Probability Analysis of Failure Cause for Light Weight Steel Structure under Snow Disaster

In the current unified standard for reliability design, it lacks full considerations of the range of load effect ratio for reliability analysis of light weight steel structures. Firstly, a computational method based on stress was proposed to calculate load effect ratio, which solves the problem that which kind of load effects can be chosen to calculate load effect ratio when the member fails with actions of several kinds of internal forces. Then, the range of load effect ratio was studied for light weight steel structures after some analyses of several members with this method. It is found that the load effect ratio of light weight steel structures can adopt large values under the disadvantage distributions of snow load. The reliability was also calculated for light weight steel structures designed with current partial factors. Its result shows that the reliability of light weight steel structure is low. Finally, the reliability was analyzed for light weight steel structures with different load effect ratios when snow load exceeded the design standard level. It indicates that the reliability is low for light weight steel structures with large load effect ratio. This provides some complementary explanations for the phenomena that the light steel structures are more likely to fail under snow disaster.     

柱失效方程中荷载相关特性对承载力抗震设计可靠度的影响

以竖向荷载和水平地震作用组合下的钢筋混凝土柱和钢柱为对象,研究了失效方程中荷载相关特性对柱承载力抗震可靠性的影响。根据现行《混凝土结构设计规范》和《钢结构设计规范》分析了不同柱弯矩轴力相关曲线的特性。结合多个框架结构实例,对比了柱失效方程中荷载相关曲线与规范考虑情形的异同。实例分析表明:水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,小偏压RC柱和工字型钢柱的荷载相关曲线与规范考虑的情形较为符合,均近似为负相关的直线;水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,大偏压RC柱的荷载相关曲线则与规范考虑的情形有较大出入,存在明显的正相关段部分。在此基础上,考虑失效方程复杂特性,依据已有的荷载和抗力变量概率模型,采用Monte Carlo法分析了水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下柱的可靠性。结果表明:钢柱和小偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化幅度较小,与规范模式计算结果较接近;大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化会有较大幅度波动,与规范模式计算结果差异较大;当轴压力荷载效应比值为负时,大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度会低于规范计算值较多,现行柱可靠性设计方法会偏于不安全。     

竖向荷载下弹性支承直墙拱反弯点理论分析

在工程实践中,直墙拱应用较多。由于拱脚位移的存在,合理假设拱脚约束为转角约束、竖向约束和水平弹性约束,应用力法推导出了在弯矩、剪力和轴力共同作用下直墙拱沿弧长的弯矩公式。研究了竖向均布荷载、竖向三角形荷载和竖向集中力荷载作用下,直墙拱沿弧长的弯矩分布及反弯点形成的规律;发现在3种荷载作用下,使得拱脚弯矩为零时的圆心角依次减小。取弹簧支座刚度为等效的下端固支、上端允许水平位移的直墙的抗推刚度,得出了随着直墙高度增加,圆弧拱拱顶弯矩增大而拱脚弯矩减小的变化规律。在直墙拱的设计中,建议选取合适的直墙高度和使得圆弧拱拱脚弯矩为零的圆心角大小,从而有利于提高结构抗弯承载力及拱脚抗剪承载力。     

Simplified Calculation Method of Steel Tube and Coupler Scaffold with X-Bracing

The calculation theory of stability capacity of steel tube and coupler scaffold is currently an urgent problem to be solved.Based on the analysis of the stability behavior of steel tube and coupler scaffold with X-bracing,a series of simplified model and calculation formulas are put forward.In order to verify the rationality of simplified calculation theory presented,two full-scale tests are carried out.Compared with results from tests,the results from simplified calculation theory is well consistent with it.Therefore,it is concluded that the simplified model and simple formula own a considerable accuracy to forecast the critical load of steel tube and coupler scaffold with X-bracing under uniform load,which offers the reference for relevant researchers and designers.     

Experimental Analysis of the Behavior of Steel Plate-masonry Composite Wall-beams

When steel plate-masonry composite structure used in the existing masonry structure with load bearing walls is removed for a large space, composite action should be considered between the beam and the supported masonry wall due to the arch effect formed in the supported wall. In order to investigate the working mechanism, failure mode, and load-carrying capacity, strain distribution in critical sections and mid-span defcection of this type of composite wall-beam, five steel plate-masonry wall-beams were tested under concentrated loads and analyzed, which considered variables of height-span-ratio of supported masonry wall, height-span-ratio of composite beam and thickness of steel plate. The results show that steel plate-masonry composite wall-beam starts failure from the masonry located at the line between loading point and supporting point; strain distribution of steel plate along section height meets the plane section assumption; the height-span-ratio of supported wall can directly influence the failure mode of masonry wall, buckling load corresponding to steel plate experiencing local buckling and ultimate load of tested specimens; the reasonable height of supported masonry wall is beneficial to the formation of composite action between supported masonry wall and composite beam, and the excessive high masonry wall will reduce the ultimate load of the tested specimen. Finally, the reasonable range for height-span-ratio of supported masonry wall was presented, and the proposed value representing the flexural stiffness of the steel plate-composite beam relative to the in-plane stiffness of the supported masonry wall was at least more than 79.     

