合欢皮总皂苷提取工艺优化

为了优化合欢皮中总皂苷的提取工艺,以总皂苷收率为考核指标,在单因素试验确定因素和水平的基础上,采用正交设计法对合欢皮总皂苷提取工艺进行考察。优选的最佳提取工艺为采用14倍药材质量的70%乙醇提取2次,每次2 h。优选的提取工艺合理、稳定、可行,为进一步的工业化生产提供科学的理论依据。     

蜂胶萃取方法对蜂胶有效成分影响的研究

本文以优质蜂胶为试验原料，利用乙醇浸出提取和CO2超临界萃取两种方法分别萃取蜂胶中的有效成分，通过GC—MS分析，鉴定蜂胶中的有效成分。结果表明：乙醇浸出提取法提取的蜂胶共鉴定出30个组分，以黄酮类化合物为主，其中有18个化合物组分与标准质谱检索库对照相似度高于80％；CO2超临界萃取法提取的蜂胶共鉴定出34个组分，以烷烯类化合物为主，其中有22个化合物组分与标准质谱检索库对照相似度高于80％。     

我国蜂胶保健食品概况

蜂胶是近十多年来国内外蜂产品研究与开发的热点。本文统计了1997~2014年我国获得批准的蜂胶保健食品在数量、保健功能、剂型、产地分布、原料成分等方面的情况,分析了我国蜂胶保健食品行业的发展现状与存在的问题,并对蜂胶保健食品行业的发展前景进行了展望。     

星点设计-响应面法优化党参总皂苷提取工艺

目的:通过星点设计-响应面法优化党参总皂苷提取工艺。方法:选择超声提取法,以浸泡时间、乙醇体积分数、液料比、超声时间和超声温度为影响因素,总皂苷得率为评价指标,采用星点设计-响应面法优化党参总皂苷超声提取的最佳工艺参数。结果:最佳条件为浸泡22.98 h,乙醇体积分数为71.47%,液料比30.47,超声29.59 min,超声温度为39.64℃,此时党参总皂苷得率为1.638%。结论:该方法操作简单、结果精确,预测性良好,可用于党参总皂苷的提取。     

三七花总皂苷的回流提取工艺研究

为了建立三七花总皂苷含量的测定方法,优化其回流提取工艺,试验采用香草醛-高氯酸法测定总皂苷的含量,以皂苷含量为指标优化其提取工艺。结果表明:人参皂苷Rg1在0.008 3～0.049 6 mg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 4),平均回收率为99.3%(n=4),变异系数为3.4%;最佳提取工艺条件为将三七花粉末浸泡在10倍量的60%乙醇中12 h,回流提取3次,每次2 h。说明该测定方法简便、准确、重现性好,提取工艺经济、合理。     

4种豆科牧草总皂苷含量的测定及其生长过程中含量的变化

以香草醛-冰醋酸为显色剂,采用分光光度法,测定三萜皂苷的含量,对波长、精密度、重现性和稳定性进行检测。并分别对鹰嘴紫云英Astragalus sinicus、红豆草Onobrychis viciaefolia、百脉根Lotus cornicμLatus和小冠花Coronilla varia 4种豆科牧草中皂苷的含量进行测定。结果表明,此方法简便易行,精密度高,重现性好,在25 min内测试结果稳定可靠。4种豆科牧草在整个生育时期总皂苷含量的变化不完全一致。鹰嘴紫云英和红豆草在初花期总皂苷含量最低,产草量较高,牧草品质优良,适宜青饲或调制干草;盛花期总皂苷含量丰富,产草量最高,宜作为生产中提取皂苷产品的原料。小冠花总皂苷含量始终较低,是一种优质的豆科牧草,不会使反刍家畜产生臌胀病。红豆草、鹰嘴紫云英、小冠花和百脉根4种豆科牧草在整个生育期皂苷含量均为叶中多于茎中。     

洋槐花总皂苷提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

试验以洋槐花为原材料,利用单因素及响应面优化超声波辅助醇浸提法提取总皂苷工艺条件,考察总皂苷提取物的抗氧化活性.结果 表明,液料比20 mL/g、超声频率80 W、乙醇体积分数80％、提取时间30 min、提取温度50℃时,总皂苷最大提取率为17.740％,与预测值17.742％接近;当洋槐花总皂苷浓度为5g/L时,A...     

三七花总皂苷的回流提取工艺研究

为了建立三七花总皂苷含量的测定方法,优化其回流提取工艺,试验采用香草醛-高氯酸法测定总皂苷的含量,以皂苷含量为指标优化其提取工艺.结果表明:人参皂苷Rg1在0.008 3～0.049 6 mg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系(r =0.999 4),平均回收率为99.3％(n=4),变异系数为3.4％;最佳提取工艺条件为将三...     

不同提取工艺对黄芪总皂苷提取效果的研究

为了研究黄芪经发酵后对黄芪总皂苷释放量的影响。采用水浸法、水煎法提取黄芪与发酵黄芪中总皂苷,利用紫外分光光度法测定黄芪总皂苷的提取量。结果显示,发酵黄芪经水浸法、水煎法提取的总皂苷量分别为6.568、4.843 mg/g,显著高于对照黄芪的提取量5.356、4.007 mg/g。黄芪经产纤维素酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌发酵后,可有效提高黄芪总皂苷的释放量,长时间水煎会致皂苷受损,致使含量降低。     

不同提取工艺对黄芪总皂苷提取效果的研究

为了研究黄芪经发酵后对黄芪总皂苷释放量的影响。采用水浸法、水煎法提取黄芪与发酵黄芪中总皂苷,利用紫外分光光度法测定黄芪总皂苷的提取量。结果显示,发酵黄芪经水浸法、水煎法提取的总皂苷量分别为6.568、4.843 mg/g,显著高于对照黄芪的提取量5.356、4.007 mg/g。黄芪经产纤维素酶解淀粉芽孢杆菌发酵后,可有效提高黄芪总皂苷的释放量,长时间水煎会致皂苷受损,致使含量降低。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.