Calculating Model of Solar Diffuse Radiation Transporting Through External Blinds and It’s Program Realization

External shading system of windows can reduce the indoor solar heating gain. Previous studies did not take the change of diffuse radiation into account. However, in fact, the change of diffuse radiation should not be neglected because of the existing of shading devices. Especially to those blinds, most direct radiation can be shaded while most diffuse radiation can reach the indoor space. Thus, a detail calculation model was established for diffuse radiation. With the analysis of the thermal characteristics of direct solar incidence on the blinds, a mathematic model was developed to calculate the transmittance and reflectance of the solar diffuse radiation. Based on this model, the relevant algorithm was developed.     

Obtaining Outdoor Illuminance Values with Solar Irradiation Transformation Models

Daylighting is one of the important aspects of sustainable building, but architectural daylighting in China is obstructed because of shortage of daylight meteorological measurement record. However, there are many data of solar irradiation. Therefore solar irradiance values are used to calculate outdoor illumination values. Luminous efficacy is introduced to show the relation between solar irradiance and outdoor illumination. Sunny index is used to represent the meteorological states of the sky. On the basis of measurement data in Chongqing from 1991 to 1992, new luminous efficacy calculation model is built to obtain the outdoor global illuminance values and the diffuse illuminance values. Measurement data in Chongqing in 1993 is used to evaluate the proposed mode, which shows the proposed models are reliable. In order to prove possibility of calculating illuminance in other places in China, the measurement data records of annually average global illuminance values in 32 cites are used to examine the calculation results. If the real-time solar irradiation data was input, the real-time illuminance values could be obtained with this model in China, thus millions of illuminance values could be used in future daylighting design.     

Simulation of Auxiliary Ventilation Performance of Synthetic Solar House

The passive solar house is one of the effective techniques to decrease the energy consumption of buildings. In this paper, the ventilation performance of synthetic solar house with sunshine room has been analyzed, while it is used as auxiliary ventilation in summer. The mean temperature of air in this room is calculated through the model of heat transfer of solar room, and then the auxiliary ventilation quantity is calculated. It is concluded that the capacity of auxiliary ventilation of synthetic solar house can meet the fresh air demand of common residential construction, but if there are more ventilation quantity needed the capacity of auxiliary ventilation of synthetic solar house is insufficient. The simulation calculation provides the necessary theoretical basis for the further theoretical and experimental research on synthetic solar house.     

Effect of Considering Anisotropy on the Settlement of Tunnel in Soft Soil

Using different constitutive model to simulate the settlement of the fourth stage of shield excavation respectively,the models used were the anisotropic constitutive model(EVP-SCLAY1 model) and the isotropic models(MC model and MCC model),then the results with the three models and the measured datas were compared.The results show that the simulation result with the anisotropic model is more consistent with the measured results in simulating the settlement rang and surface settlement of shield excavation,and MC model prediction results are the worst.     

Models to Separate Daily Diffuse Radiation from Daily Total Radiation for Energy Consumption Analysis of Air-Conditioning System

Both total irradiation and diffuse irradiation are necessary to building energy consumption analysis. At the most cases in China,only total irradiation is available. So some method is needed to estimate diffuse irradiation. Relationship between daily diffuse irradiation and daily total irradiation is analyzed, based on data form Beijing and Chengdu.Polynomial models for Beijing and Chengdu are established to estimate K d form K t . Validation tests show good performance of the models. Monthly means of predicted daily diffuse irradiation is not significantly different from that of the original daily diffuse irradiation. Also,the auto_correlation function of the predicted diffuse fraction, K d is coincident with that of the original K d . Beijing model can accurately predict the data of Chengdu,which is significantly different from Beijing as to the climate,so it is recommended as the general model.     

Numerical study of airflow distribution in air-conditionedtrain in Qinghai-Tibet Railway

To obtain the influence of outer environmental condition on the indoor airflow distribution for the 25T air-conditioned train in Qinghai-Tibet, the Realizable k-ε model is adopted to numerically analyze the indoor temperature and velocity fields of the running train. The results indicate that solar radiation has great effect on the indoor temperature field and it is meaningful for improving the thermal comfort to adjust the air supply parameters with the outer environmental condition. Under different air supply conditions, it is the conjugating relation between the indoor temperature field and velocity field that leads to different thermal comfort in different regions of the running train. In addition, the operating modes exchange under different outdoor environmental conditions is also discussed and some additional functions of the using air-conditioning system are put forward too.     

Experiment and analysis of integrated application of solar energy andbuilding in Chongqing

According to the characteristics of the climate and distribution of solar resource in Chongqing, the technology idea of integrated application of solar energy and building is proposed, which is suitable for Chongqing area, i.e. solar assisted indoor ventilation cooling measure, which takes full advantage of the strong solar radiation in summer and strengthens the “chimney effect” to promote natural ventilation inside the building, improve the summer indoor hot and humidity environment, save energy and achieve solar energy passive using. Experiments and analysis show that the 0.16~0.22 m/s indoor air speeds are produced by the thermal effect of solar energy, which is increased by 14%~40%. And the average indoor temperature is 2.6~3.4 ℃ lower than the outdoor average temperature, and the indoor thermal comfortable state is effectively improved.     

