黑龙江农民工工资问题研究——以哈尔滨市呼兰区为例

2004年以来各地相继出现了农民工用工短缺的局面。在影响农民进城务工的诸多因素中,工资收入起着决定性作用。本文针对农民工工资问题,对呼兰区农民工工资现状及工资期望值进行调查研究。发现呼兰区农民工的工资存在的主要问题是平均工资水平低于当地社会平均工资;工作时间过长,工资被变相压低以及劳动回报率低。针对存在问题,结合最低工资标准提出了几点建议：企业应参考农民工工资期望,提高工资标准;地方政府应加强对农民工的技能培训。     

海南农垦橡胶生产激励制度优化探讨

[目的]为探讨海南农垦橡胶生产管理制度的优化路径,[方法]基于海胶集团橡胶生产激励制度的现状分析,采用分布函数的参数化方法构建了委托-代理模型,[结果]研究表明海南农垦橡胶生产管理制度需要优化,应适当控制激励,加大保障。并在此基础上提出了海南农垦橡胶生产激励制度优化的建议：[结论]改进工资方案,为割胶工人设立基本工资,降低上缴份额;优化公司与职工的利益关系,努力确保胶工收入。     

Changes in the Appalachian Wage Gap, 1970 to 2000

ABSTRACT Since at least 1960, Appalachia has had lower wages, employment rates, and educational attainment than the rest of the country. Using a sample from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series Census project, the author identifies factors affecting the wage gap between 1970 and 2000. The author finds that increases in educational attainment in Appalachia are counterbalanced by increasing returns to observable and unobservable skill, the decline of the manufacturing industry, and rising wage dispersion, leaving the wage gap for full‐time workers in 2000 at essentially the same levels as 1970.     

Regulating informality: Worker centers and collective action in day-labor markets

Day-labor markets are characterized by chronic instability, low pay, and weak institutional protections against violations of labor standards. In the U.S., worker centers address these conditions through the operation of hiring halls that dispatch workers, set minimum wages, and redress wage theft. Surveys conducted in Seattle in 2012 and 2015 were used to evaluate wage rates, employment rates, and wage theft variables for workers at a worker center and those seeking employment at four informal hiring sites. Worker center members were found to have significantly higher wages, higher employment rates, and lower rates of wage theft than day laborers who search for employment in public spaces.     

Racial Wage Differences among Young Male Job Changers: The Relative Contribution of Migration,Occupation Change,Site Characteristics,and Human Capital

ABSTRACT We demonstrated racial differences in the relationship between migration, location, and predicted wages for young male workers who have changed employers. An Oaxaca decomposition allowed a measuring of the contributions of migration, occupation change, site features, and human capital to the racial wage gap. Migration decreases black–white wage differences, and wage compensation for site attributes favors white householders. Constraints on occupation choice and migration dampen the ability of blacks to improve wages. Because most job changes occur in the first ten years of a career, these results on young workers give important general insights into the origins and persistence of racial wage gaps.     

新生代农民工创业行为影响因素分析——基于兰州市的调查

为了研究新生代农民工创业行为的相关影响因素,对兰州市400位新生代农民工进行了调查,并将影响新生代农民工创业行为的因素分为个体特征因素、人力资本因素和创业环境因素三个部分,利用二元Logistic模型对新生代农民工创业行为影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：在个体特征因素中,年龄对新生代农民工的创业行为有显著性影响,而性别、风险偏好对新生代农民工创业行为的影响不显著;在人力资本因素中,文化程度和务工年限对新生代农民工的创业行为有显著性影响,而是否参加职业培训对新生代农民工的创业行为影响不显著;在创业环境因素中,家庭收入、金融支持对新生代农民工创业行为有显著性影响,而政策支持对新生代农民工的创业行为影响不显著。     

Exporting,Foreign Direct Investment,and Wages: Evidence from the Canadian Manufacturing Sector

Do exporters and foreign‐controlled establishments pay their workers higher wages than non‐exporters and domestic‐controlled establishments? This paper draws on an employer–employee data set to explore the existence of exporter and foreign‐owned wage premiums in the Canadian manufacturing sector. Results from wage regression models reveal that, on the whole, exporters and foreign‐controlled plants do pay higher wages than non‐exporters and domestic‐controlled plants. These results hold even after controlling for other plant and worker characteristics, although the wage differentials are substantially smaller. Furthermore, while the impact of foreign ownership on wages is found to be widespread across industries and regions, that of exporting is not. At the industry level, the wage effects of export‐market participation are strongest for workers in plants belonging to scale‐based industries; regionally, they are strongest in Quebec and British Columbia.     

