基于声发射信号信息熵的木材损伤断裂过程研究

为获得木材在弯曲破坏过程中的声发射（acoustic emission,AE）信号特征,从AE信号的随机性出发,利用AE信号信息熵辨识木材的损伤过程,并研究木材在不同损伤断裂水平下的AE信号分布特性。首先,对气干状态的榉木和樟子松试件进行三点弯曲试验,并通过谐振频率为150 kHz的AE传感器采集原始AE信号,采样频率设置为500 kHz。然后,采用小波变换重构AE信号波形,依据无AE发生时的信号幅值确定AE阈值,统计每秒内超过阈值的次数并作为AE活动计数,再以活动计数为随机变量定义AE信息熵。最后,依据信息熵值确定应变能释放的转折点,并结合三点弯曲试验的载荷-时间曲线,将木材损伤断裂过程划分为线性变形、非线性变形、宏观断裂3个阶段。以10 ms为间隔分析并统计AE信号的频率,获得木材弯曲破坏过程的AE信号频率分布情况,从而揭示不同损伤阶段的AE信号特征。结果表明,线性变形阶段,AE信号表现为低幅值、低频率,主要集中在30~55 kHz频段内;非线性变形和宏观断裂阶段,AE信号中既存在大量的30~55 kHz低频信号成分,又存在100~110 kHz和115~130 kHz的高频信号。研究提出的基于AE活动数信息熵能够准确反映应变能释放的集中程度,为木材损伤断裂水平评价提供了客观依据。     

简易人体疲劳检测仪的研制

简易人体疲劳检测仪是根据人眼能识别的闪烁频率随人脑的疲劳程度不同而有所不同这一原理,通过测试人眼能识别的闪烁频率来实现检测人体疲劳程度的目的。介绍了该检测仪的组成和硬件系统各部件的功能特点,阐述了其软件的设计思想。     

Depression and later enhancement of the critical flicker frequency during prolonged monocular deprivation

One eye was visually deprived for 1 day, and the critical flicker frequency in the other eye was determined at the start of the deprivation period and then at intervals of 3, 6, 9, 15, and 24 hours. There was an initial depression in performance, followed by an enhancement effect. No significant changes in the critical flicker frequency were observed in the occluded eye at corresponding times; thus the depression-enhancement phenomenon is specific to the nonoccluded eye.     

Errorless discrimination, autoshaping, and conditioned inhibition

Pigeons were exposed to a discriminated autoshaping procedure in which brief presentation of a green light on a key was always followed by food whereas presentation of a vertical white line on the key was never followed by food. Pigeons acquired an errorless discrimination by pecking reliably in the presence of the green light but never in the presence of the line. The line inhibited pecking in later tests: when the white line was paired with food, key peck acquisition was retarded; and when the white line was superimposed on the green background, responding was suppressed.     

GIS环境下制图自动综合实现框架研究

本文分析了制图综合知识规则形式化表达的困难.基于产生式表达方式,提出了制图综合知识规则库建立的框架结构,并提出和分析了用于实现制图综合自动化的三层结构框架.鉴于目前的计算机技术的发展水平,本文认为该三层框架是较为理想的制图综合自动化的实现模式,为制图综合自动化研究提供了新的思路.该框架的研究将推进制图自动综合自动化进程.本文基于三层框架实现了土地利用数据的自动综合实验系统,很好的实现了土地利用数据的多尺度显示.     

Stimulus generalization of a positive conditioned reinforcer

Stimulus generalization has been observed for discriminative, eliciting, and emotional functions of stimuli. In our study, in order to investigate the generalization of the reinforcing function of stimuli, pigeons were trained in a Skinner box to peck at an unlighted key to obtain aperiodic, brief exposures of light at a wavelength of 550 mmicro, the positive conditioned reinforcer, which was immediately followed by food reward. Testing in extinction, we obtained generalization gradients for the number of responses and the time the pigeons expended to produce exposures on the unlighted key of 550 mmicro, 530 mmicro) 510 mmicro, or no light. This finding suggests that stimulus generalization occurs with all functions of stimuli.     

Neurotransmitter release from a vertebrate neuromuscular synapse affected by a food dye

The food dye erythrosine (Erythrosin B; FD & C No. 3) was applied to isolated neuromuscular synapses in the frog, and its effects on the spontaneous quantal release of acetylcholine were examined with electrophysiological techniques. At concentrations of 10 muM or greater this anionic dye produced an irreversible, dose-dependent increase in neurotransmitter release. This increase did not depend on the presence of calcium ions in the bathing medium. These increase did not depend on the presence of calcium ions in the bathing medium. These results suggest that erythrosine might prove a useful pharmacological tool for studying the process of transmitter release, but that its use as a food additive should be reexamined.     