Stochastic Response Surface Method Based on Radial Basis Functions

For non-ideal interpolation results of complex implicit nonlinear functions between non-normal distribution response and standard normal distribution inputs using stochastic response surface method, radial basis functions was used to replace Hermite polynomials so as to solve complex implicit nonlinear function interpolation problem for its excellent performance on scattered data interpolation. A few nonlinear analytical functions and uncertainty problems of the load carrying capacity of single circular concrete filled steel tubule (CFST) arch were used as examples to test and verify the precision of proposed method in non-normal distribution response interpolation and its engineering applicability. The results show that stochastic response surface method based on radial basis functions performs well in fitting highly nonlinear input implicit functions, and can achieve high precision on multi-parameters CFST arch load carrying capacity uncertainty problems. Meanwhile, the method has less sample points compared to the Hermite polynomials method.     

Analysis on Effect of Traffic Loads on Landslide Stability

In the design of landslide control engineering,the effect of traffic loads has not been taken into account.The authors simplified the traffic loads as mobile dead loads and traffic dynamic load.The mobile dead load ranges from 2.34 to 6.41 kPa.The impact coefficient was chosen to denote the traffic dynamic load and ranges from 0.1 to 0.4.Using several stability analysis methods widely accepted by engineers,combining two analysis samples,by the contrast of stability tests with and without consideration of the mobile dead load or the traffic dynamic load,the authors found that when the traffic load is not taken into account,the stability coefficient of shallow layer landslide(<8m) is overrated by 4.3-11 percent or 5.8-12.1 percent in comparison with the case when the mobile dead load or traffic dynamic is taken into account respectively,that is,the influence of mobile dead loads and traffic dynamic load is cannot be neglected.In case of medium deep layer landslide or the road is passing through the anti sliding section,the influence of the traffic load is a little and can be neglected.     

寒冷地区建筑负荷对围护结构热工参数的敏感性分析

为研究建筑围护结构属性对同一热工分区不同城市节能建筑负荷影响的敏感性,以同属于寒冷地区的兰州和郑州为研究目标所在城市,在节能65%的前提下将4种外墙、3种外窗和4种窗墙比进行组合得到了48个可能的办公建筑围护结构计算房间。分别计算了这些房间的冷负荷、热负荷和全年总负荷并分析了各热工参数对负荷的影响。通过与基准房间负荷对比,获得了具有不同热工性能的计算房间的节能率及最优的办公建筑围护结构。     

ECC/钢筋混凝土叠合梁正截面受弯承载力试验与理论研究

为了探究ECC/高强钢筋混凝土叠合梁的正截面受弯特征,以及ECC层厚度对叠合梁整体受弯性能的影响,做了两组共5根梁试件的正截面受弯试验。发现与高强钢筋混凝土梁相比,叠合梁的承载力更高,相同荷载下的挠度值和最大裂缝宽度较小。在受弯全过程中其截面应变仍符合平截面假定,钢筋与ECC也可以实现协调变形,说明受拉区使用ECC可以使得高强钢筋的应力得到充分发挥。但ECC层厚度过大可能会使叠合梁发生脆性破坏。进一步地,在此研究的基础上,对已有ECC的本构模型进行简化,忽略其应力强化贡献,并运用叠加原理,提出一种用于计算ECC/钢筋混凝土叠合梁正截面受弯承载力的方法,将计算结果与试验结果及诸多文献结果进行比较,发现吻合度较高。     

异程管网热湿负荷分配次优解群及适应性

提出了一种基于次优解群统计分析的异程管网热湿负荷分配方法,采用变步长+随机走步的寻优计算方法,获得空调季不同负荷率下热湿负荷再分配的次优解群,分析次优解群的随机行为和统计规律,以此探索复杂变量约束下的冷冻水系统负荷分配的优化控制策略及其适应性。根据计算结果,在40%、60%、80%、100%这4种负荷率下末端人数次优解重叠率最高达到24%。研究表明,次优解群随机行为与管网热湿负荷分配策略存在相关性,离冷源侧越近,末端人数次优解重叠率越高,分配策略的负荷适应性越好,其权重越大。     