代际差异视角下农民工留城意愿的影响因素研究——基于全国9省的调研数据

20世纪90年代以来,农民工群体出现了老一代农民工和新生代农民工的分化,为了解新老一代农民工留城意愿的现状以及影响因素,笔者基于代际差异视野下研究农民工留城意愿问题,采用全国9省3358名农民工的样本数据,从个体特征、家庭特征、工作特征、政策因素和心理因素这5个方面分别探析老一代和新生代农民工留城意愿的影响因素。研究发现：新、老农民工留城意愿影响因素以及影响程度有所不同,其中,教育程度、住房满意度、就业类型、是否有新农合等因素对新生代农民工留城意愿有显著的促进作用,婚姻对其具有显著的抑制作用;性别、教育程度、老家房产情况、月收入、日均工作时间、是否有养老保险、生活满意度等因素对老一代农民工留城意愿具有显著的促进作用。因此,要提高农民工的留城意愿,一方面要加大教育培训力度,提升农民工的就业质量;另一方面要完善和健全社会保障系统,为农民工留城减少后顾之忧。     

Trade,Wage Inequalities and Disparities between Countries: The Technology Connection

ABSTRACT This paper takes seriously the idea that international trade has played an important role in explaining both some convergence between developed economies as well as rising inequalities at the personal level. Previous studies used traditional trade theory as a reference framework. The empirical consensus is now that differences in factor endowment explain at best a small fraction of rising wage inequalities. This argument, by contrast, builds on labor specialization and increasing returns. Deeper economic integration allows trade in differentiated intermediate goods and primary tasks, thus transforming local increasing returns into global increasing returns. This pushes towards geographical equalization. At the same time, deeper integration also increases the size of the pool of available skilled workers. This may lead them to a‘technological secession’as it makes more skill-demanding technologies more profitable. Technological secession in turn fosters wage inequalities at the personal level.     

农民工家庭务工地消费影响因素实证研究

农民工问题是我国工业化进程中备受关注的问题,研究农民工家庭消费问题,对扩大内需及推进城镇化健康发展具有重要意义。文章基于全国988个农民工家庭调查样本,从收入、家庭特征和其他不确定因素三个方面探析农民工家庭务工地消费的影响因素。研究结果表明,收入因素对农民工家庭务工地总消费支出、居住支出、娱乐支出具有显著影响;家庭特征因素如文化水平、孩子随迁、工作行业因素对农民工家庭的各项消费具有不同程度的影响;租房因素显著影响着农民工家庭的总消费支出和居住支出;健康因素对农民工家庭的医疗支出具有显著的负影响。因此,要提高农民工家庭的消费水平,扩大农民工家庭的消费潜力,一方面要提高农民工家庭的收入水平;另一方面还要提高农民工的文化水平,完善社会保障系统,减少不确定性因素对农民工家庭消费的影响。     

Creativity and Inequality: The Dual Path of China's Urban Economy?

Utilizing Chinese data for the years of 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2008, this research traces the growth of the creative economy and the enlarging income inequality in China's urban economy. While the creative sector now makes up close to 30 percent of China's urban private employment, industry‐based earnings disparity has also increased substantively. Provinces with larger creative economy also tend to have higher level of wage inequality among workers of the creative sector, the working sector, and the service sector. Several other factors, especially internal migration flow, size of manufacturing, and ownership structure in local economy, are found to be significantly linked to inequality as well.     

Moonlighting in a High Growth Economy: Evidence from U.S. State‐Level Data

Despite the prevalence of multiple jobholding, there is relatively little research into its causes. Existing research has tested the predictions of standard labor models with micro data. Yet, there has been virtually no research into the relationship between moonlighting and structural differences in regional labor markets such as wages and employment growth. In this manner, this study examines the large differences in multiple jobholding rates across U.S. states. The findings indicate that multiple jobholding acts as a short‐term shock absorber to cyclical changes. However, in the long‐term, these effects dissipate, indicating that moonlighting plays a similar role as do changes in unemployment and labor‐force participation to regional labor market shocks. Conversely, multiple jobholding rates are inversely related to average weekly earnings. Thus, job growth accompanied by real wage (and productivity) growth may result in a decline in multiple jobholding, further exacerbating potential labor shortages. Other key factors found to influence multiple jobholding include occupational structure and education.     

Are Teen Unemployment Rates Influenced by State Minimum Wage Laws?

ABSTRACT Several recent studies have challenged the conventional notion that raising the minimum wage has negative labor market consequences. In particular, most recent minimum wage research has considered teen employment, with virtually no examination of unemployment rates. Given the conflicting findings in the recent literature, this study reconsiders this issue by examining the minimum wage's influence on teen unemployment rates. The empirical analysis considers state data from the latter 1980s, a unique period where many states raised their minimum wage above the federal level. The results suggest that both a greater minimum wage rate and greater minimum wage coverage increase teen unemployment rates. Further evidence suggests that employment declines outweigh teen labor force reductions, suggesting that increases in unemployment are primarily caused by labor demand shifts. Thus, policy makers should weigh these costs in deciding future minimum wage hikes.     

Does Public Lands Policy Affect Local Wage Growth?

