日光温室膜下滴灌黄瓜需水量与灌溉制度的试验研究

对膜下滴灌条件下日光温室黄瓜的灌溉制度进行了试验研究,结果表明,为实现黄瓜高产、优质及节水效果,日光温室夏黄瓜在膜下滴灌条件下,结果期适宜的耗水量应为100mm左右。每隔4d灌1次水,灌水定额为15mm。     

日光温室黄瓜膜下滴灌灌溉制度的试验研究

以膜下滴灌条件下日光温室黄瓜为试验材料,共设4个处理,每个处理3个重复。通过测定土壤水分、黄瓜形态指标、黄瓜产量及品质以及灌水量,对膜下滴灌条件下日光温室黄瓜灌溉制度进行了试验研究。结果表明,仅从产量角度衡量,处理4黄瓜产量最大。在兼顾黄瓜产量、品质及节水目标时,日光温室夏黄瓜在膜下滴灌条件下,结果期适宜的耗水量应为120 mm左右,日耗水强度为3.04~4.68 mm。每隔4~5 d灌1次水,灌水定额为15 mm;理想的土壤含水量指标为田间持水率的85%~90%。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄耗水规律及灌溉制度优化研究

以宁夏贺兰山东麓大田滴灌酿酒葡萄为研究对象,分析不同灌水处理条件下土壤含水率、耗水规律、品质、产量及水分生产效率的变化,基于多因素提出优化酿酒葡萄滴灌灌溉制度。主要结论有:不同生育期土壤含水率随土层深度呈下降趋势,生育期内果实膨大期土壤含水率最高。阶段耗水量呈现开花期、初果期小,萌芽期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期大的"下开口抛物线"分布,果实膨大期为耗水高峰期,日均耗水量2.26~4.48 mm/d。3 600 m3/hm~2时滴灌酿酒葡萄的可溶性固形物、总酸等含量较优,品质较好,产量、水分生产效率最高。(4)推荐优化酿酒葡萄滴灌灌溉制度为:灌溉定额3 600 m3/hm~2,灌水次数13次,其中萌芽期3次,开花期1次,初果期2次,果实膨大期4次,着色成熟期3次。     

利用气象资料指导膜下滴灌棉花灌溉的试验研究

利用气象资料指导膜下滴灌棉花灌溉的试验于2007年5~10月份在新疆生产建设兵团灌溉中心试验站的试验基地进行。试验共设置7个处理,分别按生育期ET0的不同比例进行灌水。试验结果表明,为了获得经济合理的产量,膜下滴灌棉花全生育期耗水量应控制在360~405 mm之间。用实时气象资料指导膜下滴灌棉花的灌溉具有很好的可行性,蕾期和花铃后期10 d灌1次水,灌水定额为60%ET0;花铃前期7 d灌1次水,灌水定额为75%ET0,是一种适宜北疆地区膜下滴灌棉花的灌水模式。     

温室微润灌秋冬茬番茄适宜灌溉制度研究

通过田间小区试验研究了温室微润灌条件下秋冬茬番茄种植中土壤水分对番茄的产量、品质的影响。并基于试验数据采用主成分分析法对日光温室番茄的产量、水分利用效率、VC品质进行综合分析,初步确定了微润灌形式下番茄的适宜灌溉制度。结果表明:灌溉定额为336mm。在苗期灌水2次,灌水定额为18mm;在开花着果期灌水4次,灌水定额30mm;在结果盛期,灌水3次,灌水定额为35mm;在结果后期,灌水3次,灌水定额为25mm。     

扶埂开沟膜下灌对温室番茄节水效应的研究

为探明扶埂开沟膜下灌对番茄的影响,以温室番茄为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计方法,通过扶埂开沟膜下灌与常规沟灌以及在各个生育期的调亏灌溉对比,研究不同沟灌对温室番茄的生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:扶埂开沟膜下灌较传统沟灌节水效果显著,每生产1 kg番茄省水0.005 88 m3,水分利用效率达到31.679 kg/m3,较沟灌显著提高19.64%;扶埂开沟膜下灌灌溉方式下,番茄苗期亏水灌溉时灌溉水利用效率达峰值,与适宜水分灌溉相比灌溉水利用效率显著提高26.69%,番茄节水灌溉的有效时期是苗期;综合分析发现,最佳沟灌灌溉制度为:扶埂开沟膜下灌+苗期调亏,及在扶埂开沟膜下灌模式下苗期灌水1次+开花坐果期4次+结果后期5次,每次灌水定额为40 mm。     