Experimental study on the mechanical behavior of eccentrically loaded steel tubular columns filled with structural steel and concrete

Considered strength classes of concrete, ratio of structural steel to concrete, ratio of steel tube to concrete and eccentricity ratio of load, 6 test specimens of steel tubular columns filled with structural and concrete are designed. The damage phenomena of specimens are described in detail and the failure mechanism is analyzed. The results show the initial failure of the specimens are began from the yield of steel tube, the ultimate failure are ended from the buckling of steel tube caused by the expansion of core concrete. Due to the existence of structural steel, the ductility of specimens is superior to steel tubular columns. Before the yield of steel tube, the plane cross-section assumption of specimens can be put into use. The ultimate bearing capacity of specimens is increased with the increase of strength classes of concrete, ratio of structural steel to concrete and ratio of steel tube to concrete. But the ultimate bearing capacity and ductility are decreased with the increase of eccentricity ratio.     

Experimental Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Corroded Stud Shear Connectors

Four series stud push-out specimens were conducted to study static mechanical behavior when stud shear connectors of composite beams were corroded. Firstly, the studs were manually rapidly corroded by electrochemical methods, and then a static load test was performed on them. Test results show that when corrosion occurs at stud rod especially close to combined surface, the ultimate bearing capacity reduces most by 18%, slip under the same load increases, and slip relative to the ultimate load reduces most by 12%. When corrosion occurs at the large end of stud, it has little effect on ultimate bearing capacity of push-out specimens, but deformation performance of stud shear connectors is affected seriously.     

Strain rate effects on dynamic behavior of reinforcement concrete columns with various reinforcement ratio

The mechnical characteristics of concrete is sensitive to the strain rate and it is crucial to consider the effect of load rates on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to dynamic loads such as severe earthquakes. In this study, numerical simulations on the dynamic behavior of typical RC column specimens under dynamic loadings with different load rates were performed. Concrete constitutive model considering the strain rate effects proposed by the CEB code was employed with a fiber model to characterize the nonlinear strain rate dependent behavior of RC columns. The developed dynamic fiber element model was validated by comparing the simulated results of four RC column specimens with the fast loading test results. Results show that the developed fiber element model can predict the behavior of RC columns with acceptable accuracy. After valiating the proposed fiber elemen model considering the strain rate effect, the load carrying capacity of different RC columns with various longitudinal reinforcement ratios and volumetric stirrup ratios were simulated. Results show that the trends of the influences of longitudinal reinforcement ratios and volumetric stirrup ratios on the load carrying capacity of the RC columns under dynamic loadings are different.     

四川省农村生活非点源污染负荷估算及评价研究

研究旨在明确现阶段四川省农村生活非点源污染状况,及对农村生活非点源污染控制提供依据。笔者依托输出系数模型,考虑农村生活垃圾、生活废水和人体粪尿污染物三方面,从污染物产生、输出到入河三阶段建立了农村生活非点源污染负荷估算模型。在模型支撑下,估算了2012年四川省各地级市（州）农村生活非点源污染物中TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）和COD（化学需氧量）的负荷量,并对TN、TP和COD的负荷总量、来源比例进行分析,同时结合地表水三级水质标准(GB 3838—2002),计算了农村生活非点源污染中TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率。结果显示四川省农村生活非点源产生负荷 TN 421070 t,TP 91122 t,COD 2023186 t;输出负荷TN 120675 t,TP 26298 t,COD 419969 t;入河负荷TN 44499 t,TP 5780 t,COD 142049 t。各地市州中,南充、达州和成都产生、输出负荷最大;宜宾、南充和达州入河量最大。全省农村生活非点源污染TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率总体不大,仅遂宁、内江入河TN负荷对水体污染的贡献率超过地表水三级水质标准100%。随经济发展,四川省农村生活非点源污染部分区域较为严重,对其控制不容忽视。研究采用的方法可为其它区域的农村生活非点源污染负荷估算提供参考和借鉴。     

Experimental Investigation on the Aseismic Behavior of Seismic Damage Masonry Wall Retrofitted with Grouting and Steel Hoops

In order to accurately evaluate the aseismic behavior of the seismic damaged masonry pagodas destroyed by Wenchuan earthquake and strengthened after the earthquake, a test was conducted to acquire related parameters on seismic performance from the specimens made by masonry and retrofitted with grouting and steel hoops. Taking a seismic damaged ancient masonry pagoda in Sichuan as a case study, four kinds of primitive specimens are fabricated by simulating the conformation of the masonry pagoda. Then the primitive specimens are destroyed under cycle loads and the damaged specimens are repaired by grouting and steel hoops. Cycle controlling tests are conducted with the specimens and relevant data are acquired. Experimental results showed that grouting combined with steel hoops could improve the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of a seismic damage of brick masonry structure, but it do a little to improve the stiffness of a seismic damage structure. And the cracking load of the repaired masonry is much lower than the original undamaged structure.     