Prediction model on the radiated electromagnetic interference of wiper motor in automobile

According to the theory of signals and systems, the radiated system’s transfer function is derived, the radiation electromagnetic interference(EMI) simulation model of the wiper motor based on the finite integration technique(FIT) algorithm is established, and the whole system’s transfer function are obtained in the environment of simulation software CST. The terminal voltage of the motor,as the noise source of radiation system, can be gained with experiment. The radiation electric field can be calculated by transfer function multiplying motor’s terminal voltage. Then the complex question of motor’s system level radiation can be transformed to the simple problems of computing system’s transfer function and the motor’s terminal voltage. By comparing simulation and experiment results, it is showed that the radiated EMI simulation model of the motor can demonstrate the essential feature of motor’s electromagnetic radiation system accurately, which means that it can be used in the research of wiper motor EMC forecasting.     

The optimal energy efficiency of wireless networks nodes based on solar cells

To improve the energy efficiency of solar cells in wireless sensor networks nodes, the energy relationship between solar cells and the wireless sensor networks nodes is studied. An adaptive algorithm is adopted to ensure the wireless sensor networks work normally at different sunlight intensities. An energy model is designed that reveals the energy relationship between the output power of the solar cells and the power of nodes working normally at a standard sunlight intensity. The experimental results show that the model represents the adaptive energy relationship between the solar cells and the nodes, ensures that the nodes work stably in a long term, and extends the life cycle of the sensor networks as long as possible. The model has important guiding significance for wireless sensor networks designation.     

One Dimensional Steady Model for Natural Ventilation of Solar Chimney

Solar chimney is effective to enhance the natural ventilation by heating the air with solar radiation. Based on the research by other authors, a revised mathematical model is proposed. One dimensional heat conduction model is proposed when the thermal resistance of both the glass cover and heat absorbing wall are taken into account. The mean temperatures of the air and heat absorbing wall, the air mass rate and heat collection efficiency in the solar chimney are calculated with the present model. The results of the present model are compared with the related experimental data and reasonable agreement is validated. It is shown that the present revised model is able to predict the temperatures of the air and wall, the air mass rate and heat collection efficiency more preciously than the original model.     

Predicting System of Hot Metal Silicon Content in Blast Furnace

Hot metal silicon content in blast furnace is a main parameter by which product quality is measured and energy utilization ratio of blast furnace is reflected.The precise predicted results of hot metal silicon content can be used to direct batch operation and smelting operation of blast furnace.And the purpose of reducing hot metal silicon content is realized.The equations of thermodynamics and dynamics were deduced based on the reduction mechanism of silicon. And the predicting model of hot metal silicon content was obtained.With this model and the calculation methods of blast furnace's materiel and energy balance,the predicting system of hot metal silicon content was programmed.Real materiel conditions and operation parameters wre inputted into the system.And predicted values of hot metal silicon content were gained.Compared with measured values the deviations of predicted values were small.So it is testified that this predicting system has credibility in practice.     

A New Method of the Model Building for the Components in Circuit Simulation Analysis

The maximum intensity of direct solar radiation falling on a vertical surface and the relative solar altitude and azimuth angles under this condition are given, which can be used in urban planning to determine the relative location of buildings.     

Numerical simulation of dynamic response and radiation noise of gearbox

Considering the internal dynamic excitation produced by stiffness excitation, error excitation and mesh impact excitation, a dynamic finite element model of transmission system and structure system of gearbox is established. The normal mode and the dynamic responses of gearbox under the internal dynamic excitation are calculated by using the numerical simulation software ANSYS. Based on the result of dynamic responses, the boundary excitation condition is determined, and then the acoustic boundary element model is built. With the software of SYSNOISE, the surface acoustic pressure of gearbox and the radiation noise of field points are solved by the direct boundary element method. The test of airborne noise is carried out. The computational results obtained are in a good agreement with the data of experimental test.     

Thermal Radiation Effects on Smoke-flow in Atrium Fires

The field models for smoke flow in atrium, takings into account strong buoyancy, turbulence, radiation exchange and wall heat losses are developed according to the characteristics of the atrium fire. Realistic combustion processes in the burning fuel have not been included. A six-flux radiation model is included in a general mathematical model for fires, which are taking as a volumetric heat source, It is applied to the predictions of fire smoke development in a small-scale atrium. In order to avoid complicated radiation exchange models, radiation heat loss effects are combined to the wall heat loss. A General-purpose compute program PHOENICS has been developed to meet this need. Results of numerical calculations based on the field model are compared with test data for a fire in the small-scale atrium test facility. The resullts indicate that radiation transfer has the minor effects, due to the relatively low temperatures encountered. The method that the effect of radiation is included in the calculation of wall heat transfer losses by using maximum heat transfer coefficient is feasible. The field model used in the present study is not good enough, which a turbulent combustion sub-model must be included.     