西瓜生长期的振动预测方法研究

通过自行设计的敲击振动检测系统对西瓜进行敲击振动检测,得到西瓜的频响函数,分别针对频响函数的第一响应频率f₁、第二响应频率f₂和第三响应频率f₃建立预测西瓜生长期的数学模型,模型的确定系数R²较高。且选取了f₁、f₂和f₃三个响应频率建立了预测西瓜生长期的多元非线性回归模型,模型的确定系数R²可达0.830,均方根误差RMSE降低到2.095。该模型的建立为在线无损检测西瓜的生长期提供了理论参考。     

雌雄异株植物生长释放/抑制判定及其气候解释

利用树轮学方法,以长白山雌雄异株植物红豆杉、山杨和水曲柳为研究对象,通过判定雌雄异株树种生长释放/抑制事件及其与气候因子的关系,以期揭示物种属性和性别因素对树木生长释放/抑制事件的影响及其对气候响应机制的差异性。结果表明:3种雌雄植株的生长释放事件大多发生在幼龄阶段,生理特征差异也可能导致不同雌雄植株发生生长释放事件的时间和频率存在一定差异性。性别因素对山杨和红豆杉雌雄植株的生长释放存在显著影响,山杨雌株和红豆杉雄株对外界环境干扰更为敏感,水曲柳雌雄株对环境干扰的响应差异不明显;山杨更易受到外界环境干扰发生生长释放事件;水曲柳植株发生生长释放/抑制事件可能与林窗干扰有关。红豆杉和山杨的生长释放事件与气候因子具有显著相关关系,红豆杉雄株与温度、降水则存在显著正相关关系(P0.05),山杨雄株与温度、降水则存在显著负相关关系(P0.05),山杨雌株与降水呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),植株的生长释放/抑制事件对气候的响应与树木径向生长--逐月气候因子的关系有所不同。因此应当考虑生长--气候因子之间的非线性关系以及物种和性别因素对生长--气候关系的影响,以期完善植株生长对气候的响应机制。      

Stimulus control in pigeons based on proprioceptive stimuli from floor inclination

Two groups of pigeons trained to peck a dimly illuminated disc in an otherwise dark experimental chamber with the floor horizontal (0 degrees tilt) or inclined 30 degrees to the left, respectively, show decremental generalization gradients of response rate when the floor inclination is varied from its training position. Discrimination training in which food reinforcement is available under one floor tilt condition but not under another steepens the slope of such gradients. In a secondv experiment, pigeons reinforced for pecking when the floor was tilted 10 degrees or 20 degrees and not reinforced under the alternative condition showed steep gradients with maximal responding displaced from the reinforced stimulus.     

有机酸对暗棕壤磷的持续释放效应及其动力学特征

模拟东北林区主要森林凋落物淋洗液中草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐浓度范围,配制0.5和2.0 mmol/L等不同浓度草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐溶液,分别用上述溶液以不同的浸提时间和次数浸提处理A1层暗棕壤,探讨不同浸提时间和次数处理时有机酸的磷释放效果,并确定最佳浸提时间。研究旨在探明草酸和柠檬酸对暗棕壤磷的持续活化效应,明确有机酸对暗棕壤磷素的活化程度和动力学特征。结果表明,用草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐浸提A1层暗棕壤时,随浸提时间延长磷释放量先增后减,有最佳浸提时间,大多数处理为12 h。从磷累积释放量上看,在1~72 h内,上述浸提剂对A1层暗棕壤的磷释放动力学能很好地用对数方程进行拟合。用草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐溶液连续10次和18次浸提A1层暗棕壤,第2次浸提的释磷量均大于第1次浸提,第3次后大体随浸提次数增加而下降,直到第10次或第18次时,较高浓度处理仍有一定的磷释放,特别是柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐处理;这说明,有机酸对暗棕壤中磷的释放具有累加效应。多次连续浸提时,随浸提次数增加,土壤磷的累积释放量增大,且草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对A1层暗棕壤的磷累积释放量与浸提次数间都能很好地用对数方程进行拟合。      

高校食品专业大学生撰写文献综述探讨

撰写文献综述是高校食品专业大学生完成理论课程论文和进行科研实验的重要组成部分。从文献搜集、文献阅读、撰写文献综述3大方面有针对性地进行分析,探讨了食品专业大学生撰写文献综述过程中存在的错误,提出文献综述中概括归纳的方法,为提高食品专业大学生文献综述能力提供参考。     

PREDICTION OF DISCRIMINATION FROM GENERALIZATION AFTER VARIATIONS IN SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

The relationship between generalization and discrimination is explored in the present study by utilizing the results of systematic changes in the generalization gradient to predict changes in discrimination behavior. In the first of two experiments, differing groups of pigeons were trained to respond to a wavelength of 550 mmicro under conditions of varying schedules of reinforcement. Generalization gradients were then obtained and the ratios of the responses to selected discriminative stimuli calculated. These were used to predict discrimination behavior in a second experiment using the same stimuli. Both the number of trials to a discrimination criterion and the ratio of response indicate the plausibilty of an inverse hypothesis, and the applicability of the generalization model to related behavior such as discrimination.     