棉花膜下自压软管微孔灌灌溉制度

对目前新疆兵团正在大力发展的棉花膜下软管灌灌溉制度进行初步研究。在棉花整个生育周期内，通过控制不同的灌水频率和灌溉定额，进行田间对比试验。结果表明，在膜下软管灌灌溉条件下，整个生育周期内，棉花其适宜的灌水次数7-8次，苗期和吐絮期为20 m3/亩，蕾期30 m3/亩，花铃期最大灌水定额为35m3/亩，整个生育周期灌水定额250-280 m3/亩。     

干旱绿洲区膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分时空变化特征研究

基于Penman-Monteith公式设计一定梯度的灌水定额和灌水次数双因素组合试验,通过2012—2014年连续3a免冬、春灌膜下滴灌棉花田间定位试验研究,测定分析土壤盐分时空变化规律及其对棉花产量的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌棉花生育期0~30 cm土壤盐分变幅大于40~100 cm,较小的灌水定额和灌水次数使0~30 cm盐分变幅增大,棉花苗期和花铃期变幅最为明显。灌水定额对土壤剖面盐分变异程度影响弱于灌水次数。增加灌水定额有利于减小棉花各生育阶段0~30 cm土壤盐分含量。土壤剖面盐分呈"C"形分布,0~40 cm土壤盐分含量灌水12次比灌水16次大1.74%,50~80 cm土层土壤盐分含量灌水16次比灌水12次大1.71%,灌水次数对90~100 cm土层土壤盐分影响不明显。同一灌水次数下,460 mm灌溉定额籽棉产量最高,适宜灌溉定额下,16次灌水次数籽棉产量高于灌水12次籽棉产量。灌溉水利用效率随灌水定额的降低和灌水次数的增加而提高,在南疆水资源短缺情况下高频次小定额灌溉可获得最大的灌溉水利用效率。当0~30 cm初始土壤含盐量(2.03 g/kg)小于3.0 g/kg时,棉花生育期460 mm灌溉定额、16次灌水次数,不会产生土壤盐分累积情况,可作为南疆干旱区免冬、春灌适宜棉花灌溉制度。     

膜上灌玉米节水灌溉制度与氮磷配比试验研究

采用正交试验方法,对膜上灌玉米灌水次数、灌溉定额和氮磷比三因素组合方案进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:灌水次数2次、灌溉定额为1 200 m3/hm2、氮磷比为2.5为最优组合方案,这为膜上灌玉米节水节肥提供了理论依据.     

新疆地下滴灌无膜移栽棉花水分生产函数试验分析

通过田间小区试验,设置不同灌水处理,开展地下滴灌方式下,不同灌溉定额处理无膜移栽棉花水分生产函数的试验研究。结果表明,地下滴灌条件下,灌水量和耗水量呈良好的线性关系,籽棉产量与棉花灌水量、耗水量呈二次抛物线关系,当灌水量为444.26mm,耗水量为540.73mm,此时棉花产量和灌水生产效率均较高。综合考虑籽棉产量和灌...     

一种新型的节水灌溉技术——渗灌

渗灌技术具有显著的节水、节能、省工、增产和提高品品质的特点，是发展我国节水型农业的重要技术措施之一，本文较详细地介绍了渗灌系统的田间规划，设计参数选择及生物堵塞的预防和处理办法，建议引进利用废旧轮胎回收的橡胶生产渗灌管的专利技术和关键生产设备，实现渗灌管的国产化。     

卷盘式喷灌机在农作物灌溉中的应用

卷盘式喷灌机在农作物灌溉中有对地形适应性强、易于管理、省工省时、喷洒质量高、使用寿命长、投资适宜等优点，但单喷枪喷洒时耗能较高，受风影响较大。     

World irrigation

Land under irrigation in the world today, about 250 million ha, makes up about 17% of the total area cropped world-wide and contributes 36% of the world's food production. About three-quarters of the irrigated area is in the so-called developing countries. Of this, 90% is concentrated in North Africa and the Near and Far East. In contrast, sub-Saharan Africa contributes less than 2%. Irrigation technology differs between regions, not only according to climatological factors, but also to historic and socio-economic influences.     