A RELIABILITY PROCESSING ALGORITHM SUITABLE FOR STOCHASTIC AND SUDDENLY VARYING DATA

In regard to stochastic and suddenly varying data,a new kind of data processor algorithm based on adaptive prediction is presented.The algorithm describes the changing pattern of measured variables by means of time series models with slowly time-varying parameters,forms the criterion by use of the adaptive and its 95% belief limit,and processes the measured data so as to reject or restrain outliers mixed in them.The simulation example indicates that the algorithm surmounts difficulties which most current algorithms encounter when processing stochastic and suddenly varying data and that it is of obvious effects.     

Necessity of shading on north facade and optimal selection of shading device

This research is aimed at exploring the necessity of shade on the north facade and optimal selection of shading device. Firstly, the direct and diffuse solar radiation distribution on the surface of each orientation is analyzed in the air conditioning period in Shanghai and Xiamen. Secondly, the simulated building model is established to analysis the impact of different external shades on solar radiation heat gain and day-lighting with Energy-plus. These shades include fixed overhang of different dimensions, roller with different properties and louver of different slat angles. The glare index of different shade devices is also analyzed, results show that the hours exceeding the glare index set point of the fixed overhang and roller are far more than louver’s. Finally, the impact of different external shades on lighting energy consumption and air conditioning energy consumption on the north facades is analyzed. Results show that the use of medium-reflect and medium-transmit external roller is the most energy-saving in Shanghai, the effect of adjustable external blind is close to the roller, and the effect of fixed overhang is not obvious. In Xiamen, the use of adjustable external blind is the most energy-saving, the next is roller, and the last is fixed overhang. Taking energy-saving and glare into consideration, adjustable louver is the best choice of shade on the north facade in Shanghai and Xiamen.     

Application of Swimming Pool Heating with Solar Energy

Solar energy sourcei s regenerative source,reasonable use of it is an effective way to solve the problem of exiguousness of the traditional energy. But the usage of the solar energy is limited. To achieve the satisfactory effect, we must use a reasonable system style combined with the traditional energy. Through the application of swimming pool heating with solar energy. It is pointed out that more attention should be puid to reason dispose the collectors,store up heating tank,assistant thermal resource and dependable auto control. Solar energy can take place of the traditional energy, it is obviously that the solar energy can save the money and the energy and protect the environment.     

Indoor thermal conditions in residential buildings during the plum rain season in East China

The indoor thermal conditions of residential buildings during the plum rain season in East China (Nanjing for example) were obtained and the accuracy of three different building energy consumption models (whole building heat, air and moisture model HAM, conduction transfer function model CTF, effective moisture penetration depth model EMPD) were analyzed. The numerical model was implemented into Matlab-Simulink and was validated using measured data from a field survey. Then the validated model was used for simulation analysis using typical weather data of plum rain season.The results from the survey showing the indoor temperature was higher than 28℃ and the indoor relative humidity was higher than 70% in most time of the plum rain season of 2013. Simulation results showed that there was not much difference when using the three models for thermal simulations, however, using CTF model for moisture simulation would result in large inaccuracy. During the plum rain season in Southeast China, when the room ventilation rate is less than 2 ACH, the moisture buffering effect of building envelope is obvious and the choice of proper hygroscopic materials can save up to 30% of building energy consumption.     

An Energy Conservation Correction Method for Energy Efficiency Retrofit of Public Buildings

There exists imperfections of the methods for energy conservation verification of the energy efficiency retrofit projects. A new energy conservation verification method was developed by creating energy conversion correction model and four correction coefficients and three calculation formulas were involved, The four correction coefficients were outdoor weather correction coefficient, indoor environmental correction coefficient, internal load correction coefficient and performance period correction coefficient. The three calculation formulas were heating energy conversion calculation, air-conditioning energy conversion calculation and total energy conversion calculation. The energy conversion correction model was adopted to analysis the energy conservation of an office building located in Tianjin to demonstrate the reliability of the correction model and the feasibility of the verification method, and the corrected energy conversion based on consistent conditions before and after retrofit was obtained. 10.23% difference between the corrected energy conversion and the direct energy conversion exists indicating that the correction energy conversion is necessary. The energy conservation difference of 3.03% the calculation result of energy simulation software verified the accuracy of the new verification method.     

A Mathematical Model of Solar Energy Storage Ventilation System

A mathematical model of solar energy storage ventilation system was built in order to calculate the heat storage during daytime and the ventilation rate during nighttime. Based on meteorological parameters of Kunming in China, phase change materials(PCM) were used at the temperature of 38 ℃, 44 ℃, 50 ℃ and 63 ℃ respectively to search the relationship between ventilation volume and the angle of chimney. The modeling calculation results show that for different phase change materials, and in any angle, the trend of heat accumulation is consistent, namely heat accumulation is smaller with a higher phase change temperature. Considering both the average hourly ventilation volume and the duration, the best angle of this system should be 45°, and the best phase change material should be 38 ℃ myristoyl.