The effects on wage growth of management practices applied on public lands in the Northern Forest region of the United States are quantified. A central objective is to determine if the management of public lands for preservationist uses results in lower average wages. This is a frequent claim made by critics of land preservation who argue that preservationist management, by prohibiting resource extraction, causes the composition of employment to shift from high‐wage jobs in resource‐based manufacturing to low‐wage jobs in the service sector. A model of simultaneous employment and net migration growth is estimated with data on non‐metropolitan counties over the period 1990 to 1999 and applied in a recursive relationship to wage growth. In earlier studies, models of this type have typically been specified in levels. Time‐series evidence that supports a preference for growth rates is provided as the form for such models. Exogenous variables in this model include the 1990 shares of the county land base that are publicly owned and managed for preservationist (non‐extractive) uses and multiple (including extractive) uses. It was found that wage growth rates are not significantly affected by the shares of land under either management regime. As well, recent declines in national forest timber sales are found to have no effect on wage growth.     

Restructuring Appalachian Manufacturing in 1963–1992: The Role of Branch Plants

This paper uses the Longitudinal Research Database (LRD),a unique, detailed, plant‐level database that covers the entire U.S. manufacturing sector in five‐year intervals to examine how the manufacturing sector in Appalachia has evolved over the past thirty years (from 1963 to 1992). The research focuses on three questions:1) Is the Appalachian Region attracting new manufacturing plants at the same rate as the rest of the country? 2) Does Appalachian manufacturing employment exhibit low wage, low productivity characteristics, compared with the rest of the country? 3) Is Appalachia still heavily reliant on branch plants? The results show the manufacturing base of Appalachia in 1992 looks very much the same as it did in 1967. Compared to the rest of the country, Appalachian manufacturing is still more reliant on branch plants and is characterized by lower wage and lower productivity establishments. This result is not due to a lack of entry—manufacturing plant entry rates and manufacturing job formation associated with entrants in Appalachia are only slightly lower than for the U.S. as a whole. Job destruction rates caused by exits are actually lower than in the U.S. as a whole.     

State Unemployment Differentials: Equilibrium Factors vs. Differential Employment Growth

: Differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates were persistent in the early 1990s. In addition, states with higher employment growth did not necessarily have the lowest unemployment rates. Thus, this paper examines the differentials in U.S. state unemployment rates from 1992 to 1994, decomposing them into the parts that were due to differences in recent employment growth, and those that were due to longer-term equilibrium factors. Also, using the shift-share model, employment growth differences are decomposed into an industry mix component and a competitiveness component. The decomposition of the 1992 to 1994 unemployment rate differentials is based on an econometric equation estimated using panel data from 1972 to 1991. Explanatory equilibrium factors included in the model are amenities, demographic characteristics, education, industry composition, labor mobility, and wage rates.     

劳动力就业培训对中国农民工收入的影响——基于全国5省大样本数据的DID实证分析

针对目前农村劳动力培训学术研究中存在的实证统计不足等问题,通过调查分析研究中国失地农民就业培训的收益率。使用1996和2008年在中国12个城市的全国性大样本调查数据,采用DID方法进行实证分析。研究主要发现在职培训对平均工资收益的影响达到4.9%~7.9%。相比教育的平均回报率,劳动力培训与教育对收入变动有同等重要的影响。同时,研究发现劳动力就业培训对男性和年轻劳动力的影响相对更大。     

Maquiladora Employment Dynamics in Nuevo Laredo

ABSTRACT The Nuevo Laredo maquiladora sector has grown enormously during the last two decades. The short‐term time series characteristics of this portion of the regional economy are analyzed in an attempt to quantify the trends underlying this remarkable performance. Parameter estimation is accomplished via linear transfer function (LTF) analysis. Data are drawn from the January 1990–December 2000 sample period. Empirical results indicate that real wage rates, maquiladora plants, U.S. industrial activity, and the real exchange rate of the peso play significant roles in determining month‐to‐month fluctuations in maquiladora employment. Furthermore, sub‐sample forecast simulation exercises are conducted as an additional means for verifying model reliability. Empirical results indicate that the forecasts generated with the LTF model are less accurate than those associated with a simple random walk procedure for twelve separate step‐length periods.     

The geography of the wages: Chinese cities 1989 and 1997

Improving national average income and reducing regional income inequality often serve as dual goals of economic development in a country. After over twenty years of economic reforms, China has been fairly successful in achieving the first goal, but failed in the second. This paper uses recent data with a sharper resolution to examine the variation of average wages across Chinese cities 1989–1997. Widening wage inequalities across cities are observed during the period. This research also seeks to explain the variation of wages between cities by factors such as agglomeration (density and city size), location advantages (distances from central cities and from the coastline), educational attainment, industrial structure and administrative hierarchy. Many of the factors are found to be important in explaining wage differences in Western countries but are yet to be tested in China. Some factors such as distance from the coast, industrial structure and administrative hierarchy are considered because of China’s unique social and economic systems.     

Convergence of State Per Capita Incomes: An Examination of Its Sources

This paper examines the sources of regional convergence in per capita incomes over the last four decades. Growth in per capita income is decomposed into two major components: (1) growth in employment rates and (2) growth in wage rates per worker. Using annual data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the paper finds that the observed convergence in per capita incomes of sates was largely due to convergence in employment rates; wage rates either did not converge or did so weakly. Employing an instrumental variables technique, the paper finds that rapid growth in the work force with relatively low levels of human capital in initially poor states was a depressing influence on wage rate growth in these states, and was a major reason for the relatively slow convergence in per capita incomes.