Assessing irrigation projects performance for sustainable irrigation policy reform

This study examines the socio-economic and financial performances of irrigation projects under the Ogun-Oshun River Basin and Rural Development Authority (O-ORBRDA) in Nigeria. Primary data on the farming activities of the project farmers during the 2001/02 seasons and the projects' records for the period of 1995/96 to 2001/02 were summarised into socio-economic and financial performance indicators. In the Sepeteri Project, a revenue recovery level of 96% was estimated. The project is not financially viable as only 29% of its recurrent expenditure is covered. The farmers do not show commitment to making the project successful. An approximate 67% social capacity level was estimated. The relative irrigation cost and profit indexes do not show sufficient evidence that farmers would prefer irrigation farming to rain-fed farming. The Itoikin Project records a lower revenue recovery level of 75%. The project covers about 50% of its recurrent expenditure. In addition, the farmers do not appear to have a commitment to making the project successful, with a 33% social capacity level. A number of problems may be the causes of unprofitable irrigated cropping. If government increases the subvention, the O-ORBRDA prioritises irrigation service in disbursing the subvention to the projects, and the project manages the risks in the project sites, conscientises and incorporates the intended beneficiaries into managing the projects, the projects would be equipped to supply more irrigation services thereby making it more profitable and encouraging more participation of the intended beneficiaries. This would improve the socio-economic and financial performance of the projects.     

自流灌区节水灌溉及其对策

随着全球化水资源危机的出现,灌区发展中存在的问题明显暴露出来。一方面,灌区工程老化失修严重,灌水技术落后,管理粗放;另一方面,水资源不足,灌区引水量逐年下降,制约 了灌溉效益的发挥和灌区的发展。     

Examining traditional irrigation methods,irrigation scheduling and alternate furrows irrigation on vertisols in northern Ethiopia

In northern Ethiopia, where traditional (farmers) irrigation management on Vertisols is widely practiced, sustainable food security has always been a challenge. The reasons for this are multi-dimensional, but of utmost importance is, low-tech irrigation water management. The main objective of the present study is, therefore, to examine technologies of irrigation water management that might enable farmers to increase water productivity (WP) on vertisols.A comparative study has been undertaken between the traditional irrigation management (every furrow-traditional scheduling) and alternative water management options on maize plots in northern Ethiopia. The options include alternate furrows-scientific scheduling and every furrow-scientific scheduling. A field experiment was undertaken over two irrigation seasons (1998/1999 and 1999/2000). Results were compared on the basis of yield, WP and economic productivity concepts.Yield-based comparison has shown that every furrow-scientific scheduling generates the highest yield levels followed by alternate furrows-scientific scheduling. The yield increase (by every furrow-scientific scheduling) over the traditional management was found to be 54%.WP-based comparison has shown that alternate furrows-scientific scheduling generates the highest WP values followed by every furrow-scientific scheduling. The increase (by alternate furrow irrigation, scientific scheduling) over the traditional irrigation management was 58%.Economic productivity-based comparison has shown that the highest economic return was obtained from every furrow-scientific scheduling followed by alternate furrows-scientific scheduling. The increase in income (by every furrow-scientific scheduling) over the traditional irrigation management was 54%.The overall observation is that depending on the availability of water and labour resources, one can decide to use either of the alternate management options to obtain economically reasonable yield. In northern Ethiopia, where water is limiting (and not labour), every furrow-scientific scheduling can be an option.     