带连续变利率风险模型最终破产概率上界

以国内外相关文献为基础，结合我国地方政府债务的内涵，编制我国地方政府的资产负债表，并通过净资产、资产负债率、债务负担率、KMV等的分析，对我国地方政府债务的风险进行分析，认为目前我国地方政府债务的风险很小，总体可控，并提出了改善我国地方政府债务风险的建议。     

Research and Design of Simulative System of Elevators Based on Java

设计了控制电梯运行的调度算法；其次，采用面向对象语言编写程序模拟电梯运行，其中使用双缓冲技术来解决电梯图片在刷新过程中出现的闪烁现象；最后，测试该系统的正确性和合理性。     

土地利用现状图缩编方法探讨

针对目前1∶1万比例尺较小的土地利用现状图比较缺乏和已有图件现势性不强等问题,以重庆市永川区土地利用现状图缩编工作为研究对象,就土地利用现状图由1∶1万缩编到1∶5万的缩编方法、原则、流程和综合取舍标准进行了探讨。结果表明,采用＂先编后缩＂的成图方法,在遵循丘陵区土地利用现状图由1∶1万缩编到1∶5万的缩编原则、流程和综合取舍标准基础上,图件成果在图斑数量保留、地类数据结构比例、美观效果等方面能较好地满足土地宏观管理的需要。     

基于虚拟仪器和组态软件的船舶电能质量监控系统

船舶电力系统是一个独立的、完整的小型电力系统，对电能质量要求较高。为了实时监测船舶电网电能质量，基于虚拟仪器和组态软件开发一套电能质量监控系统。该系统采用DSP实时采集电能质量数据，数据分析和处理由LABVIEW软件完成，实现电压偏差、频率偏差、谐波、三相不平衡、电压波动等电能质量指标的计算和分析，最后，将电能质量关键数据通过OPC传送给船舶能量管理集控中心，对船舶电力系统进行统一能量管理提供数据支持。     

用两室根箱系统法对土壤氮素转化的空间变异及N2O的产生之初探

用特制的带有9根采气管的两室根箱系统,采集和分析根箱中9个不同部位土壤空气中N2O的浓度,结合使用具有选择性的硝化抑制剂(包括低浓度的C2H2和DCD),研究在不同铵态氮水平下的硝化过程及其对N2O气体释放的贡献;结合使用高浓度的C2H2,抑制反硝化过程中N2O到N2的还原,研究在不同铵态氮水平下的反硝化过程及其对N2O气体释放的贡献。同时还研究铵态氮、硝态氮转化及其释放N2O气体的时间和空间变异性和植物对它们的影响。结果表明,根箱系统结合使用抑制剂的方法,是一种研究土壤氮素转化过程、N2O气体释放及植物对前两者影响的有效方法。     

Visual transient phenomenon: its polarity and a paradox

Luminance stimuli modulated at frequencies above flicker fusion create perceptible visual transient responses when the frequency is changed abruptly. The polarity of these transients, as directly perceived and objectively confirmed, is shown enough by itself to yield a powerful criterion for visual models. An apparent paradox when light flashes are superposed on the frequency discontinuity has further implications for models and suggests a possible non-conservation of polarity in the brightness perception process.     

投饲频率和饵料种类对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长及能量收支的影响

在水温18～22℃下,研究了不同投饲频率(1次/d、2次/d和3次/d)和饵料种类(鲜杂鱼和配合饲料)对中华绒螯蟹Eriocheir sinensis幼蟹(4.96 g±0.08 g)生长及能量收支的影响,试验共进行48 d。结果表明:随着投饲频率的增加,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的增重率、特定生长率逐渐增加(P>0.05);配合饲料组幼蟹的成活率、蜕壳率均高于鲜杂鱼组;投饲频率相同时,配合饲料组幼蟹的摄食率均显著高于鲜杂鱼组(P<0.05);各组饲料转化效率随着投饲频率的增加逐渐降低;随着投饲频率的增加,各组幼蟹的体成分无显著性差异(P>0.05),饵料种类和投饲频率对幼蟹体成分无交互作用(P>0.05);随着投饲频率的增加,鲜杂鱼组幼蟹的生长能占摄食能的比例逐渐降低,代谢能所占比例逐渐增加,而配合饲料组幼蟹则与其呈相反态势;各组幼蟹的排粪能占摄食能的比例随投饲频率的增加而下降,配合饲料组排粪能所占比例显著高于鲜杂鱼组(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的适宜投饲频率为2次/d。