高强钢焊接薄腹工形截面双向压弯构件的稳定性

应用ANSYS有限元,分析了Q460高强钢焊接薄腹工形截面双向压弯构件的稳定性能,提出了可供实际应用参考的设计公式。分析中考虑的主要参数有腹板高厚比,构件长细比,翼缘宽厚比及荷载偏心率。结果表明,对受压为主的构件,腹板局部屈曲对构件稳定承载力影响较大,而对受弯为主的构件,这一因素对构件稳定承载力影响较小。有限元分析结果与现行规范方法计算结果比较表明,目前规范方法尚不能较好地计算高强钢焊接薄腹工形截面双向压弯构件的稳定承载力,因而提出了修正直接强度法,该法精度较好且偏于安全。     

Wind Tunnel Tests of Long Span Half - through Arch Bridge Section Model

Wind induced vibration is one of the main control factors in the Long span bridge structure design. The wind tunnel tests for measuring the static wind forces on the bridge girder and the section model wind tunnel dynamic testing for Caiyuanba Yangtze River Bridge in Chongqing are introduced in this paper. The wind tunnel testing for measuring static wind forces and vortex- induced vibration test on the arch are introduced taking account of the influence between two arches. The main contents and outcomes of testing are presented. It is indicated that the bridge girder has excellent wind stability and the arch mechanical characters are rather complicated. The drag force on the hind arch varied a lot because of the font arch interference on the wind flow. The drag force on the hind arch will be negative when two arches are close to each other. It increases with the space of two arches. The results of testing will give the data of buffeting and vortex - induced vibration and flutter analysis of the bridge.     

Galerkin Approximate Solutions of Displacement Including the Effect of Dead Loads for Two Kinds of Rectangular Plates

Based on the strain energy considering the effect of dead loads, the general form static equilibrium differential equations were formulated by means of the potential energy principle. The approximate solutions of live load or later load displacement including the effect of dead loads for the clamped rectangular plate and the simply supported rectangular plate were generated by the Galerkin method. These formulas are simple and clear, and their physical concepts are explicit. The correctness of these formulas was verified by the finite element method. The dead loads and other factors that influence the effect of dead loads are shown by these formulas. The effect of dead loads on the two different boundary condition rectangular plate were analyzed by these approximate solutions. The effect of dead loads improves the bending stiffness of plate and minimizes the displacement of live loads or later loads. The key physical factors governing the effects of dead loads on plates are the dead load, the ration of span to thickness and boundary condition etc. This effect of dead loads is not negligible, especial in thinner plates or plates with smaller stiffness, more attention should be paid to the effect of dead load in the calculation and analysis for plates.     

Impact of Temperature in Air-conditioned Room on Blood Rheological Characteristics

Based on the reversed cyclic loading tests of 21 nearly full-size interior joints in completed reinforced concrete frames,the law of bond deterioration of beam bars crossing the joint is tested and analyzed,which is influenced by the axial load ratio,shear-compression ratio,reinforced bar strength,concrete strength and the relative length of beam bars crossing the joint. By the nonlinear fitting method, the formula of the bond stress r between steel crossing interior joints and concrete under different loading step is obtained. According to the loading approach, the propositional formula of the relative length of beam bars crossing the joint hc/d is presented, which is influenced by axial load ratio, shear-compression ratio ,reinforced bar strength and concrete strength.     

Design Method of Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Beam column Joints

The experimental results of reinforced concrete sandwich beam column joints were studied intensively and finite element method simulation of such joints were performed for the sake of design method.Basic design criterion and computation contents were provided according to failure mode of specimens and other experimental results.And the limits of parameters were proposed based on the analysis of seismic behavior influence factors and comparison of traditional joints and sandwich joints.Hence, formulas of load resistant capacity were acquired by the results of load resistant capacity of specimens and nonlinear finite element method simulation.It is found that three measures should be taken for sandwich joints in order to reach demanded ductility and load resistant capability.Firstly, several parameters should be limited, including shear compression ratio, axial load ratio, ratio of beam concrete strength to column concrete strength, and minimal amount of transverse reinforcement of joint.Secondly, shear load resistant capacity and axial compressive load resistant capacity should be computed to ensure load resistant capability of joint, and essential strengthen measures could be applied if necessary.Thirdly, appropriate construction details should be taken to avoid reducing of beam bar anchorage capacity.