喷灌和软管灌溉两用轻小机组特性

介绍了一种新型喷灌和软管灌溉两用轻小机组的结构和工作原理,该新型灌溉机组由绞盘车提供行走动力和压力水源,通过喷水车进行喷洒灌溉.机组可配置喷灌和软管灌溉两种不同的灌水系统,满足了不同作物在不同生育期对水分的要求;喷水车安装有高度调节装置,始终使灌水器处于最佳灌水高度;机组上采用低压折射式喷头和软管洒水带等低压灌水系统,使机组的工作压力降低了30%.通过对该机组水涡轮特性、运行特性、喷洒特性的分析,确定了该机组的技术参数.喷洒试验表明,新型灌溉机组可克服受风影响较大的弱点,减少灌溉水分的漂移损失,灌水均匀度可达90%.     

Beyond irrigation efficiency

Parameters for accounting for water balance on irrigation projects have evolved over the past century. Development of the classic term irrigation efficiency is summarized along with recent modifications such as effective irrigation efficiency. The need for terms that describe measurable water balance components of irrigated agriculture is very important, as demands and competition for available renewable water supplies continue to increase with increasing populations. Examples of irrigation efficiency studies conducted during the past few decades are summarized along with related irrigation terminology. Traditional irrigation efficiency terminology has served a valid purpose for nearly a century in assisting engineers to design better irrigation systems and assisting specialists to develop improved irrigation management practices. It still has utility for engineers designing components of irrigation systems. However, newer irrigation-related terminology better describes the performance and productivity of irrigated agriculture. On a river-basin level, improved terminology is needed to adequately describe how well water resources are used within the basin. Brief suggestions for improving irrigation water management are presented.     

Timeliness of irrigation

Despite considerable discussion of the importance of timeliness as a key dimension of irrigation performance, few studies have assessed how well irrigation systems deliver timely water supplies, nor the magnitude of the effect on agricultural production. This paper lays out indicators of timeliness of irrigation supply which distinguish between deliveries which meet crop needs, and surplus water supplies which cannot be used by crops. These indicators are then applied to empirical data from the Sone Irrigation System of Bihar, India. Using these indicators in an analysis of the contribution of irrigation to rice production shows that incorporating measures of timeliness explains much more of the variability in agricultural production than do simple measures of total water applications over a season. Results of production functions show that if water deliveries cannot be matched with crop requirements, they have a negative, rather than a positive, impact on yields. Water scarcity has the greatest adverse impact in production in the middle of the season, while surpluses are most damaging at the beginning and end of the season. Temporal redistribution from surplus periods to times of water scarcity therefore offers considerable scope to increase productivity without increasing water use.An earlier version of portions of this paper was presented at the IFPRI/ICAR Workshop on Agricultural Growth in India: A Review of Research Findings, 1–6 May 1994 in New Delhi.     

Comparing theoretical irrigation requirement and actual irrigation for citrus in Florida

Florida ranks first in citrus production, with nearly 68% of all U.S. citrus growing in the season 2005-2006. Most of the citrus groves are located from central to south Florida, and agricultural irrigation permitting is regulated by three of Florida's five water management districts. Most of the permitting for citrus production in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties is conducted by the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), and quantities are based on the District's AGMOD computer program. In 2003, the SWFWMD implemented new permit criteria so that permitted amounts were more representative of actual water use. This paper compares grower reported citrus irrigation water use in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties from 1994 through 2005 with permitted and theoretical irrigation requirements calculated by a daily water balance. Two different sets of crop coefficients (K_c's) developed for citrus in Florida were compared in the daily soil water balance calculation of theoretical irrigation requirements. The percentage of irrigated area considered in this study ranged from 40 to 60% to simulate a range of grower practices. Meteorological data from two weather stations and additional rainfall information from 50 locations within the three counties was used in the water balance. Missing and error values in the meteorological historical record data were filled with weather generators. The multiannual average water consumption (including cold protection water use) from growers ranged from 243 (Hillsborough) to 406 mm (Highlands) and the multiannual average permitted irrigation requirement (without cold protection) ranged from 295 to 557 mm. The simulated gross irrigation requirements under different scenarios of location-K_c-wetted area were variable but mostly lower than the limits established by the district, except for some scenarios in Polk County, whose maximum simulated irrigation value reached 578 mm year⁻¹. In general, permitted limits recommended by the SWFWMD seem to be reasonable for the actual water use by growers in these counties.