中丘陵区不同土壤类型、水土保持措施以及侵蚀性雨型等因子对坡面产流输沙规律的影响特征。结果表明:在年降水量相近的条件下,年径流深和年侵蚀量均为红壤紫色土黄壤;各水保措施小区的减流效益较差,但其减沙效益较好,以黄壤草地措施、紫色土水保林以及红壤经果林和草地措施减沙效益较为明显,年侵蚀减沙率分别达87.89%,55.88%,37.99%和41.07%;大雨强、短历时、低雨量、高频率的降雨占各小区侵蚀降雨场次的比例均在50%以上,该类降雨也是黄壤和红壤各小区坡面产流输沙以及紫色土各小区产流的主导雨型。中雨强、长历时、高雨量、低频率降雨是引起各小区单次降雨径流泥沙流失量最大的雨型。研究结果对完善水土流失的相关理论和规律具有重要的意义,对区域水土保持工作的开展提供了重要的指导作用和理论价值。     

淮北平原黄潮土多雨强变坡度产流产沙规律试验模拟

针对淮北平原黄潮土水土流失严重的问题,为揭示其产流产沙规律,利用五道沟水文实验站大型人工模拟降雨径流试验场,开展了40,60,80mm/h 3个雨强及5°,10°,15°3个坡度产流产沙规律试验模拟。结果表明:坡面初始产流时间随坡度、雨强的增大而缩短,雨强、坡度越大缩短越不明显;单位时间产流、产沙量随降雨时间变化的转折点在产流后6～15min,单位时间产流量随降雨时间变化表现为前期快速增加,中期缓慢增加,后期平稳,其中40,60mm/h雨强单位时间产流量随坡度增加而减小,80mm/h雨强随坡度的增加而增加;单位时间产沙量随雨强、坡度的增大而增大;不同坡度累计产沙量及产流量随降雨时间变化呈幂函数或线性函数关系(R20.99);坡度及雨强与坡面产流、产沙总量分别呈多元线性和多元幂函数关系。     

陕北坡地产流产沙特性及径流模拟

利用野外模拟降雨试验,研究了陕北坡地产流产沙的特性,结果表明:在相同雨强下,裸地径流总量是草地的1.15倍,是PAM地的1.46倍,是秸秆覆盖的2.64倍。裸地产沙总量是草地的1.3倍,是PAM地的1.5倍,是秸秆覆盖的44.4倍,秸秆覆盖的蓄水保沙效果最为显著;同一下垫面的累积产沙量与累积径流量呈显著的线性关系,相关系数0.95以上;根据短历时Philip公式建立的修正降雨产流模型,利用该模型对其径流进行了模拟。结果显示:修正的Philip模型可反映裸地、草地、PAM地的降雨产流特征,计算值与实测值误差在10%以内,满足精度要求,但对于秸秆覆盖地其适用性不强,有待于进一步研究。将土壤吸湿率S参数推求方法推广应用于草地以及PAM地,得到的土壤有效传导度与饱和导水率之间的关系为:草地K=0.90 KS,PAM地K=0.98 KS。该研究成果对于拟定不同黄土坡地的保水保肥措施具有重要参考意义。     

Effect of Polyacrylamide integrated with other soil amendments on runoff and soil loss: Case study from northwest Ethiopia

Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) has the potential to reduce soil erosion through soil conditioning. However, a comprehensive study about its effectiveness especially when applied combined with other amendments have rarely been conducted in the tropical highland climatic conditions, such as in Ethiopia. The study assessed the effectiveness of PAM (P = 40 kg ha^?1) alone or integrated with other soil amendments such as gypsum (G = 5 t ha^?1), lime (L = 4 t ha^?1) and biochar (B = 8 t ha^?1) on runoff and soil loss at Aba Gerima watershed in the Upper Blue Nile basin, northwest of Ethiopia, where there is high erosion-caused soil degradation. A total of 79 daily runoff and sediment data were collected from eight runoff plots (1.3m × 4m) with three replications planted with teff (Eragrostis tef) crop for two years (2018 & 2019) rainy seasons. Associated changes in soil physicochemical properties and crop growth parameters were investigated. Treatments reduced seasonal runoff by 12–39% and soil loss by 13–53%. The highest reduction in runoff was observed from P + B and PAM treatments while the highest reduction in soil loss was observed from that of P + L and PAM treatments. Integrating PAM with other amendments improved soil structural stability, moisture content, soil pH (P + L) and organic matter (P + B), leading to favorable environment for crop growth (biomass yield) and reduced runoff and soil erosion. Unlike PAM, biochar and lime amendments may need more time after application to be more effective. Hence continuing the field experiment and studying physico-chemical mechanisms for extended period will better elucidate their single or combined effectiveness over time.